Research graph
References from Increased inflammatory cytokines in the temporal cortex in autism spectrum disorder. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Interleukin 18 in the CNS
10.1186/1742-2094-7-9 · 2010 · External reference
A unified theory of autism revisited: linkage evidence points to chromosome X using a high‐risk subset of AGRE families
10.1002/aur.119 · 2010 · External reference
Neuroanatomy of autism
10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.005 · 2008 · External reference
Immunogenetics of autism spectrum disorder: a systematic literature review
10.1016/j.bbi.2023.09.010 · 2023 · External reference
Elevated plasma cytokines in autism spectrum disorders provide evidence of immune dysfunction and are associated with impaired behavioral outcome
10.1016/j.bbi.2010.08.003 · 2011 · External reference
Altered T cell responses in children with autism
10.1016/j.bbi.2010.09.002 · 2011 · External reference
Inflammation and elevation of interleukin-12p40 in patients with schizophrenia
10.3389/fnmol.2016.00016 · 2016 · External reference
Plasma cytokine concentrations of children with autism spectrum disorder and neurotypical siblings
10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156333 · 2023 · External reference
Immunoregulatory feedback between interleukin-1 and glucocorticoid hormones
10.1126/science.3014662 · 1986 · External reference
Behavioral changes in rats after acute, chronic and repeated administration of interleukin-1beta: relevance for affective disorders
10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00118-0 · 2003 · External reference
Myeloid dendritic cells frequencies are increased in children with autism spectrum disorder and associated with amygdala volume and repetitive behaviors
10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.006 · 2013 · External reference
Functional IL-4 receptors on mouse astrocytes: IL-4 inhibits astrocyte activation and induces NGF secretion
10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00154-9 · 1998 · External reference
Immune endophenotypes in children with autism spectrum disorder
10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.036 · 2017 · External reference
Inflammatory cytokines in and cognitive function of adolescents with first-episode schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depressive disorder
10.1017/s1092852921000857 · 2023 · External reference
Evidence that homozygous PTPRD gene microdeletion causes trigonocephaly, hearing loss, and intellectual disability
10.1186/s13039-015-0149-0 · 2015 · External reference
Microglia regulate the number of neural precursor cells in the developing cerebral cortex
10.1523/jneurosci.3441-12.2013 · 2013 · External reference
Regulation of learning and memory by meningeal immunity: a key role for IL-4
10.1084/jem.20091419 · 2010 · External reference
Cytokines and CNS development
10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.002 · 2009 · External reference
Introduction to the interleukin-1 family of cytokines and receptors: drivers of innate inflammation and acquired immunity
10.1111/imr.12624 · 2018 · External reference
Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor has a sex‐dependent positive effect in the maternal immune activation‐induced autism model
10.1002/jdn.10221 · 2022 · External reference
RANTES-Induced invasion of Th17 cells into substantia nigra potentiates dopaminergic cell loss in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease
10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104575 · 2019 · External reference
The β-chemokines CCL2 and CCL7 are two novel differentiation factors for midbrain dopaminergic precursors and neurons
10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.02.019 · 2008 · External reference
Structured clinical interview for DSM-5 disorders
2015 · External reference
International nomenclature guidelines for the IL-1 family of cytokines and receptors
10.1038/s41590-024-01777-1 · 2024 · External reference
Abnormal synaptic pruning during adolescence underlying the development of psychotic disorders
10.1097/yco.0000000000000696 · 2021 · External reference
Interleukin-1 (IL-1): a central regulator of stress responses
10.1016/j.yfrne.2008.10.001 · 2009 · External reference
Whole-brain gray matter maturation trajectories associated with autistic traits from adolescence to early adulthood
10.1007/s00429-023-02710-2 · 2024 · External reference
Maternal immune activation and neuroinflammation in human neurodevelopmental disorders
10.1038/s41582-021-00530-8 · 2021 · External reference
Expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and its receptor in microglia activation is linked to teratogen-induced neuronal damage
10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00144-6 · 2002 · External reference
IL-4 switches microglia/macrophage M1/M2 polarization and alleviates neurological damage by modulating the JAK1/STAT6 pathway following ICH
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.008 · 2020 · External reference
Target-specific vulnerability of excitatory synapses leads to deficits in associative memory in a model of intellectual disorder
10.1523/jneurosci.1457-13.2013 · 2013 · External reference
Overlapping evidence of innate immune dysfunction in psychotic and affective disorders
10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100038 · 2020 · External reference
Immune dysfunction and autoimmunity as pathological mechanisms in autism spectrum disorders
10.3389/fncel.2018.00405 · 2018 · External reference
Innate immune dysfunction and neuroinflammation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
10.1016/j.bbi.2022.12.001 · 2023 · External reference
Increased monocyte production of IL-6 after toll-like receptor activation in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with repetitive and restricted behaviors
10.3390/brainsci12020220 · 2022 · External reference
Enlarged right superior temporal gyrus in children and adolescents with autism
10.1016/j.brainres.2010.09.005 · 2010 · External reference
Developmental IL-6 exposure favors production of PDGF-responsive multipotential progenitors at the expense of neural stem cells and other progenitors
10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.03.019 · 2020 · External reference
Increased IL-8 concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with unipolar depression
10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152196 · 2020 · External reference
Cytokine alterations in first-episode schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: relationships to brain structure and symptoms
10.1186/s12974-018-1197-2 · 2018 · External reference
Elevated immune response in the brain of autistic patients
10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.12.002 · 2009 · External reference
Childhood trauma and the plasma levels of IL-6, TNF-α are risk factors for major depressive disorder and schizophrenia in adolescents: a cross-sectional and case-control study
10.1016/j.jad.2022.02.020 · 2022 · External reference
M-CSF, IL-6, and TGF-β promote generation of a new subset of tissue repair macrophage for traumatic brain injury recovery
10.1126/sciadv.abb6260 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2015 · External reference
IL-1 and related cytokines in innate and adaptive immunity in health and disease
10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.012 · 2019 · External reference
Cytokine aberrations in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1038/mp.2014.59 · 2015 · External reference
Chemokines and chemokine receptors in the CNS: a possible role in neuroinflammation and patterning
10.1016/s0165-6147(99)01308-5 · 1999 · External reference
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor improved core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder via modulating glutamatergic receptors in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of rat brains
10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00270 · 2022 · External reference
PDGF-responsive progenitors persist in the subventricular zone across the lifespan
10.1042/an20120041 · 2013 · External reference
Toward a better understanding of T cell dysregulation in autism: an integrative review
10.1016/j.bbi.2024.10.009 · 2025 · External reference
Cord blood cytokine profiles in children later diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: results from the prospective MARBLES study
10.1016/j.bbi.2024.08.036 · 2024 · External reference
TH1/Treg ratio may be a marker of autism in children with immune dysfunction
10.1016/j.rasd.2022.102085 · 2023 · External reference
An integrative review of cytokine/chemokine predictors of neurodevelopment in preterm infants
10.1177/1099800419852766 · 2019 · External reference
mTOR-related synaptic pathology causes autism spectrum disorder-associated functional hyperconnectivity
10.1038/s41467-021-26131-z · 2021 · External reference
Serum and cerebrospinal fluid immune mediators in children with autistic disorder: a longitudinal study
10.1186/s13229-016-0115-7 · 2017 · External reference
Mutations in the calcium-related gene IL1RAPL1 are associated with autism
10.1093/hmg/ddn300 · 2008 · External reference
MCP-3/CCL7 production by astrocytes: implications for SIV neuroinvasion and AIDS encephalitis
10.1007/s13365-010-0017-y · 2011 · External reference
Functions of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 and FGF-5 in astroglial differentiation and blood-brain barrier permeability: evidence from mouse mutants
10.1523/jneurosci.23-16-06404.2003 · 2003 · External reference
Potential cytokine biomarkers in autism spectrum disorders
10.2217/bmm.14.39 · 2014 · External reference
T cell populations in children with autism spectrum disorder and co-morbid gastrointestinal symptoms
10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100042 · 2020 · External reference
Differential immune responses and microbiota profiles in children with autism spectrum disorders and co-morbid gastrointestinal symptoms
10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.025 · 2018 · External reference
Altered cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of adult patients with autism spectrum disorder
10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.12.032 · 2023 · External reference
An observational study investigating cytokine levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders
10.1016/j.schres.2021.03.022 · 2021 · External reference
A meta-analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines in autism spectrum disorders: effects of age, gender, and latitude
10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.019 · 2019 · External reference
Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone and interleukin-8 levels in boys with autism spectrum disorder
10.1186/s12974-017-0888-4 · 2017 · External reference
Comprehensive immunoprofiling of neurodevelopmental disorders suggests three distinct classes based on increased neurogenesis, Th-1 polarization or IL-1 signaling
10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.013 · 2024 · External reference
Protein tyrosine phosphatases PTPδ, PTPσ, and LAR: presynaptic hubs for synapse organization
10.1016/j.tins.2013.06.002 · 2013 · External reference
The over‐pruning hypothesis of autism
10.1111/desc.12303 · 2016 · External reference
Fibroblast growth factors in schizophrenia
10.1093/schbul/sbp033 · 2010 · External reference
Synapse pathology in psychiatric and neurologic disease
10.1007/s11910-010-0104-8 · 2010 · External reference
Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism
10.1002/ana.20315 · 2005 · External reference
Interleukin-1β enhances NMDA receptor-mediated intracellular calcium increase through activation of the Src family of kinases
10.1523/jneurosci.23-25-08692.2003 · 2003 · External reference
MHCII-independent CD4+ T cells protect injured CNS neurons via IL-4
10.1172/jci76210 · 2015 · External reference
Brain IL-6 elevation causes neuronal circuitry imbalances and mediates autism-like behaviors
10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.01.011 · 2012 · External reference
IL1RAPL1 knockout mice show spine density decrease, learning deficiency, hyperactivity and reduced anxiety-like behaviours
10.1038/srep06613 · 2014 · External reference
FGF-2 regulation of neurogenesis in adult hippocampus after brain injury
10.1073/pnas.101034998 · 2001 · External reference
Innate immunity at the crossroads of healthy brain maturation and neurodevelopmental disorders
10.1038/s41577-020-00487-7 · 2021 · External reference
Neuron-specific transcriptomic signatures indicate neuroinflammation and altered neuronal activity in ASD temporal cortex
10.1073/pnas.2206758120 · 2023 · External reference
