Research graph
References from The expression window as a safety parameter for mRNA medicines. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA yields superior nonimmunogenic vector with increased translational capacity and biological stability
10.1038/mt.2008.200 · 2008 · External reference
N(1)-methylpseudouridine-incorporated mRNA outperforms pseudouridine-incorporated mRNA by providing enhanced protein expression and reduced immunogenicity in mammalian cell lines and mice
10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.051 · 2015 · External reference
Improving mRNA-based therapeutic gene delivery by expression-augmenting 3' UTRs identified by cellular library screening
10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.12.011 · 2019 · External reference
Modification of antigen-encoding RNA increases stability, translational efficacy, and T-cell stimulatory capacity of dendritic cells
10.1182/blood-2006-04-015024 · 2006 · External reference
Engineering circular RNA for potent and stable translation in eukaryotic cells
10.1038/s41467-018-05096-6 · 2018 · External reference
Codon optimality is a major determinant of mRNA stability
10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.029 · 2015 · External reference
RNA stability enhancers for durable base-modified mRNA therapeutics
10.1038/s41587-025-02891-7 · 2025 · External reference
Branched chemically modified poly(a) tails enhance the translation capacity of mRNA
10.1038/s41587-024-02174-7 · 2025 · External reference
Chemical and topological design of multicapped mRNA and capped circular RNA to augment translation
10.1038/s41587-024-02393-y · 2025 · External reference
Half-life as a therapeutic design axis: targeting short-lived lncRNAs with antisense oligonucleotides
10.1002/iub.70122 · 2026 · External reference
Short-lived versus long-lived lncRNAs: RNA stability as a determinant of regulatory function
10.1016/j.bbagrm.2026.195163 · 2026 · External reference
Chronic in vivo CRISPR-Cas genome editing: challenges, long-term safety, and outlook
10.3390/cells15020156 · 2026 · External reference
Kinetics of RNA-LNP delivery and protein expression
10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114222 · 2024 · External reference
Transient T cell therapies
10.1016/bs.apha.2026.05.007 · 2026 · External reference
Non-Viral CRISPR carriers: transient delivery with lasting effects
10.1080/10717544.2026.2614125 · 2026 · External reference
Tailor made: the art of therapeutic mRNA design
10.1038/s41573-023-00827-x · 2024 · External reference
Advancing protein-coding RNA engineering: from structural refinement to biomedical implementation
10.1002/biot.70038 · 2025 · External reference
Self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA) vaccines: progress, evidence gaps, and translational pathways for durable and scalable immunization
10.1080/21645515.2026.2661120 · 2026 · External reference
Circular RNA therapeutics: a new class of long-acting RNA medicines for oncology, immunology, and rare diseases
10.3389/fimmu.2026.1758902 · 2026 · External reference
mRNA stability: an unresolved challenge for broad therapeutic applications
10.1002/biot.70146 · 2025 · External reference
Unlocking mRNA-driven CRISPR-Cas9 gene therapy via optimizing mRNA and the delivery vectors
10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102737 · 2025 · External reference
From vaccines to therapeutics: the need for distinct mRNA-LNP design principles
10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6c00448 · 2026 · External reference
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling of RNAi therapeutics: opportunities and challenges
10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114468 · 2021 · External reference
10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114374
10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114374 · 2021 · External reference
Pharmacodynamic models of indirect effects and irreversible inactivation with turnover: applicability to mechanism-based modeling of gene silencing and targeted protein degradation
10.1016/j.xphs.2023.10.027 · 2024 · External reference
Translational pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for mRNA-0184, an investigational therapeutic for the treatment of heart failure
10.1111/cts.13894 · 2024 · External reference
Global quantification of mammalian gene expression control
10.1038/nature10098 · 2011 · External reference
Turnover atlas of proteome and phosphoproteome across mouse tissues and brain regions
