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References from The dual immunomodulatory roles and signaling mechanisms of toll-like receptor 2 in different diseases. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
How the Innate Immune System Senses trouble and Causes trouble
10.2215/cjn.04680514 · 2015 · External reference
Underwhelming or Misunderstood? Genetic Variability of Pattern Recognition Receptors in Immune responses and Resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
10.3389/fimmu.2021.714808 · 2021 · External reference
Pattern recognition receptors in zebrafish provide functional and evolutionary insight into innate immune signaling pathways
10.1038/cmi.2016.50 · 2017 · External reference
Microbial Phagocytic Receptors and their potential Involvement in Cytokine Induction in Macrophages
10.3389/fimmu.2021.662063 · 2021 · External reference
Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases
10.1038/s41392-021-00687-0 · 2021 · External reference
TLR2 as a Therapeutic Target in Bacterial Infection
10.1016/j.molmed.2020.05.006 · 2020 · External reference
Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation
10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.022 · 2010 · External reference
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs): Structure, Functions, Signaling, and Role of their Polymorphisms in Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility
10.1155/2021/1157023 · 2021 · External reference
Structure of fish Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD-like receptors (NLR)
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.293 · 2020 · External reference
Research progress on Toll-like receptor signal transduction and its roles in antimicrobial immune responses
10.1007/s00253-021-11406-8 · 2021 · External reference
Cell Surface Expression of Endosomal Toll-like Receptors-a Necessity or a Superfluous Duplication?
2020 · External reference
Structural biology of innate immunity
10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112258 · 2015 · External reference
Toll-like Receptors: General Molecular and Structural Biology
10.1155/2021/9914854 · 2021 · External reference
An Update on Toll-like Receptor 2, its Function and Dimerization in Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Processes
10.3390/ijms241512464 · 2023 · External reference
The binary toxin CDT enhances Clostridium difficile virulence by suppressing protective colonic eosinophilia
10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.108 · 2016 · External reference
TIRAP in the Mechanism of Inflammation
10.3389/fimmu.2021.697588 · 2021 · External reference
Paradoxical Roles of the MAL/Tirap Adaptor in Pathologies
10.3389/fimmu.2020.569127 · 2020 · External reference
SARM: from immune regulator to cell executioner
10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.005 · 2019 · External reference
Tumor necrosis factor receptor- associated factor 6 (TRAF6) regulation of development, function, and homeostasis of the immune system
10.1111/imr.12302 · 2015 · External reference
Generic Diagramming Platform (GDP): a comprehensive database of high-quality biomedical graphics
10.1093/nar/gkae973 · 2025 · External reference
Lipoteichoic acids as a major virulence factor causing inflammatory responses via Toll-like receptor 2
10.1007/s12272-016-0804-y · 2016 · External reference
Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through toll-like receptors
10.1126/science.285.5428.732 · 1999 · External reference
10.1128/cmr.00046-08
10.1128/cmr.00046-08 · External reference
PI3K and negative regulation of TLR signaling
10.1016/s1471-4906(03)00139-x · 2003 · External reference
TLR2 ligands attenuate cardiac dysfunction in polymicrobial sepsis via a phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent mechanism
10.1152/ajpheart.01109.2009 · 2010 · External reference
TLR2 Activation as a Marker of Severe COVID-19 and a potential Therapeutic Target
10.2174/0109298673327301241016063917 · 2025 · External reference
TLR-2 and MyD88-Dependent Activation of MAPK and STAT Proteins Regulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Response and Immunity to Experimental Trypanosoma congolense Infection
10.3389/fimmu.2019.02673 · 2019 · External reference
Toll-like receptor 2: an important immunomodulatory molecule during Helicobacter pylori infection
10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.006 · 2017 · External reference
TLR2 deficiency leads to increased Th17 infiltrates in experimental brain abscesses
10.4049/jimmunol.0802656 · 2009 · External reference
TLR2 is a negative regulator of Th17 cells and tissue pathology in a pulmonary model of fungal infection
