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References from Surface Locomotion of Cell‐Sized Microrobots Subject to Adhesive Heterogeneity. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Integrating Chemical Fuels and Artificial Muscles for Untethered Microrobots
10.1126/scirobotics.abd7338 · 2020 · External reference
Medical Microrobots
10.1146/annurev-bioeng-081523-033131 · 2024 · External reference
Medical Microrobots in Reproductive Medicine from the Bench to the Clinic
10.1038/s41467-023-36215-7 · 2023 · External reference
Technology Roadmap of Micro/Nanorobots
10.1021/acsnano.5c03911 · 2025 · External reference
Toward Autonomous Robotic‐Assisted and Microrobotic Surgery
10.1126/sciadv.aec4197 · 2026 · External reference
Colloidal State Machines as Smart Tracers for Chemical Reactor Analysis
10.1002/aisy.202300130 · 2023 · External reference
Programmable Motion of Optically Gated Electrically Powered Engineered Microswimmer Robots
10.1002/smll.202501317 · 2025 · External reference
Biomedical Applications of Untethered Mobile Milli/Microrobots
10.1109/jproc.2014.2385105 · 2015 · External reference
Directed Propulsion of Spherical Particles Along Three Dimensional Helical Trajectories
10.1038/s41467-019-10579-1 · 2019 · External reference
Induced‐Charge Electrophoresis of Metallodielectric Particles
10.1103/physrevlett.100.058302 · 2008 · External reference
Active Patchy Colloids with Shape‐Tunable Dynamics
10.1021/jacs.9b07785 · 2019 · External reference
Three‐Dimensional Independent Control of Multiple Magnetic Microrobots via Inter‐Agent Forces
10.1177/0278364920933655 · 2020 · External reference
Pros and Cons: Magnetic versus Optical Microrobots
10.1002/adma.201906766 · 2020 · External reference
Magnetically Driven Micro and Nanorobots
10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01234 · 2021 · External reference
Biologically Inspired Micro‐Robotic Swimmers Remotely Controlled by Ultrasound Waves
10.1039/d1lc00575h · 2021 · External reference
Bubble‐Based Microrobots with Rapid Circular Motions for Epithelial Pinning and Drug Delivery
10.1002/smll.202300409 · 2023 · External reference
Acoustically Powered Surface‐Slipping Mobile Microrobots
10.1073/pnas.1920099117 · 2020 · External reference
Propulsion of Bubble‐Based Acoustic Microswimmers
10.1103/physrevapplied.4.064012 · 2015 · External reference
Quantum Dot‐Based Micromotors With NIR‐I Light Photocatalytic Propulsion and NIR‐II Fluorescence
10.1021/acsami.2c13254 · 2022 · External reference
Microscopic Robots with Onboard Digital Control
10.1126/scirobotics.abq2296 · 2022 · External reference
Electronically Integrated, Mass‐Manufactured, Microscopic Robots
10.1038/s41586-020-2626-9 · 2020 · External reference
Arbitrary Construction of Versatile NIR‐Driven Microrobots
10.1002/adma.202402482 · 2024 · External reference
Counterfactual Rewards Promote Collective Transport using Individually Controlled Swarm Microrobots
10.1126/scirobotics.ado5888 · 2024 · External reference
Chemical Microrobots as Self‐Propelled Microbrushes Against Dental Biofilm
10.1016/j.xcrp.2020.100181 · 2020 · External reference
Multigear Bubble Propulsion of Transient Micromotors
10.34133/2020/7823615 · 2020 · External reference
ZnO‐Based Micromotors Fueled by CO2: The First Example of Self‐Reorientation‐Induced Biomimetic Chemotaxis
10.1093/nsr/nwab066 · 2021 · External reference
Review of Bubble Applications in Microrobotics: Propulsion, Manipulation, and Assembly
10.3390/mi13071068 · 2022 · External reference
Urease‐Powered Polydopamine Nanomotors for Intravesical Therapy of Bladder Diseases
10.1021/acsnano.9b09726 · 2020 · External reference
Self‐Propelled Janus Mesoporous Micromotor for Enhanced MicroRNA Capture and Amplified Detection in Complex Biological Samples
10.1021/acsnano.1c10437 · 2022 · External reference
Self‐Propelled Micro/Nanomotors for On‐Demand Biomedical Cargo Transportation
10.1002/smll.201902464 · 2020 · External reference
An Axis‐Asymmetric Self‐Driven Micromotor that can Perform Precession Multiplying “On‐the‐Fly” Mass Transfer
10.1016/j.matt.2023.01.005 · 2023 · External reference
Artificial Nanomotors: Fabrication, Locomotion Characterization, Motion Manipulation, and Biomedical Applications
10.1002/idm2.12021 · 2022 · External reference
Bienzyme‐Powered Nanorobots with Ultrasensitive Chemotaxis for Precision Cancer Therapy
10.1093/nsr/nwaf580 · 2026 · External reference
Tiny Robots and Sensors Need Tiny Batteries — Here's How to Do It
10.1038/d41586-021-00021-2 · 2021 · External reference
High Energy Density Picoliter‐Scale Zinc‐Air Microbatteries for Colloidal Robotics
10.1126/scirobotics.ade4642 · 2024 · External reference
Colloidal Robotics
10.1038/s41563-023-01589-y · 2023 · External reference