10.1016/j.cell.2025.02.021 · 2025 · External reference
Maximum entropy determination of mammalian proteome dynamics
10.1073/pnas.2313107121 · 2024 · External reference
Corrigendum: Global quantification of mammalian gene expression control
10.1038/nature11848 · 2013 · External reference
Genome-wide determination of RNA stability reveals hundreds of short-lived noncoding transcripts in mammals
10.1101/gr.130559.111 · 2012 · External reference
Metabolic labeling of RNA using ribonucleoside analogs enables the evaluation of RNA synthesis and degradation rates
10.1007/s44211-024-00704-6 · 2025 · External reference
Highly efficient RNA-guided genome editing in human cells via delivery of purified Cas9 ribonucleoproteins
10.1101/gr.171322.113 · 2014 · External reference
Cationic lipid-mediated delivery of proteins enables efficient protein-based genome editing in vitro and in vivo
10.1038/nbt.3081 · 2015 · External reference
Safer and efficient base editing and prime editing via ribonucleoproteins delivered through optimized lipid-nanoparticle formulations
10.1038/s41551-024-01296-2 · 2025 · External reference
Small molecule-triggered Cas9 protein with improved genome-editing specificity
10.1038/nchembio.1793 · 2015 · External reference
Hit and go CAS9 delivered through a lentiviral based self-limiting circuit
10.1038/ncomms15334 · 2017 · External reference
Tissue-specific silencing of synthetic mRNAs by de-targeting elements maps vaccination-competent tissues and allows Cas9 de-immunization
10.1016/j.ymthe.2026.07.050 · 2026 · External reference
Blood distribution of SARS-CoV-2 lipid nanoparticle mRNA vaccine in humans
10.1021/acsnano.4c11652 · 2024 · External reference
Biodistribution of lipid nanoparticle, eGFP mRNA and translated protein following subcutaneous administration in mouse
10.1080/17576180.2024.2360361 · 2024 · External reference
Differential clearance rate of proteins encoded on a self-amplifying mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in muscle and lymph nodes
2025 · External reference
Biodistribution of mRNA vaccines in rats: Enrichment in injection site and lymph tissues and rapid clearance without tissue persistence
10.1016/j.omtn.2026.102948 · 2026 · External reference
Spatiotemporal liver dynamics shape hepatocellular heterogeneity and impact in vivo gene engineering
10.1016/j.jhep.2025.06.018 · 2025 · External reference
Clearance of residual genome editing components used for ex vivo genome-editing of allogeneic cell therapy products
10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.06.005 · 2024 · External reference
A single administration of CRISPR/Cas9 lipid nanoparticles achieves robust and persistent in vivo genome editing
10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.014 · 2018 · External reference
Transient muscle expression of mitoARCUS in mice leads to sustained reductions in pathogenic mtDNA and reduces fatigability
10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.12.041 · 2026 · External reference
CRISPR-Cas9 in vivo gene editing for transthyretin amyloidosis
10.1056/nejmoa2107454 · 2021 · External reference
In vivo base editing of PCSK9 with VERVE-102 for hypercholesterolemia
10.1056/nejmoa2601283 · 2026 · External reference
Therapeutic genome editing by combined viral and non-viral delivery of CRISPR system components in vivo
10.1038/nbt.3471 · 2016 · External reference
CRISPR-Cas9 therapeutics in early clinical development: delivery and molecular diagnostics
10.3390/cells15070644 · 2026 · External reference
Exploring the potential of cell-derived vesicles for transient delivery of gene editing payloads
10.1016/j.addr.2024.115346 · 2024 · External reference
Treatment of a metabolic liver disease in mice with a transient prime editing approach
10.1038/s41551-025-01399-4 · 2025 · External reference
Search-and-replace genome editing without double-strand breaks or donor DNA
10.1038/s41586-019-1711-4 · 2019 · External reference
Cytosine base editor generates substantial off-target single-nucleotide variants in mouse embryos
10.1126/science.aav9973 · 2019 · External reference
Transcriptome-wide off-target RNA editing induced by CRISPR-guided DNA base editors
10.1038/s41586-019-1161-z · 2019 · External reference
Effects of single-dose interleukin-12 exposure on interleukin-12-associated toxicity and interferon-gamma production
1997 · External reference
Interleukin 12: still a promising candidate for tumor immunotherapy?