10.4049/jimmunol.0801599 · 2009 · External reference
Toll-like receptor 2 controls expansion and function of regulatory T cells
10.1172/jci25439 · 2006 · External reference
Toll-like Receptor 2 Release by Macrophages: an Anti-inflammatory Program Induced by Glucocorticoids and Lipopolysaccharide
10.3389/fimmu.2019.01634 · 2019 · External reference
The evolution and future of influenza pandemic preparedness
10.1038/s12276-021-00603-0 · 2021 · External reference
Divergent evolutionary trajectories of influenza B viruses underlie their contemporaneous epidemic activity
10.1073/pnas.1916585116 · 2020 · External reference
Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7 · 2021 · External reference
Regulation of inflammasome signaling
10.1038/ni.2237 · 2012 · External reference
Molecular definition of the endogenous Toll-like receptor signalling pathways
10.1038/s41586-024-07614-7 · 2024 · External reference
Host protective Immune responses against Influenza a Virus Infection
10.3390/v12050504 · 2020 · External reference
Recent Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of the Toll-like Receptor Response to Influenza Virus Infection
10.3390/ijms25115909 · 2024 · External reference
Intracellular sensing of viral genomes and viral evasion
10.1038/s12276-019-0299-y · 2019 · External reference
TLR2 senses the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein to produce inflammatory cytokines
10.1038/s41590-021-00937-x · 2021 · External reference
SARS-CoV-2 Envelope (E) Protein Binds and Activates TLR2 Pathway: a Novel Molecular Target for COVID-19 Interventions
10.3390/v14050999 · 2022 · External reference
Prophylactic intranasal administration of a TLR2/6 agonist reduces upper respiratory tract viral shedding in a SARS-CoV-2 challenge ferret model
10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103153 · 2021 · External reference
Influence of Donor-specific Characteristics on Cytokine responses in H3N2 Influenza a Virus Infection: New Insights from an Ex Vivo Model
10.3390/ijms252010941 · 2024 · External reference
Global tuberculosis report 2020
2020 · External reference
Compromised Metabolic Reprogramming is an Early Indicator of CD8(+) T Cell Dysfunction during Chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection
10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.034 · 2019 · External reference
Evolution of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a review on the molecular determinants of resistance and implications for personalized care
10.1093/jac/dkx506 · 2018 · External reference
The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors
10.1038/ni.1863 · 2010 · External reference
Recombinant MPT83 Derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Cytokine Production and Upregulates the Function of Mouse Macrophages through TLR2
10.4049/jimmunol.1102177 · 2012 · External reference
PE_PGRS62 promotes the survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis within macrophages via disrupting ER stress-mediated apoptosis
10.1002/jcp.28577 · 2019 · External reference
Recombinant Lipoprotein Rv1016c Derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a TLR-2 Ligand that Induces Macrophages Apoptosis and Inhibits MHC II Antigen Processing
10.3389/fcimb.2016.00147 · 2016 · External reference
CD14 and toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are required for fibrillar a{beta}-stimulated microglial activation
10.1523/jneurosci.3158-09.2009 · 2009 · External reference
TLR2 is a primary receptor for Alzheimer's amyloid β peptide to trigger neuroinflammatory activation
10.4049/jimmunol.1101121 · 2012 · External reference
Selective disruption of TLR2-MyD88 interaction inhibits inflammation and attenuates Alzheimer's pathology
10.1172/jci96209 · 2018 · External reference
Inhibiting TLR2 activation attenuates amyloid accumulation and glial activation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.143 · 2016 · External reference
Early minor stimulation of microglial TLR2 and TLR4 receptors attenuates Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive deficit in rats: behavioral, molecular, and electrophysiological evidence
10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.020 · 2018 · External reference
Toll-like receptor 2 acts as a natural innate immune receptor to clear amyloid beta 1-42 and delay the cognitive decline in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
10.1523/jneurosci.1146-08.2008 · 2008 · External reference
Microglial phenotypes and toll-like receptor 2 in the substantia nigra and hippocampus of incidental Lewy body disease cases and Parkinson's disease patients
2014 · External reference
Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 mediate Abeta(1-42) activation of the innate immune response in a human monocytic cell line
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05001.x · 2008 · External reference
TLR2 immunotherapy suppresses neuroinflammation, tau spread, and memory loss in rTg4510 mice
10.1016/j.bbi.2024.08.002 · 2024 · External reference
Neuron-released oligomeric α-synuclein is an endogenous agonist of TLR2 for paracrine activation of microglia
10.1038/ncomms2534 · 2013 · External reference
Activation of MyD88-dependent TLR1/2 signaling by misfolded α-synuclein, a protein linked to neurodegenerative disorders
10.1126/scisignal.2005965 · 2015 · External reference
Toll-like receptor 2 downregulation and cytokine dysregulation predict mortality in patients with S. aureus bacteremia
10.1186/s12879-020-05641-z · 2020 · External reference
Toll-like receptor expression in the blood and brain of patients and a mouse model of Parkinson's disease
10.1093/ijnp/pyu103 · 2014 · External reference
Alpha-synuclein oligomers impair memory through glial cell activation and via Toll-like receptor 2
10.1016/j.bbi.2018.02.012 · 2018 · External reference
Toll-like receptor signaling in neural plasticity and disease
10.1016/j.tins.2011.02.005 · 2011 · External reference
Antagonizing Neuronal Toll-like Receptor 2 Prevents Synucleinopathy by Activating Autophagy
10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.044 · 2015 · External reference
Toll-like receptor 2 is increased in neurons in Parkinson's disease brain and may contribute to alpha-synuclein pathology
10.1007/s00401-016-1648-8 · 2017 · External reference
α-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease
10.1101/cshperspect.a009399 · 2012 · External reference
Immunotherapy targeting toll-like receptor 2 alleviates neurodegeneration in models of synucleinopathy by modulating α-synuclein transmission and neuroinflammation
10.1186/s13024-018-0276-2 · 2018 · External reference
Eliminating microglia in Alzheimer's mice prevents neuronal loss without modulating amyloid-β pathology
10.1093/brain/aww016 · 2016 · External reference
Systemic microbial TLR2 agonists induce neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease mice
10.1186/s12974-020-01738-z · 2020 · External reference
Activation of NR2A-wnt-TLR2 Signaling Axis in Satellite Glial Cells of the Dorsal root Ganglion Contributes to Neuropathic Pain Induced by Nerve Injury in Diabetic mice
2025 · External reference
Hyperactivity of Innate Immunity Triggers Pain via TLR2-IL-33-Mediated Neuroimmune Crosstalk
10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108233 · 2020 · External reference
Wnt signaling mediates TLR pathway and promote unrestrained adipogenesis and metaflammation: Therapeutic targets for obesity and type 2 diabetes
10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104602 · 2020 · External reference
Wnt5a is a TLR2/4-ligand that induces tolerance in human myeloid cells
10.1038/s42003-019-0432-4 · 2019 · External reference
Botulinum toxin type a alleviates neuropathic pain and suppresses inflammatory cytokines release from microglia by targeting TLR2/MyD88 and SNAP23
10.1186/s13578-020-00501-4 · 2020 · External reference
The global burden of viral hepatitis from 1990 to 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013
10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30579-7 · 2016 · External reference
Recent advances in Hepatitis B Treatment
10.3390/ph14050417 · 2021 · External reference
HBeAg mediates inflammatory functions of macrophages by TLR2 contributing to hepatic fibrosis
10.1186/s12916-021-02085-3 · 2021 · External reference
Not interferon, but interleukin-6 controls early gene expression in hepatitis B virus infection
10.1002/hep.23226 · 2009 · External reference
The role of Kupffer cells in hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections
10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.026 · 2014 · External reference
HBeAg induces the expression of macrophage miR-155 to accelerate liver injury via promoting production of inflammatory cytokines
10.1007/s00018-018-2753-8 · 2018 · External reference
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131517
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131517 · External reference
Hepatitis C virus core protein induces homotolerance and cross-tolerance to Toll-like receptor ligands by activation of Toll-like receptor 2
10.1086/655812 · 2010 · External reference
Prevalence, risk factors, and management of asthma in China: a national cross-sectional study
10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31147-x · 2019 · External reference
The impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution on childhood wheezing and asthma: a systematic review
10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.038 · 2017 · External reference
Human asthma is characterized by more IRF5+ M1 and CD206+ M2 macrophages and less IL-10+ M2-like macrophages around airways compared with healthy airways
10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.020 · 2017 · External reference
Dual Role of Toll-like Receptors in Human and Experimental Asthma Models
10.3389/fimmu.2018.01027 · 2018 · External reference
IL-1/inhibitory κB kinase ε-induced glycolysis augment epithelial effector function and promote allergic airways disease
10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.043 · 2018 · External reference
HIF-1-mediated expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase: a metabolic switch required for cellular adaptation to hypoxia
10.1016/j.cmet.2006.02.002 · 2006 · External reference
Pulmonary Administration of TLR2/6 Agonist after Allergic Sensitization Inhibits Airway Hyper-Responsiveness and Recruits Natural Killer Cells in Lung Parenchyma
10.3390/ijms25179606 · 2024 · External reference
TLR2 favors OVA-induced allergic airway inflammation in mice through JNK signaling pathway with activation of autophagy
10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117896 · 2020 · External reference
TLR2-Melatonin Feedback Loop Regulates the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Murine Allergic Airway Inflammation
10.3389/fimmu.2020.00172 · 2020 · External reference
Metabolic differences between bronchial epithelium from healthy individuals and patients with asthma and the effect of bronchial thermoplasty
10.1016/j.jaci.2020.12.653 · 2021 · External reference
Glutathione-S-transferase P promotes glycolysis in asthma in association with oxidation of pyruvate kinase M2
10.1016/j.redox.2021.102160 · 2021 · External reference
Anti-inflammatory effect of IL-10 mediated by metabolic reprogramming of macrophages
10.1126/science.aal3535 · 2017 · External reference
Tissue-Resident Alveolar Macrophages do not Rely on Glycolysis for LPS-induced Inflammation
10.1165/rcmb.2019-0244oc · 2020 · External reference
HIF-1α induces glycolytic reprograming in tissue-resident alveolar macrophages to promote cell survival during acute lung injury
10.7554/elife.77457 · 2022 · External reference
Short isoform thymic stromal lymphopoietin reduces inflammation and aerobic glycolysis of asthmatic airway epithelium by antagonizing long isoform thymic stromal lymphopoietin
10.1186/s12931-022-01979-x · 2022 · External reference
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor in the airway of asthmatic patients
10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60971-4 · 2006 · External reference
Increased levels of hypoxia-sensitive proteins in allergic airway inflammation
10.1164/rccm.200402-178oc · 2004 · External reference
HIF-1, the Warburg effect, and Macrophage/Microglia Polarization potential Role in COVID-19 Pathogenesis
10.1155/2021/8841911 · 2021 · External reference
TLR2-hif1α-mediated glycolysis contributes to pyroptosis and oxidative stress in allergic airway inflammation
10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.03.007 · 2023 · External reference
Therapeutic potential of Triptolide as an Anti-Inflammatory Agent in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Murine Experimental Colitis
10.3389/fimmu.2020.592084 · 2020 · External reference
Natural Anti-Inflammatory Compounds as Drug Candidates for Inflammatory Bowel Disease
10.3389/fphar.2021.684486 · 2021 · External reference
Toll-like receptors in inflammatory bowel disease: a review of the role of phytochemicals
10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155178 · 2024 · External reference
Toll-like receptors in immunity and inflammatory diseases: past, present, and future
10.1016/j.intimp.2018.03.002 · 2018 · External reference
Selective targeting of the TLR2/MyD88/NF-κB pathway reduces α-synuclein spreading in vitro and in vivo
10.1038/s41467-021-25767-1 · 2021 · External reference
Targeting NF-κB pathway for the therapy of diseases: mechanism and clinical study
10.1038/s41392-020-00312-6 · 2020 · External reference
Effect of probiotics on pro-inflammatory cytokines and NF-kappaB activation in ulcerative colitis
10.3748/wjg.v16.i33.4145 · 2010 · External reference
Targeting NF-κB pathway for treating ulcerative colitis: comprehensive regulatory characteristics of chinese medicines
10.1186/s13020-020-0296-z · 2020 · External reference
Therapeutic effect of the sulforaphane derivative JY4 on ulcerative colitis through the NF-κB-p65 pathway
10.1007/s10787-022-01044-5 · 2022 · External reference
Flavokawain B inhibits NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathway activation in inflammatory bowel disease by targeting TLR2
10.1016/j.taap.2024.116922 · 2024 · External reference
Acute Pancreatitis: Diagnosis and Treatment
10.1007/s40265-022-01766-4 · 2022 · External reference
Global epidemiology and holistic prevention of pancreatitis
10.1038/s41575-018-0087-5 · 2019 · External reference
10.1053/j.gastro.2024.02.052
10.1053/j.gastro.2024.02.052 · External reference
Acute pancreatitis
10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31310-6 · 2020 · External reference
Identification of novel immune-related targets mediating disease progression in acute pancreatitis
10.3389/fcimb.2022.1052466 · 2022 · External reference
Toll-like receptor 2 deficiency alleviates acute pancreatitis by inactivating the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway
10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110547 · 2023 · External reference
10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339 · External reference
Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries
10.1001/jama.2013.184182 · 2013 · External reference
Pathogen-Induced TLR4-TRIF Innate Immune Signaling in Hematopoietic Stem Cells Promotes Proliferation but Reduces Competitive Fitness
10.1016/j.stem.2017.06.013 · 2017 · External reference
Role of Toll-like receptors in pathogen recognition
10.1128/cmr.16.4.637-646.2003 · 2003 · External reference
Role of pattern-recognition receptors in cardiovascular health and disease
10.1042/bst0351449 · 2007 · External reference
Innate immunity and the failing heart: the cytokine hypothesis revisited
10.1161/circresaha.116.302317 · 2015 · External reference
Targeting Toll-like receptors: emerging therapeutics?
10.1038/nrd3203 · 2010 · External reference
Toll-like receptor 2 signaling deficiency in cardiac cells ameliorates Ang II-induced cardiac inflammation and remodeling
10.1016/j.trsl.2021.02.011 · 2021 · External reference
Toll-like receptor 2 deficiency promotes the generation of alloreactive Th17 cells after cardiac transplantation in mice
10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.02.005 · 2019 · External reference
Toll-like receptor 2 deficiency promotes the generation of alloreactive γδT17 cells after cardiac transplantation in mice
10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111768 · 2024 · External reference
A peptide tetramer tk-tPN induces tolerance of cardiac allografting by conversion of type 1 to type 2 immune responses via the Toll-like receptor 2 signal-promoted activation of the MCP1 gene
10.1111/imm.12569 · 2016 · External reference
Toll-like receptor 2 suppresses immunity against Candida albicans through induction of IL-10 and regulatory T cells
10.4049/jimmunol.172.6.3712 · 2004 · External reference
Toll-like Receptor 2 Agonist Pam3CSK4 Alleviates the Pathology of Leptospirosis in Hamster
10.1128/iai.00708-16 · 2016 · External reference
Toll-like receptor 2-dependent induction of vitamin A-metabolizing enzymes in dendritic cells promotes T regulatory responses and inhibits autoimmunity
10.1038/nm.1925 · 2009 · External reference
Corneal nerves in health and disease
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.05.003 · 2019 · External reference
Immune responses to injury and their links to eye disease
10.1016/j.trsl.2021.05.005 · 2021 · External reference
Mesenchymal stromal cells for the treatment of ocular autoimmune diseases
10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100967 · 2021 · External reference
Concise Review: TLR pathway-miRNA Interplay in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Regulatory Roles and Therapeutic Directions
10.1002/stem.2902 · 2018 · External reference
Activation of Toll-like receptor 2 promotes mesenchymal stem/stromal cell-mediated immunoregulation and angiostasis through AKR1C1
10.7150/thno.100327 · 2024 · External reference
Myeloid cells protect corneal nerves against sterile injury through negative-feedback regulation of TLR2-IL-6 axis
10.1186/s12974-023-02710-3 · 2023 · External reference
Linking inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and neurodegeneration: a comprehensive review of TLR2 pathways in type 2 diabetes
10.3389/fcdhc.2026.1791782 · 2026 · External reference
Toll-like receptor signaling in Parkinson's disease: focusing on TLR2 and TLR4 as therapeutic targets for natural compounds
10.1016/j.arr.2026.103220 · 2026 · External reference
The role of TLR2-mediated neuroimmune signal transduction in pathological pain
10.1016/j.bbrc.2026.153761 · 2026 · External reference