Research graph
References from Levothyroxine and effects on the brain: MRI and beyond. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Over- and undertreatment with levothyroxine—findings of the population-based Rhineland study
10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0192 · 2023 · External reference
The impact of hypothyroidism on the quality of life of adults in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2023 · External reference
Levothyroxin restores hypothyroidism-induced impairment of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory: Behavioral, electrophysiological, and molecular studies
10.1002/hipo.20476 · 2009 · External reference
The influence of thyroid pathology on osteoporosis and fracture risk: A review
10.3390/diagnostics10030149 · 2020 · External reference
Brain glucose metabolism in hypothyroidism: A positron emission tomography study before and after thyroid hormone replacement therapy
10.1210/jc.2008-2235 · 2009 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2022 · External reference
Perspectives in the study of thyroid hormone action on brain development and function
10.1089/105072503770867174 · 2003 · External reference
Role of hepatic deiodinases in thyroid hormone homeostasis and liver metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis
10.1530/etj-22-0211 · 2023 · External reference
Effects of thyroid status on regional brain volumes: A diagnostic and genetic imaging study in UK biobank
10.1210/clinem/dgaa903 · 2020 · External reference
Hippocampal volume is decreased in adults with hypothyroidism
10.1089/thy.2013.0058 · 2014 · External reference
White matter microstructural abnormalities in children with severe congenital hypothyroidism
2019 · External reference
Fetal and maternal thyroid hormones
10.1159/000180681 · 1987 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2023 · External reference
Levothyroxine therapy in elderly patients with hypothyroidism
10.3389/fendo.2021.641560 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2023 · External reference
Natural product-based interventions for thyroid disorders: Mechanisms and applications
2025 · External reference
The association between hypothyroidism and cognitive function change in women across the menopause transition: The study of Women's health across the nation (SWAN)
10.1089/thy.2024.0358 · 2024 · External reference
Insight into potential interactions of thyroid hormones, sex hormones and their stimulating hormones in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
10.3390/metabo12080718 · 2022 · External reference
Paracrine signaling by glial cell–derived triiodothyronine activates neuronal gene expression in the rodent brain and human cells
10.1172/jci41977 · 2010 · External reference
Hypothyroidism: An update
2012 · External reference
Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: Cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association
10.4158/ep12280.gl · 2012 · External reference
Levothyroxine dosing in older adults: Recommendations derived from the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging
10.1016/j.eprac.2023.05.002 · 2023 · External reference
Expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in hypothyroid rat brain indicates an important role of thyroid hormone in the development of specific primary sensory systems
10.1523/jneurosci.19-09-03430.1999 · 1999 · External reference
Cognitive function in hypothyroidism: What is that deiodinase again?
10.1172/jci125203 · 2018 · External reference
The role of thyroid hormone in the regulation of cerebellar development
10.3803/enm.2021.1150 · 2021 · External reference
Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association task force on thyroid hormone replacement
10.1089/thy.2014.0028 · 2019 · External reference
Impaired sustained attention in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism
10.3121/cmr.2025.1925 · 2025 · External reference
Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with mild hypothyroidism
2004 · External reference
Cortical gray matter thickness and volume changes and their association with memory functions in hyperthyroid patients
10.1159/000536027 · 2024 · External reference
Neurometabolite and cognitive changes in hypothyroid patients in response to treatment: In-vivo 1H MRS study
10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105915 · 2025 · External reference
Neuropsychiatric manifestations of thyroid diseases
2023 · External reference
Exploration of RCBF and metabolic changes in the brain functional areas of patients with hypothyroidism by ASL and MRS techniques
2022 · External reference
Preliminary findings show maternal hypothyroidism may contribute to abnormal cortical morphology in offspring
10.3389/fendo.2016.00016 · 2016 · External reference
Levothyroxine: Conventional and novel drug delivery formulations
2022 · External reference
Nongenomic roles of thyroid hormones and their derivatives in adult brain: Are these compounds putative neurotransmitters?
