Research graph
References from Histone modifications and chromatin landscapes in microglial function: Developmental imprinting and disease-associated reprogramming. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
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Sex chromosomes and sex hormones differently shape microglial properties during normal physiological conditions in the adult mouse hippocampus
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Parkinson's disease risk enhancers in microglia
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High throughput identification of genetic regulators of microglial inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease
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The hallmarks of ageing in microglia
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Sex chromosomes and gonads modify microglial-mediated pathology in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
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EZH2 inhibitor DZNep modulates microglial activation and protects against ischaemic brain injury after experimental stroke
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Wild-type microglia arrest pathology in a mouse model of Rett syndrome
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The role of histone lysine methylation in the response of mammalian cells to ionizing radiation
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Multi-tier signaling and chromatin remodeling coordinate microglia inflammatory states and activities associated with demyelination
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Mechanism of KDM4A in regulating microglial polarization in ischemic stroke
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Sex differences in somatosensory circuitry are programmed by developmental microglia-astrocyte interaction
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Inhibition of histone deacetylase 1 or 2 reduces induced cytokine expression in microglia through a protein synthesis independent mechanism
10.1111/jnc.14144 · 2017 · External reference
Microglial states revisited: from homeostasis to disease
10.1038/s41583-026-01066-w · 2026 · External reference
Hematopoietic cells differentiate into both microglia and macroglia in the brains of adult mice
10.1073/pnas.94.8.4080 · 1997 · External reference
Metabolic reprogramming and signalling networks in microglial activation: implications for neurodegeneration
10.1016/j.arr.2026.103138 · 2026 · External reference
Impact of sex differences on microglial function in Alzheimer's disease
10.1186/s13195-026-02099-0 · 2026 · External reference
The microglial innate immune receptor TREM2 is required for synapse elimination and normal brain connectivity
10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.016 · 2018 · External reference
SALL1 enforces microglia-specific DNA binding and function of SMADs to establish microglia identity
10.1038/s41590-023-01528-8 · 2023 · External reference
Microglia and CD8+ T cell activation precede neuronal loss in a murine model of spastic paraplegia 15
10.1084/jem.20232357 · 2025 · External reference
Alterations in chromatin structure and function in the microglia
10.3389/fcell.2020.626541 · 2021 · External reference
Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets
10.1038/s41392-023-01588-0 · 2023 · External reference
Suppressing nuclear translocation of microglial PKM2 confers neuroprotection via downregulation of neuroinflammation after mouse cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury
10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112880 · 2024 · External reference
Focused ultrasound-mediated cerium-based nanoreactor against Parkinson's disease via ROS regulation and microglia polarization
10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.03.010 · 2024 · External reference
Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages
10.1126/science.1194637 · 2010 · External reference
Origin and differentiation of microglia
10.3389/fncel.2013.00045 · 2013 · External reference
Abnormal microglial polarization induced by Arid1a deletion leads to neuronal differentiation deficits
10.1111/cpr.13314 · 2022 · External reference
Using focused ultrasound to modulate microglial structure and function
10.3389/fncel.2023.1290628 · 2023 · External reference
Microglial metabolism is a pivotal factor in sexual dimorphism in Alzheimer's disease
10.1038/s42003-021-02259-y · 2021 · External reference
BRG1 alleviates microglial activation by promoting the KEAP1-NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway and minimizing oxidative damage in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion
10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110201 · 2023 · External reference
Intranasal Delivery of Gene-Edited Microglial Exosomes Improves Neurological Outcomes after Intracerebral Hemorrhage by Regulating Neuroinflammation
10.3390/brainsci13040639 · 2023 · External reference
Lipid Droplet-Accumulating Microglia as a Therapeutic Node in Neurodegenerative Disease
10.1021/acschemneuro.6c00284 · 2026 · External reference
Luteolin-loaded nanocomposites target microglia for sepsis-associated encephalopathy therapy via intranasal delivery
10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.115433 · 2026 · External reference
HDAC inhibitors engage MITF and the disease-associated microglia signature to enhance amyloid β uptake