10.1007/s00262-014-1523-1 · 2014 · External reference
Durable anticancer immunity from intratumoral administration of IL-23, IL-36γ, and OX40L mRNAs
10.1126/scitranslmed.aat9143 · 2019 · External reference
First-in-human phase I/II, open-label study of mRNA-2416 alone or combined with durvalumab in patients with advanced solid tumors and ovarian cancer
10.1093/oncolo/oyaf115 · 2025 · External reference
Lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated mRNA-2752 encoding human OX40L, IL-23, and IL-36γ plus durvalumab induces an immunostimulatory effect within the tumor microenvironment in patients with advanced solid tumors
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-25-4643 · 2026 · External reference
Intratumoral injection of mRNA-2752 and pembrolizumab for high-risk ductal carcinoma in situ: a phase 1 nonrandomized clinical trial
10.1001/jamaoncol.2024.5927 · 2025 · External reference
A phase I, first-in-human, dose-escalation, expansion trial of cytokine-encoding synthetic mRNA mixture alone or with cemiplimab in advanced solid tumors
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-24-1983 · 2025 · External reference
Adjuvantation of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine with controlled tissue-specific expression of an mRNA encoding IL-12p70
10.1126/scitranslmed.adm8451 · 2024 · External reference
10.1126/scitranslmed.ads5741
10.1126/scitranslmed.ads5741 · External reference
mRNA-LNPs induce immune activation and cytokine release in human whole blood assays across diverse health conditions
10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.12.019 · 2025 · External reference
CAR T cells produced in vivo to treat cardiac injury
10.1126/science.abm0594 · 2022 · External reference
In vitro-transcribed antigen receptor mRNA nanocarriers for transient expression in circulating T cells in vivo
10.1038/s41467-020-19486-2 · 2020 · External reference
In vivo mRNA CAR T cell engineering via targeted ionizable lipid nanoparticles with extrahepatic tropism
10.1002/smll.202304378 · 2024 · External reference
Targeted lipid nanoparticle delivery of FAP-CAR mRNA enables potent in vivo T-cell engineering against pancreatic tumors
10.1158/2326-6066.cir-25-0663 · 2026 · External reference
In vivo mRNA-lipid nanoparticle CAR-T cell engineering: advances, challenges, and clinical translation
10.3390/biomedicines14061276 · 2026 · External reference
In vivo CAR T cell engineering: design principles and open questions
10.1016/j.trecan.2026.01.007 · 2026 · External reference
mRNA lipid nanoparticles for cell engineering in vivo and in vitro: current applications and future directions
2026 · External reference
Transient mRNA-based CD117 CAR T cells effectively target acute myeloid leukemia in vitro for potential use as a preconditioning strategy
2026 · External reference
Highly efficient reprogramming to pluripotency and directed differentiation of human cells with synthetic modified mRNA
10.1016/j.stem.2010.08.012 · 2010 · External reference
In vivo cyclic overexpression of Yamanaka factors restricted to neurons reverses age-associated phenotypes and enhances memory performance
10.1038/s42003-024-06328-w · 2024 · External reference
Oxidative stress drives liver failure during in vivo partial reprogramming
10.1016/j.mocell.2026.100378 · 2026 · External reference
Hepatocyte-specific partial cellular reprogramming via selective OSK mRNA lipid nanoparticle attenuates liver fibrosis
10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114569 · 2026 · External reference
Antigen persistence is required for somatic mutation and affinity maturation of immunoglobulin
10.1002/1521-4141(2000)30:8<2226::aid-immu2226>3.0.co;2-5 · 2000 · External reference
mRNA mediates passive vaccination against infectious agents, toxins, and tumors
10.15252/emmm.201707678 · 2017 · External reference
Systemic messenger RNA therapy as a treatment for methylmalonic acidemia
10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.049 · 2018 · External reference
Reversing PAI-1 deficiency in blood using mRNA lipid nanoparticles
10.1016/j.omtm.2025.101557 · 2025 · External reference
mRNA-based therapeutics: advances in drug delivery, comparative innovations, and biomedical applications
10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00774 · 2026 · External reference
Ocular gene therapy as a sustained drug delivery system: pharmacokinetic and genokinetic perspectives