10.3389/fendo.2023.1210540 · 2023 · External reference
Regulation of the hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neuron by neuronal and peripheral inputs
10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.01.001 · 2010 · External reference
Hypothyroidism and depression: A narrative review
2022 · External reference
Molecular basis of thyroid hormone-dependent brain development
1997 · External reference
Cerebral glucose metabolism and cerebral blood flow in thyroid dysfunction: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis
2020 · External reference
Levothyroxine dosing after thyroidectomy should be determined by both BMI and body weight
10.1089/ct.2019;31.470-471 · 2019 · External reference
Congenital hypothyroidism
10.1186/1750-1172-5-17 · 2010 · External reference
Thyroid hormone signaling and adult neurogenesis in mammals
10.3389/fendo.2014.00062 · 2014 · External reference
Thyroid hormone: Influences on mood and cognition in adults
10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.03.016 · 2015 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2000 · External reference
The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of Hashimoto's encephalopathy: Case based review
10.3389/fneur.2023.1243787 · 2023 · External reference
Deiodinases and the three types of thyroid hormone deiodination reactions
10.3803/enm.2021.1198 · 2021 · External reference
Mapping thyroid hormone action in the human brain
10.1089/thy.2024.0120 · 2024 · External reference
Psychiatric and cognitive manifestations of hypothyroidism
10.1097/med.0000000000000089 · 2014 · External reference
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: Unveiling the potential mechanisms involved in stress-induced Alzheimer's disease and depression
2024 · External reference
Diffusion tensor tractography in hypothyroidism and its correlation with memory function
10.1111/jne.12193 · 2014 · External reference
Thyroid hormone therapy for older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism
10.1056/nejmoa1603825 · 2017 · External reference
Hypothyroidism
10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01614-3 · 2024 · External reference
Relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone, BDNF levels, and hippocampal volume in antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis patients
10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1301714 · 2023 · External reference
Congenital hypothyroidism and brain development: Association with other psychiatric disorders
10.3389/fnins.2021.772382 · 2021 · External reference
Impaired neurogenesis in the growth-retarded mouse is reversed by T3 treatment
10.1097/00001756-200502080-00005 · 2005 · External reference
Monocarboxylate transporter 8 deficiency: From pathophysiological understanding to therapy development
10.3389/fendo.2021.723750 · 2021 · External reference
The evaluation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with event-related potentials and magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its relation to cognitive function
10.1038/s41598-021-82281-6 · 2021 · External reference
Association of maternal mild hypothyroidism with offspring neurodevelopment in TPOAb-negative women: A prospective cohort study
2022 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Persistent symptoms in euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis: Current hypotheses and emerging management strategies
2025 · External reference
Gray matter and regional brain activity abnormalities in subclinical hypothyroidism
2021 · External reference
Effect of levothyroxine on older patients with subclinical hypothyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis
2022 · External reference
Interaction between DIO2 polymorphisms and LT4 treatment on psychological well-being outcomes and cardiovascular risk factors: A population-based cross-sectional study in UK biobank
10.1530/endoabs.92.op-04-01 · 2023 · External reference
Assessment of the incretin effect in healthy subjects: Concordance between clamp and OGTT methods
10.1152/ajpendo.00104.2022 · 2023 · External reference
Association of glucagon to insulin ratio and metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes
10.3390/jcm12185806 · 2023 · External reference
Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans
10.1210/jc.2003-030630 · 2003 · External reference
Mediators of amylin action in metabolic control
10.3390/jcm11082207 · 2022 · External reference
Circadian rhythms and pancreas physiology: A review
10.3389/fendo.2022.920261 · 2022 · External reference
Time-restricted feeding improves blood glucose and insulin sensitivity in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial
2021 · External reference
Changes in serum cortisol levels after 10 days of overfeeding and fasting
10.1152/ajpendo.00181.2022 · 2023 · External reference
Long-term ketogenic diet causes glucose intolerance and reduced β- and α-cell mass but no weight loss in mice
10.1152/ajpendo.00453.2013 · 2014 · External reference
Ketones and insulin: A paradoxical interplay with implications for glucose metabolism
10.1210/jendso/bvaf101 · 2025 · External reference
Contribution of hypothyroidism to cognitive impairment and hippocampal synaptic plasticity regulation in an animal model of depression
10.3390/ijms22041599 · 2021 · External reference
Postprandial suppression of glucagon secretion: A puzzlement
10.2337/dbi16-0075 · 2017 · External reference
A 5:2 intermittent fasting meal replacement diet and glycemic control for adults with diabetes
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.16786 · 2024 · External reference
Insulin resistance reduction, intermittent fasting, and human growth hormone: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial
10.1038/s44324-024-00025-2 · 2024 · External reference
Early time-restricted feeding improves 24-hour glucose levels and affects markers of the circadian clock, aging, and autophagy in humans
10.3390/nu11061234 · 2019 · External reference
Reduced somatostatin signalling leads to hypersecretion of glucagon in mice fed a high-fat diet
10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101021 · 2020 · External reference
Insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance are altered by maintenance on a ketogenic diet
10.1210/en.2010-0175 · 2010 · External reference
Effect of weight-maintaining ketogenic diet on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in obese T2D subjects
10.1136/bmjdrc-2024-004199 · 2024 · External reference
The effects of ketogenic diet on insulin sensitivity and weight loss, which came first: The chicken or the egg?