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Focused ultrasound blood brain barrier opening for targeted therapeutics in neurodegenerative diseases
2026 · External reference
Microglial Priming as Trained Immunity in the Brain
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.039 · 2019 · External reference
State-specific enhancer landscapes govern microglial plasticity
2026 · External reference
CBP30, a selective CBP/p300 bromodomain inhibitor, suppresses human Th17 responses
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Generation of a microglial developmental index in mice and in humans reveals a sex difference in maturation and immune reactivity
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Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism
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Oxygen Glucose Deprivation-Induced Lactylation of H3K9 Contributes to M1 Polarization and Inflammation of Microglia Through TNF Pathway
10.3390/biomedicines12102371 · 2024 · External reference
Epigenome editing by a CRISPR-Cas9-based acetyltransferase activates genes from promoters and enhancers
10.1038/nbt.3199 · 2015 · External reference
Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models
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Lactate promotes microglial scar formation and facilitates locomotor function recovery by enhancing histone H4 lysine 12 lactylation after spinal cord injury
10.1186/s12974-024-03186-5 · 2024 · External reference
Microglial immune regulation by epigenetic reprogramming through histone H3K27 acetylation in neuroinflammation
2023 · External reference
P2-engineered exosomes encapsulating curcumin alleviate cognitive decline in AD-like mice by improving microglia-related neuropathology
2026 · External reference
Development of a 3D Brain Model to Study Sex-Specific Neuroinflammation After Hemorrhagic Stroke
10.1007/s12975-024-01243-y · 2025 · External reference
Relationship of microglia and astrocytes to amyloid deposits of Alzheimer disease
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Nasal anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody ameliorates traumatic brain injury, enhances microglial phagocytosis and reduces neuroinflammation via IL-10-dependent T(reg)-microglia crosstalk
10.1038/s41593-025-01877-7 · 2025 · External reference
CCR5 drives glucose metabolic reprogramming to control microglial synaptic pruning via histone lactylation in a mouse model of depression
10.1016/j.celrep.2026.117749 · 2026 · External reference
Analysis of fractalkine receptor CX(3)CR1 function by targeted deletion and green fluorescent protein reporter gene insertion
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Tmem119-EGFP and Tmem119-CreERT2 Transgenic Mice for Labeling and Manipulating Microglia
10.1523/eneuro.0448-18.2019 · 2019 · External reference
Microglia undergo sex-dimorphic transcriptional and metabolic rewiring during aging
10.1186/s12974-024-03130-7 · 2024 · External reference
Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress immune activation in primary mouse microglia
10.1002/jnr.23221 · 2013 · External reference
Intranasal CRISPR-lipid nanoparticles targeting MAPK9 reduce neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury
2026 · External reference
Loss of microglial Arid1a exacerbates microglial scar formation via elevated CCL5 after traumatic brain injury
10.1186/s12964-024-01852-y · 2024 · External reference
Engineering microglial exosome-mediated microRNA-124-3p delivery for Alzheimer's disease combinational therapy
10.1039/d5bm01080b · 2026 · External reference
Functional annotation of native enhancers with a Cas9-histone demethylase fusion
10.1038/nmeth.3325 · 2015 · External reference
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 and 2 complexes regulate both histone acetylation and crotonylation in vivo
2018 · External reference
A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer's Disease
10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.018 · 2017 · External reference
Microglia emerge from erythromyeloid precursors via Pu.1- and Irf8-dependent pathways
10.1038/nn.3318 · 2013 · External reference
Microglial microRNAs mediate sex-specific responses to tau pathology
10.1038/s41593-019-0560-7 · 2020 · External reference
Alzheimer's disease
10.1111/ene.13439 · 2018 · External reference
Heterogeneity in the distribution and morphology of microglia in the normal adult mouse brain
10.1016/0306-4522(90)90229-w · 1990 · External reference
Epigenetic mechanisms in memory formation
10.1038/nrn1604 · 2005 · External reference
The heterogeneity of microglial activation and its epigenetic and non-coding RNA regulations in the immunopathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases
10.1007/s00018-022-04536-3 · 2022 · External reference
Microglial PCGF1 alleviates neuroinflammation associated depressive behavior in adolescent mice
10.1038/s41380-024-02714-2 · 2025 · External reference
Histone H3 lysine 18 lactylation attenuates neuroinflammation and neurological damage by regulating microglial plxnb2 after ischemic stroke
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Transcriptional and epigenetic decoding of the microglial aging process
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Genome-wide profiling of host-encoded circular RNAs highlights their potential role during the Japanese encephalitis virus-induced neuroinflammatory response