10.25122/jml-2025-0180 · 2025 · External reference
Engineering the poly(a) tail for therapeutic mRNA: from expression control to manufacturing robustness
2026 · External reference
Beyond the sequence: chemical and topological design and innovations in mRNA therapeutics
10.1021/acs.chemrev.5c00347 · 2026 · External reference
RNA circularization diminishes immunogenicity and can extend translation duration in vivo
10.1016/j.molcel.2019.02.015 · 2019 · External reference
Self-amplifying RNA vaccines for infectious diseases
10.1038/s41434-020-00204-y · 2021 · External reference
Divergent delivery and expression kinetics of lipid and polymeric nanoparticles across mRNA modalities
2025 · External reference
Delivery vehicle and route of administration influences self-amplifying RNA biodistribution, expression kinetics, and reactogenicity
10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.07.078 · 2024 · External reference
Codon bias confers stability to human mRNAs
10.15252/embr.201948220 · 2019 · External reference
Human DHX29 detects nonoptimal codon usage to regulate mRNA stability
10.1126/science.adw0288 · 2026 · External reference
Attenuating ribosome load improves protein output from mRNA by limiting translation-dependent mRNA decay
10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114098 · 2024 · External reference
Endogenous microRNA regulation suppresses transgene expression in hematopoietic lineages and enables stable gene transfer
10.1038/nm1398 · 2006 · External reference
MicroRNA-responsive ON-OFF hybrid mRNA switch for precise protein expression control
10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102609 · 2025 · External reference
Time-ordered-expression mRNA (TOE mRNA) for melanoma RNA vaccines
10.1039/d5sc07482g · 2026 · External reference
Small-molecule displacement of a cryptic degron causes conditional protein degradation
10.1038/nchembio.598 · 2011 · External reference
The dTAG system for immediate and target-specific protein degradation
10.1038/s41589-018-0021-8 · 2018 · External reference
Rapid and tunable method to temporally control gene editing based on conditional Cas9 stabilization
10.1038/ncomms14370 · 2017 · External reference
Multidimensional chemical control of CRISPR-Cas9
10.1038/nchembio.2224 · 2017 · External reference
Small molecules for enhancing the precision and safety of genome editing
10.3390/molecules27196266 · 2022 · External reference
Controlling CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in human cells using a molecular glue degrader
10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102640 · 2025 · External reference
A rapid, reversible, and tunable method to regulate protein function in living cells using synthetic small molecules
10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.025 · 2006 · External reference
Chemical control of protein stability and function in living mice
10.1038/nm.1754 · 2008 · External reference
The benchmarking and application of tag-degraders in vivo to validate therapeutic targets
10.1038/s41467-026-73681-1 · 2026 · External reference
10.1073/pnas.2405085121
10.1073/pnas.2405085121 · External reference
IL-2-independent expansion, persistence, and antitumor activity in TIL expressing regulatable membrane-bound IL-15
10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.04.031 · 2025 · External reference
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of KT-474, a novel selective Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 (IRAK4) degrader, in healthy adults
10.1111/cts.70181 · 2025 · External reference
Endosomal escape: a bottleneck for LNP-mediated therapeutics
10.1073/pnas.2307800120 · 2024 · External reference
Image-based analysis of lipid nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery, intracellular trafficking and endosomal escape
10.1038/nbt.2612 · 2013 · External reference
In vivo endosomal escape assay identifies mechanisms for efficient hepatic LNP delivery
10.1038/s41587-026-03022-6 · 2026 · External reference
Cellular and biophysical barriers to lipid nanoparticle mediated delivery of RNA to the cytosol
10.1038/s41467-025-60959-z · 2025 · External reference
The kinetics of endosomal disruption reveal differences in lipid nanoparticle induced cellular toxicity
10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.114047 · 2025 · External reference
Transfection efficiency and transgene expression kinetics of mRNA delivered in naked and nanoparticle format