10.3390/nu15143120 · 2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2019 · External reference
Obesity dysregulates fasting-induced changes in glucagon secretion
10.1530/joe-19-0201 · 2019 · External reference
Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress Even without weight loss in men with prediabetes
10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010 · 2018 · External reference
Significance of insulin in the metabolic adaptation of rats to meal ingestion
10.1093/jn/100.9.1073 · 1970 · External reference
Effect of an intermittent calorie-restricted diet on type 2 diabetes remission: A randomized controlled trial
2022 · External reference
A 5:2 intermittent fasting meal replacement diet and glycemic control for adults with diabetes
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.16786 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Levothyroxin restores hypothyroidism-induced impairment of hippocampus-dependent learning and memory: Behavioral, electrophysiological, and molecular studies
10.1002/hipo.20476 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress Even without weight loss in men with prediabetes
10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Levothyroxine dosing in older adults: Recommendations derived from the Baltimore longitudinal study of aging
10.1016/j.eprac.2023.05.002 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Thyroid hormone: Influences on mood and cognition in adults
10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.03.016 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Reduced somatostatin signalling leads to hypersecretion of glucagon in mice fed a high-fat diet
10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101021 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Neurometabolite and cognitive changes in hypothyroid patients in response to treatment: In-vivo 1H MRS study
10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105915 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Regulation of the hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neuron by neuronal and peripheral inputs
10.1016/j.yfrne.2010.01.001 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Hypothyroidism
10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01614-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The evaluation of Hashimoto's thyroiditis with event-related potentials and magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its relation to cognitive function
10.1038/s41598-021-82281-6 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Insulin resistance reduction, intermittent fasting, and human growth hormone: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial
10.1038/s44324-024-00025-2 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Thyroid hormone therapy for older adults with subclinical hypothyroidism
10.1056/nejmoa1603825 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Perspectives in the study of thyroid hormone action on brain development and function
10.1089/105072503770867174 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Levothyroxine dosing after thyroidectomy should be determined by both BMI and body weight
10.1089/ct.2019;31.470-471 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Hippocampal volume is decreased in adults with hypothyroidism
10.1089/thy.2013.0058 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: Prepared by the American Thyroid Association task force on thyroid hormone replacement
10.1089/thy.2014.0028 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Mapping thyroid hormone action in the human brain
10.1089/thy.2024.0120 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The association between hypothyroidism and cognitive function change in women across the menopause transition: The study of Women's health across the nation (SWAN)
10.1089/thy.2024.0358 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Significance of insulin in the metabolic adaptation of rats to meal ingestion
10.1093/jn/100.9.1073 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Impaired neurogenesis in the growth-retarded mouse is reversed by T3 treatment
10.1097/00001756-200502080-00005 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Psychiatric and cognitive manifestations of hypothyroidism
10.1097/med.0000000000000089 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Diffusion tensor tractography in hypothyroidism and its correlation with memory function
10.1111/jne.12193 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effect of weight-maintaining ketogenic diet on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in obese T2D subjects
10.1136/bmjdrc-2024-004199 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Assessment of the incretin effect in healthy subjects: Concordance between clamp and OGTT methods
10.1152/ajpendo.00104.2022 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Changes in serum cortisol levels after 10 days of overfeeding and fasting
10.1152/ajpendo.00181.2022 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Long-term ketogenic diet causes glucose intolerance and reduced β- and α-cell mass but no weight loss in mice
10.1152/ajpendo.00453.2013 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Fetal and maternal thyroid hormones
10.1159/000180681 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Cortical gray matter thickness and volume changes and their association with memory functions in hyperthyroid patients
10.1159/000536027 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Cognitive function in hypothyroidism: What is that deiodinase again?