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The CEBPB-AP-1 (JunB/Fos) Axis Drives Neuroinflammation and Microglial Dysfunction Via TNF Signaling in Ischemic Stroke
10.1007/s10753-026-02525-3 · 2026 · External reference
ApoE4 Drives Microglial Lipid Dysregulation in Alzheimer's Disease via Epigenetic Reprogramming of the Asxl1/LXRα-H3K4me3 Axis
10.1186/s12974-026-03740-3 · 2026 · External reference
A Class I HDAC Inhibitor BG45 Alleviates Cognitive Impairment through the CaMKII/ITPKA/Ca(2+) Signaling Pathway
2022 · External reference
Comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic atlas of microglia in Alzheimer's disease mouse models
10.1038/s41380-026-03529-z · 2026 · External reference
Sex- and Development-Dependent Responses of Rat Microglia to Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Stimulation
10.3389/fncel.2018.00433 · 2018 · External reference
Intranasal Anti-CD3 Antibody Treatment Attenuates Post-COVID Neuroinflammation and Enhances Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Cognitive Function in Mice
2026 · External reference
Microglia and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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Microglia in Alzheimer's Disease: From Homeostatic Guardians to Multifaceted Drivers of Neuropathology
10.3390/cells15141291 · 2026 · External reference
Extracellular vesicles from human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells alleviate proinflammatory cascades within disease-associated microglia in Alzheimer's disease
10.1002/jev2.12519 · 2024 · External reference
ATRX: From Chromatin Remodeling to Disease
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Spared cognitive and social function following perinatal ablation of ATRX despite transient microglia dysregulation
2026 · External reference
Epigenetic heterogeneity shapes the transcriptional landscape of regional microglia
2024 · External reference
Lipid-droplet-accumulating microglia represent a dysfunctional and proinflammatory state in the aging brain
10.1038/s41593-019-0566-1 · 2020 · External reference
Microglial innate memory and epigenetic reprogramming in neurological disorders
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The Human Microglia Atlas (HuMicA) unravels changes in disease-associated microglia subsets across neurodegenerative conditions
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Immunoreactivity of CD45, a protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase, in Alzheimer's disease
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Microglia development follows a stepwise program to regulate brain homeostasis
10.1126/science.aad8670 · 2016 · External reference
Microglial lipid phosphatase SHIP1 limits complement-mediated synaptic pruning in the healthy developing hippocampus
10.1016/j.immuni.2024.11.003 · 2025 · External reference
Pioneer Factor NeuroD1 Rearranges Transcriptional and Epigenetic Profiles to Execute Microglia-Neuron Conversion
10.1016/j.neuron.2018.12.010 · 2019 · External reference
Local distribution of microglia in the normal adult human central nervous system differs by up to one order of magnitude
10.1007/s004010000284 · 2001 · External reference
Sex differences in mechanisms of pain hypersensitivity
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105749 · 2024 · External reference
Structure-Based Discovery of A Small Molecule Inhibitor of Histone Deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) that Significantly Reduces Alzheimer's Disease Neuropathology
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Class I histone deacetylases (HDAC1-3) are histone lysine delactylases
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Escape of Kdm6a from X Chromosome Is Detrimental to Ischemic Brains via IRF5 Signaling
10.1007/s12975-024-01321-1 · 2025 · External reference
The control of gene expression and cell identity by H3K9 trimethylation
10.1242/dev.181180 · 2019 · External reference
Minimizing the Ex Vivo Confounds of Cell-Isolation Techniques on Transcriptomic and Translatomic Profiles of Purified Microglia
2022 · External reference
Microglial senescence contributes to female-biased neuroinflammation in the aging mouse hippocampus: implications for Alzheimer's disease
10.1186/s12974-023-02870-2 · 2023 · External reference
Chromosomal and gonadal factors regulate microglial sex effects in the aging brain
10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.02.008 · 2023 · External reference
Defective microglial development in the hippocampus of Cx3cr1 deficient mice
10.3389/fncel.2015.00111 · 2015 · External reference
Epigenetics and aging
10.1126/sciadv.1600584 · 2016 · External reference
A comprehensive review of challenges and advances in exosome-based drug delivery systems
10.1039/d4na00501e · 2024 · External reference
Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development
10.1126/science.1202529 · 2011 · External reference
The role of histone modifications: from neurodevelopment to neurodiseases
10.1038/s41392-022-01078-9 · 2022 · External reference
Epigenetic regulation of brain development, plasticity, and response to early-life stress
10.1038/s41386-025-02179-z · 2026 · External reference
Immune receptor LAG3 regulates microglia function during Alzheimer's disease
10.1016/j.nbd.2026.107447 · 2026 · External reference
Young adult microglial deletion of C1q reduces engulfment of synapses and prevents cognitive impairment in an aggressive Alzheimer's disease mouse model