Emergent Microrobotic Oscillators via Asymmetry‐Induced Order
10.1038/s41467-022-33396-5 · 2022 · External reference
Temporal Access to Memory, Sensing, and Actuation
10.1002/aisy.202100205 · 2022 · External reference
Autonomous Navigation of Shape‐Shifting Microswimmers
10.1103/physrevresearch.1.032030 · 2019 · External reference
Colloidal Motors 101: A Beginner's Guide to Colloidal Motor Research
10.1002/asia.201900377 · 2019 · External reference
Self‐Motile Colloidal Particles: From Directed Propulsion to Random Walk
10.1103/physrevlett.99.048102 · 2007 · External reference
Chemically Programmable Microrobots Weaving a Web from hormones
10.1038/s42256-020-00248-0 · 2020 · External reference
Autonomously Moving Nanorods at a Viscous Interface
10.1021/nl052027s · 2006 · External reference
Catalytic Nanomotors: Autonomous Movement of Striped Nanorods
10.1021/ja047697z · 2004 · External reference
Metallic and bi‐metallic Janus Nanofibers: Electrical and Self‐Propulsion Properties
10.1039/c3tc30176a · 2013 · External reference
Bipolar Electrochemical Mechanism for the Propulsion of Catalytic Nanomotors in Hydrogen Peroxide Solutions
10.1021/la0615950 · 2006 · External reference
Self‐Propulsion of Bent Bimetallic Janus Rods
10.1088/1361-6463/aae6f6 · 2019 · External reference
Electrocatalytic Reaction Driven Flow: Role of pH in Flow Reversal
10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c06458 · 2021 · External reference
Characterization of SU‐8 for Electrokinetic Microfluidic Applications
10.1039/b503016a · 2005 · External reference
Effects of pH and Nanoparticle Concentration on Al2O3–H2O Nanofluid Stability
10.1007/s10765-025-03557-x · 2025 · External reference
The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Adhesion of Elastic Solids
10.1063/1.1398300 · 2001 · External reference
A Friction Model of Fractal Rough Surfaces Accounting for Size Dependence at Nanoscale
10.1007/s00707-021-03109-y · 2022 · External reference
On Curves of Minimal Length With a Constraint on Average Curvature, and With Prescribed Initial and Terminal Positions and Tangents
10.2307/2372560 · 1957 · External reference
A Microrobotic Design for the Spontaneous Tracing of Isochemical Contours in the Environment
10.1002/aisy.202400002 · 2024 · External reference
Induced‐charge electro‐osmosis
10.1017/s0022112004009309 · 2004 · External reference
The hydrodynamics of swimming microorganisms
10.1088/0034-4885/72/9/096601 · 2009 · External reference
Colloid Transport by Interfacial Forces
10.1146/annurev.fl.21.010189.000425 · 1989 · External reference
Phoretic self‐propulsion at finite Péclet numbers
10.1017/jfm.2014.158 · 2014 · External reference
Wheel‐Like Magnetic‐Driven Microswarm With a Band‐Aid Imitation for Patching Up Microscale Intestinal Perforation
10.1021/acsami.1c21352 · 2022 · External reference
Magnetic Mobile Microrobots for Upstream and Downstream Navigation in Biofluids with Variable Flow Rate
10.1002/aisy.202100266 · 2022 · External reference
SynCells: A 60 × 60 µm 2 Electronic Platform With Remote Actuation for Sensing Applications in Constrained Environments
10.1021/acsnano.1c01259 · 2021 · External reference
3D‐Printed Microrobots with Integrated Structural Color for Identification and Tracking
10.1002/aisy.201900147 · 2020 · External reference
Bioinspired Soft Microrobots with Precise Magneto‐Collective Control for Microvascular Thrombolysis
10.1002/adma.202000366 · 2020 · External reference
Elucidating the Interaction Dynamics between Microswimmer Body and Immune System for Medical Microrobots
10.1126/scirobotics.aaz3867 · 2020 · External reference
Real‐Time 3D Optoacoustic Tracking of Cell‐Sized Magnetic Microrobots Circulating in the Mouse Brain Vasculature
10.1126/sciadv.abm9132 · 2022 · External reference
Imaging‐Guided Bioresorbable Acoustic Hydrogel Microrobots
10.1126/scirobotics.adp3593 · 2024 · External reference
Ultrasound Microrobots with Reinforcement Learning
10.1002/admt.202201702 · 2023 · External reference
Leukocyte Membrane‐Coated Liquid Metal Nanoswimmers for Actively Targeted Delivery and Synergistic Chemophotothermal Therapy
10.34133/2020/3676954 · 2020 · External reference
Origins of concentration gradients for diffusiophoresis
10.1039/c6sm00052e · 2016 · External reference
Carbon Nanotubes as Optical Sensors in Biomedicine
10.1021/acsnano.7b06701 · 2017 · External reference
Molecular Recognition using Corona Phase Complexes Made of Synthetic Polymers Adsorbed on Carbon Nanotubes
10.1038/nnano.2013.236 · 2013 · External reference
Colloidal Nanoelectronic State Machines Based on 2D Materials for Aerosolizable Electronics
10.1038/s41565-018-0194-z · 2018 · External reference
Autoperforation of 2D Materials for Generating Two‐Terminal Memristive Janus Particles
10.1038/s41563-018-0197-z · 2018 · External reference