10.1172/jci125203 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Paracrine signaling by glial cell–derived triiodothyronine activates neuronal gene expression in the rodent brain and human cells
10.1172/jci41977 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Congenital hypothyroidism
10.1186/1750-1172-5-17 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effects of thyroid status on regional brain volumes: A diagnostic and genetic imaging study in UK biobank
10.1210/clinem/dgaa903 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance are altered by maintenance on a ketogenic diet
10.1210/en.2010-0175 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Pancreatic polypeptide reduces appetite and food intake in humans
10.1210/jc.2003-030630 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Brain glucose metabolism in hypothyroidism: A positron emission tomography study before and after thyroid hormone replacement therapy
10.1210/jc.2008-2235 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Ketones and insulin: A paradoxical interplay with implications for glucose metabolism
10.1210/jendso/bvaf101 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Expression of type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in hypothyroid rat brain indicates an important role of thyroid hormone in the development of specific primary sensory systems
10.1523/jneurosci.19-09-03430.1999 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Interaction between DIO2 polymorphisms and LT4 treatment on psychological well-being outcomes and cardiovascular risk factors: A population-based cross-sectional study in UK biobank
10.1530/endoabs.92.op-04-01 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Role of hepatic deiodinases in thyroid hormone homeostasis and liver metabolism, inflammation and fibrosis
10.1530/etj-22-0211 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Obesity dysregulates fasting-induced changes in glucagon secretion
10.1530/joe-19-0201 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Postprandial suppression of glucagon secretion: A puzzlement
10.2337/dbi16-0075 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Impaired sustained attention in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism
10.3121/cmr.2025.1925 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Over- and undertreatment with levothyroxine—findings of the population-based Rhineland study
10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0192 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Thyroid hormone signaling and adult neurogenesis in mammals
10.3389/fendo.2014.00062 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Preliminary findings show maternal hypothyroidism may contribute to abnormal cortical morphology in offspring
10.3389/fendo.2016.00016 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Levothyroxine therapy in elderly patients with hypothyroidism
10.3389/fendo.2021.641560 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Monocarboxylate transporter 8 deficiency: From pathophysiological understanding to therapy development
10.3389/fendo.2021.723750 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Circadian rhythms and pancreas physiology: A review
10.3389/fendo.2022.920261 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Nongenomic roles of thyroid hormones and their derivatives in adult brain: Are these compounds putative neurotransmitters?
10.3389/fendo.2023.1210540 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The use of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of Hashimoto's encephalopathy: Case based review
10.3389/fneur.2023.1243787 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Congenital hypothyroidism and brain development: Association with other psychiatric disorders
10.3389/fnins.2021.772382 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone, BDNF levels, and hippocampal volume in antipsychotic-naïve first-episode psychosis patients
10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1301714 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The influence of thyroid pathology on osteoporosis and fracture risk: A review
10.3390/diagnostics10030149 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Contribution of hypothyroidism to cognitive impairment and hippocampal synaptic plasticity regulation in an animal model of depression
10.3390/ijms22041599 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Mediators of amylin action in metabolic control
10.3390/jcm11082207 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Association of glucagon to insulin ratio and metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes
10.3390/jcm12185806 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Insight into potential interactions of thyroid hormones, sex hormones and their stimulating hormones in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
10.3390/metabo12080718 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Early time-restricted feeding improves 24-hour glucose levels and affects markers of the circadian clock, aging, and autophagy in humans
10.3390/nu11061234 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The effects of ketogenic diet on insulin sensitivity and weight loss, which came first: The chicken or the egg?
10.3390/nu15143120 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The role of thyroid hormone in the regulation of cerebellar development
10.3803/enm.2021.1150 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Deiodinases and the three types of thyroid hormone deiodination reactions
10.3803/enm.2021.1198 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: Cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association
10.4158/ep12280.gl · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