2025 · External reference
Cytokine-induced reprogramming of human macrophages toward Alzheimer's disease-relevant molecular and cellular phenotypes in vitro
2025 · External reference
Microglia and neuroprotection: from in vitro studies to therapeutic applications
10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.009 · 2010 · External reference
Microglia Biology: One Century of Evolving Concepts
10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.053 · 2019 · External reference
Enhanced glycolysis-derived lactate promotes microglial activation in Parkinson's disease via histone lactylation
10.1038/s41531-024-00858-0 · 2025 · External reference
Cell type-specific histone acetylation profiling of Alzheimer's disease subjects and integration with genetics
10.3389/fnmol.2022.948456 · 2023 · External reference
Identification and therapeutic modulation of a pro-inflammatory subset of disease-associated-microglia in Alzheimer's disease
10.1186/s13024-018-0254-8 · 2018 · External reference
Challenges and Opportunities for Incorporating Physiological Information into Pharmacokinetic Models of Intranasal Drug Delivery to the Brain: A Review of the Current Status and Future Trajectories
10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00297 · 2025 · External reference
LPS-induced histone H3 phospho(Ser10)-acetylation(Lys14) regulates neuronal and microglial neuroinflammatory response
10.1016/j.bbi.2018.09.019 · 2018 · External reference
Epigenetics and DNA methylomic profiling in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases
10.1111/jnc.14148 · 2017 · External reference
Intracellular crotonyl-CoA stimulates transcription through p300-catalyzed histone crotonylation
10.1016/j.molcel.2015.02.029 · 2015 · External reference
IRF8 defines the epigenetic landscape in postnatal microglia, thereby directing their transcriptome programs
10.1038/s41590-024-01962-2 · 2024 · External reference
Transcription factors that define the epigenome structures and transcriptomes in microglia
10.1016/j.exphem.2025.104814 · 2025 · External reference
Arbovirus-Host Epigenetic Interplay: Unraveling the Neurological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities
10.1002/rmv.70086 · 2026 · External reference
Unmasking early microglial remodeling in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model
10.3389/fncel.2025.1720382 · 2026 · External reference
Histone Modifications in Alzheimer's Disease
10.3390/genes14020347 · 2023 · External reference
Stress-Responsive Transcriptomic Signatures in Human iPSC-Derived Microglia Reveal Links to Alzheimer's Disease Risk Genes
2025 · External reference
Modeling stimulus-induced stress responses in microglia-like cells using a commercial iPSC-dCas9-KRAB line
10.1016/j.scr.2026.104017 · 2026 · External reference
Epigenetic control of microglial immune responses
10.1111/imr.13317 · 2024 · External reference
Neonatal immune challenge poses a sex-specific risk for epigenetic microglial reprogramming and behavioral impairment
10.1038/s41467-023-38373-0 · 2023 · External reference
Neuropathological alterations in Alzheimer disease
2011 · External reference
Microglial deficiency in the ATRX chromatin remodeler elicits a viral mimicry immune response that impacts neuronal function and behavior
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Therapeutic potential of microglial SMEK1 in regulating H3K9 lactylation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion
10.1038/s42003-024-07425-6 · 2024 · External reference
Bone marrow stem cells have the ability to populate the entire central nervous system into fully differentiated parenchymal microglia
2004 · External reference
The benzamide MS-275 is a potent, long-lasting brain region-selective inhibitor of histone deacetylases
10.1073/pnas.0510341103 · 2006 · External reference
Sex differences in the microglial response to stress and chronic alcohol exposure in mice
10.1186/s13293-025-00701-y · 2025 · External reference
Neuroinflammaging: A Tight Line Between Normal Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders
2024 · External reference
Microglia homeostasis mediated by epigenetic ARID1A regulates neural progenitor cells response and leads to autism-like behaviors
10.1038/s41380-022-01703-7 · 2024 · External reference
Dysfunctional microglia-targeted nanoscavenger synergistically accelerates Aβ clearance and inhibits inflammatory cascade
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2026.124163 · 2026 · External reference
Microglial lipid droplets as therapeutic targets in age-related neurodegenerative diseases
10.1038/s41514-025-00295-0 · 2025 · External reference
Trem2 expression in microglia is required to maintain normal neuronal bioenergetics during development
10.1016/j.immuni.2023.12.002 · 2024 · External reference
Metabolic reprogramming via SIRT2-deficient microglial large extracellular vesicles ameliorates alzheimer's pathology
10.1186/s12974-026-03956-3 · 2026 · External reference
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals time- and sex-specific responses of mouse spinal cord microglia to peripheral nerve injury and links ApoE to chronic pain
10.1038/s41467-022-28473-8 · 2022 · External reference
Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer's disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment
10.1002/ana.410300410 · 1991 · External reference