10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.12.029 · 2013 · External reference
Expression kinetics of nucleoside-modified mRNA delivered in lipid nanoparticles to mice by various routes
10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.007 · 2015 · External reference
Impact of ionizable lipid type on the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of mRNA-lipid nanoparticles after intravenous and subcutaneous injection
10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.113945 · 2025 · External reference
Optimization of lipid nanoparticles for intramuscular administration of mRNA vaccines
10.1016/j.omtn.2019.01.013 · 2019 · External reference
Trace PEG-lipid engineering unlocks superior mRNA delivery via albumin-mediated liver targeting and enhanced endosomal escape
10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.115049 · 2026 · External reference
10.1038/mtna.2013.66
10.1038/mtna.2013.66 · External reference
Biodegradable lipids enabling rapidly eliminated lipid nanoparticles for systemic delivery of RNAi therapeutics
10.1038/mt.2013.124 · 2013 · External reference
Multiplexed lipid nanoparticle barcoding reveals tissue-dynamic kinetic insights and enriched cellular tropism in hepatic zones
10.1038/s41467-025-68103-7 · 2026 · External reference
Construction of a translational whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to investigate the biodistribution of lipid nanoparticle-based mRNA therapeutics for intracellular protein targets
10.1007/s10928-026-10052-9 · 2026 · External reference
The Impact of QSP modeling on the design and optimization of gene therapy approaches
10.1002/psp4.70131 · 2025 · External reference
AU-rich elements: characterization and importance in mRNA degradation
10.1016/s0968-0004(00)89102-1 · 1995 · External reference
Evidence that tristetraprolin binds to AU-rich elements and promotes the deadenylation and destabilization of tumor necrosis factor alpha mRNA
10.1128/mcb.19.6.4311 · 1999 · External reference
A discontinuous hammerhead ribozyme embedded in a mammalian messenger RNA
10.1038/nature07117 · 2008 · External reference
Massively parallel RNA device engineering in mammalian cells with RNA-Seq
10.1038/s41467-019-12334-y · 2019 · External reference
Quality and quantity control of gene expression by nonsense-mediated mRNA decay
10.1038/s41580-019-0126-2 · 2019 · External reference
Enhancing mRNA translation efficiency by introducing sequence optimized AU-rich elements in 3' UTR via HuR anchorage
10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102485 · 2025 · External reference
Ribozyme-activated mRNA trans-ligation enables large gene delivery to treat muscular dystrophies
10.1126/science.adp8179 · 2024 · External reference
Hijacking innate immunity to enhance mRNA therapeutics by blocking IFN-P-body-XRN1 axis-mediated degradation
10.1038/s41467-026-72025-3 · 2026 · External reference
Re-adenylation by TENT5A enhances efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines
10.1038/s41586-025-08842-1 · 2025 · External reference
A reversible small-molecule-switchable self-amplifying RNA expression platform
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.151436 · 2026 · External reference
Antisense oligonucleotide-based switches for conditional translation of synthetic mRNA
10.1016/j.omtn.2025.102729 · 2025 · External reference
Split RNA switch orchestrates pre- and post-translational control to enable cell type-specific gene expression
10.1038/s41467-025-60392-2 · 2025 · External reference
Whole-body pharmacokinetics of ionizable lipid, mRNA, and the expressed antibody following intravenous administration of mRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles
10.1208/s12248-026-01273-4 · 2026 · External reference
Comparative assessment of RT-dPCR and RT-qPCR for RNA quantification in IgG mRNA-lipid nanoparticle bioanalysis
10.1080/17576180.2026.2664198 · 2026 · External reference
Monitoring mRNA vaccine antigen expression in vivo using PET/CT
10.1038/s41467-025-57446-w · 2025 · External reference
mRNA-based FRET-FLIM imaging platform for quantifying lipid nanoparticle endosomal escape and membrane damage
10.1021/jacs.5c07897 · 2025 · External reference
Short-lived long noncoding RNAs as surrogate indicators for chemical stress in HepG2 cells and their degradation by nuclear RNases
10.1038/s41598-019-56869-y · 2019 · External reference