CRISPRi-based screen of autism spectrum disorder risk genes in microglia uncovers roles of ADNP in microglia endocytosis and synaptic pruning
10.1038/s41380-025-02997-z · 2025 · External reference
Microbiome Influences Prenatal and Adult Microglia in a Sex-Specific Manner
10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.042 · 2018 · External reference
Microglial interactions with synapses are modulated by visual experience
10.1371/journal.pbio.1000527 · 2010 · External reference
A P2RY12 deficiency results in sex-specific cellular perturbations and sexually dimorphic behavioral anomalies
10.1186/s12974-024-03079-7 · 2024 · External reference
Feminization of social play behavior depends on microglia
2024 · External reference
Selective Targeting of Class I HDAC Reduces Microglial Inflammation in the Entorhinal Cortex of Young APP/PS1 Mice
10.3390/ijms24054805 · 2023 · External reference
Lactylation at the crossroads of metabolism and epigenetics in neuroinflammation
2026 · External reference
Transcranial Focused Ultrasound Stimulation Improves Neurorehabilitation after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice
10.14336/ad.2020.0623 · 2021 · External reference
The role of H3K27 acetylation in oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced spinal cord injury and potential for neuroprotective therapies
10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111152 · 2025 · External reference
Nasal-to-Brain ROS-Responsive Diselenide-Bridged Graphene Nanogel for Targeted Ischemic Stroke Therapy via Microglial Modulation
10.1021/acsomega.5c10094 · 2026 · External reference
Restoration of autophagy-lysosomal function via transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation ameliorates β-amyloid pathology and cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer's disease model
10.1016/j.ultras.2026.108075 · 2026 · External reference
Role of glycolysis-mediated histone lactylation in microglial activation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases
10.1016/j.expneurol.2026.115663 · 2026 · External reference
H3K18 lactylation of senescent microglia potentiates brain aging and Alzheimer's disease through the NFκB signaling pathway
10.1186/s12974-023-02879-7 · 2023 · External reference
Class I histone deacetylases are major histone decrotonylases: evidence for critical and broad function of histone crotonylation in transcription
10.1038/cr.2017.68 · 2017 · External reference
Microglia remodel synapses by presynaptic trogocytosis and spine head filopodia induction
10.1038/s41467-018-03566-5 · 2018 · External reference
Sexual dimorphism of microglia and synapses during mouse postnatal development
10.1002/dneu.22568 · 2018 · External reference
CHD8 adulthood microglial knockdown in C57BL6 mice induces behavioral, morphological, and transcriptional changes in a sex-dependent manner
10.1038/s41398-025-03468-3 · 2025 · External reference
Innate immune memory in the brain shapes neurological disease hallmarks
10.1038/s41586-018-0023-4 · 2018 · External reference
Microglial histone H3K18 crotonylation promotes STAT1 expression and induces cognitive deficit in Alzheimer disease
10.3389/fimmu.2026.1744375 · 2026 · External reference
Dendritic spine dysgenesis in Rett syndrome
10.3389/fnana.2014.00097 · 2014 · External reference
Functional characterization of Alzheimer's disease genetic variants in microglia
10.1038/s41588-023-01506-8 · 2023 · External reference
Neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier disruption in Japanese encephalitis virus infection: mechanisms, therapeutic targets, and intervention strategies
10.1007/s12272-026-01598-w · 2026 · External reference
Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Microglia in Health and Disease
10.1016/j.molmed.2018.11.004 · 2019 · External reference
Intranasal blood-brain barrier bypass enables sequential mitochondria-targeted bioengineered nanolamellar system for ischemic stroke therapy
10.1038/s41467-025-68024-5 · 2026 · External reference
Brain region and sex differences in human microglia morphology and function
2025 · External reference
Stem cell-derived exosome versus stem cell therapy
10.1038/s44222-023-00064-2 · 2023 · External reference
Ischemia-induced p300-dependent histone lactylation activates an AP-1-SPP1 program in microglia to exacerbate ischemic brain injury
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.153574 · 2026 · External reference
Macrophage/microglial Ezh2 facilitates autoimmune inflammation through inhibition of Socs3
10.1084/jem.20171417 · 2018 · External reference
Epigenetic regulation of innate immune memory in microglia
10.1186/s12974-022-02463-5 · 2022 · External reference
Intranasal delivery of LB244-loaded M2 microglia membrane nanoparticles for targeted treatment of neuroinflammation after I/R brain injury
2025 · External reference
Overcoming translational barriers in nose-to-brain drug delivery for clinical applications
10.1016/j.xphs.2026.104156 · 2026 · External reference
Recent advances of focused ultrasound induced blood-brain barrier opening for clinical applications of neurodegenerative diseases
10.1016/j.addr.2024.115323 · 2024 · External reference
Mechanisms of Acetate in Alleviating SETDB1-Linked Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairment in a Mouse Model of OSA
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10.7554/elife.02999 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference