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References from 3D-printed modular and assemblable scaffold systems: A new paradigm for patient-specific bone regeneration. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Bone substitutes: An update
10.1016/j.injury.2005.07.029 · 2005 · External reference
Review of bone graft and bone substitutes with an emphasis on fracture surgeries
10.1186/s40824-019-0157-y · 2019 · External reference
Decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: recent advances and emerging strategies in bone tissue engineering
10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c01764 · 2024 · External reference
Scaffolds in tissue engineering bone and cartilage
10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00121-6 · 2000 · External reference
Tissue engineering
10.1126/science.8493529 · 1993 · External reference
Bone tissue engineering and regeneration: from discovery to the clinic—an overview
10.1089/ten.teb.2011.0475 · 2011 · External reference
Morphological integrated preparation method and implementation of inorganic/organic dual-phase composite gradient bionic bone scaffold
10.1089/3dp.2022.0111 · 2024 · External reference
An additive manufacturing-based PCL-alginate-chondrocyte bioprinted scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering
10.1002/term.1682 · 2013 · External reference
Sequential growth factor releasing double cryogel system for enhanced bone regeneration
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120223 · 2020 · External reference
A 3D-printed Assemblable bespoke scaffold as a versatile Microcryogel carrier for site-specific regenerative medicine
10.1002/adma.202302008 · 2023 · External reference
Scaffolds for bone-tissue engineering
10.1016/j.matt.2022.06.003 · 2022 · External reference
3D-printed PEEK/silicon nitride scaffolds with a triply periodic minimal surface structure for spinal fusion implants
10.1021/acsabm.3c00383 · 2023 · External reference
Additive manufacturing of biomaterials, tissues, and organs
10.1007/s10439-016-1719-y · 2016 · External reference
Status of polymer fused deposition modeling (FDM)-based three-dimensional printing (3DP) in the pharmaceutical industry
10.3390/polym16030386 · 2024 · External reference
Selective laser sintering of biocompatible polymers for applications in tissue engineering
2005 · External reference
Design, printing, and engineering of regenerative biomaterials for personalized bone healthcare
10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101072 · 2023 · External reference
Engineering biomaterials to 3D-print scaffolds for bone regeneration: practical and theoretical consideration
10.1039/d2bm00035k · 2022 · External reference
Personalized 3D printed bone scaffolds: a review
10.1016/j.actbio.2022.04.014 · 2023 · External reference
3D printing of biopolymer-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: materials, fabrication, and translational strategies
10.3390/molecules31132206 · 2026 · External reference
Fabrication, properties, and applications of scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration
10.1002/admt.202501877 · 2026 · External reference
Revision total hip arthroplasty using a modular fluted, tapered revision femoral component and interlocking screws in Vancouver B3 periprosthetic fractures with insufficient bone at the isthmus
10.1302/0301-620x.106b4.bjj-2023-0899.r1 · 2024 · External reference
3D-printed LEGO®-inspired titanium scaffolds for patient-specific regenerative medicine
10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213617 · 2023 · External reference
Modular scaffolds with intelligent visual guidance system for in situ bone tissue repair
2024 · External reference
Integral attachment using snap-fit features: a key to assembly automation. Part 1 - introduction to integral attachment using snap-fit features
10.1108/01445159710171365 · 1997 · External reference
An overview of additive manufacturing of triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures
10.3390/polym17243307 · 2025 · External reference
A review on the fatigue behavior of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated by electron beam melting additive manufacturing
10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.09.022 · 2019 · External reference
3D printing of microgel-loaded modular microcages as instructive scaffolds for tissue engineering
2020 · External reference
Modular ceramic scaffolds for individual implants
10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.008 · 2018 · External reference
Functionally assembled metal platform as lego-like module system for enhanced mechanical tunability and biomolecules delivery
10.1016/j.matdes.2021.109840 · 2021 · External reference
Surgical preparation of bone–scaffold interface is critical for bone regeneration inside tissue engineering scaffold
10.1002/jor.21290 · 2010 · External reference
PEEK biomaterials in trauma, orthopedic, and spinal implants
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.07.013 · 2007 · External reference
Bone bricks: the effect of architecture and material composition on the mechanical and biological performance of bone scaffolds
10.1021/acsomega.1c05437 · 2022 · External reference
Customized scaffolds for large bone defects using 3D-printed modular blocks from 2D-medical images
10.1007/s42242-023-00259-x · 2024 · External reference
Bio-functional hydroxyapatite-coated 3D porous polyetherketoneketone scaffold for enhanced osteogenesis and osteointegration in orthopedic applications
2024 · External reference
Porosity of 3D biomaterial scaffolds and osteogenesis
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.02.002 · 2005 · External reference
Poly-ε-caprolactone 3D-printed porous scaffold in a femoral condyle defect model induces early osteo-regeneration
10.3390/polym16010066 · 2023 · External reference
Additively manufactured metallic porous biomaterials based on minimal surfaces: a unique combination of topological, mechanical, and mass transport properties
10.1016/j.actbio.2017.02.024 · 2017 · External reference
Structure–property evolution of cubic and gyroid PLA scaffolds during in vitro degradation under physiologically relevant conditions
10.3390/polym18161984 · 2026 · External reference
3D printing based on imaging data: review of medical applications
10.1007/s11548-010-0476-x · 2010 · External reference
Compression behaviour of biphasic calcium phosphate and biphasic calcium phosphate–agarose scaffolds for bone regeneration
10.1016/j.actbio.2010.07.032 · 2011 · External reference
Advances in biomaterials, drug delivery, and bionanotechnology
10.1002/aic.690491202 · 2003 · External reference
3D modular bioceramic scaffolds for the investigation of the interaction between osteosarcoma cells and MSCs
10.1016/j.actbio.2024.06.016 · 2024 · External reference
A hierarchical vascularized engineered bone inspired by intramembranous ossification for mandibular regeneration
10.1038/s41368-022-00179-z · 2022 · External reference
Mechanical biocompatibilities of titanium alloys for biomedical applications
10.1016/j.jmbbm.2007.07.001 · 2008 · External reference
New developments of Ti-based alloys for biomedical applications
10.3390/ma7031709 · 2014 · External reference
Experimental and clinical performance of porous tantalum in orthopedic surgery
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.04.041 · 2006 · External reference
3D-printed porous PEEK scaffold combined with CSMA/POSS bioactive surface: a strategy for enhancing osseointegration of PEEK implants
10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109512 · 2022 · External reference
3D-printed multifunctional polyetheretherketone bone scaffold for multimodal treatment of osteosarcoma and osteomyelitis
10.1021/acsami.1c10898 · 2021 · External reference
Tissue engineering of cartilage using a hybrid scaffold of synthetic polymer and collagen
10.1089/107632704323061681 · 2004 · External reference
Recent developments in ring opening polymerization of lactones for biomedical applications
10.1021/bm034247a · 2003 · External reference
Three-dimensional plotted scaffolds with controlled pore size gradients: effect of scaffold geometry on mechanical performance and cell seeding efficiency
10.1016/j.actbio.2010.11.003 · 2011 · External reference
Fabrication of biomimetic bone grafts with multi-material 3D printing
10.1088/1758-5090/aa7077 · 2017 · External reference
Bio-hybrid silk fibroin/calcium phosphate/PLGA nanocomposite scaffold to control the delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor
10.1016/j.msec.2013.11.023 · 2014 · External reference
Silicon nitride as a biomedical material: an overview
10.3390/ijms23126551 · 2022 · External reference
Graded/gradient porous biomaterials
10.3390/ma3010026 · 2009 · External reference
3D-printed polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite bionic scaffold for bone regeneration
10.3390/polym17070858 · 2025 · External reference
PCL-coated hydroxyapatite scaffold derived from cuttlefish bone: morphology, mechanical properties and bioactivity
10.1016/j.msec.2013.09.036 · 2014 · External reference
Cryogels on the basis of natural and synthetic polymers: preparation, properties and application
10.1070/rc2002v071n06abeh000720 · 2002 · External reference
Efficacy of supermacroporous poly(ethylene glycol)–gelatin cryogel matrix for soft tissue engineering applications
10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.031 · 2015 · External reference
Synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.045 · 2015 · External reference
Injectable GelMA cryogel microspheres for modularized cell delivery and potential vascularized bone regeneration
10.1002/smll.202006596 · 2021 · External reference
Heparin functionalized injectable Cryogel with rapid shape-recovery property for neovascularization
10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00331 · 2018 · External reference
Injectable photo-crosslinked bioactive BMSCs-BMP2-GelMA scaffolds for bone defect repair
10.3389/fbioe.2022.875363 · 2022 · External reference
MXene reinforced microporous bacterial cellulose/sodium alginate dual crosslinked cryogel for bone tissue engineering
10.1088/1748-605x/ad6520 · 2024 · External reference
Bioglass-incorporated methacrylated gelatin cryogel for regeneration of bone defects
10.3390/polym10080914 · 2018 · External reference
A biomimetic macroporous hybrid scaffold with sustained drug delivery for enhanced bone regeneration
10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00241 · 2021 · External reference
Hybrid spheroid microscaffolds as modular tissue units to build macro-tissue assemblies for tissue engineering
10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.010 · 2023 · External reference
Assembly of bioinspired multifunctional microspheres for enhanced alveolar bone regeneration
2026 · External reference
Advancements in selective laser melting (SLM) of titanium alloy scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
10.1088/1758-5090/adc6c0 · 2025 · External reference
The mechanical properties of 3D-printed Polylactic acid/polyethylene terephthalate glycol multi-material structures manufactured by material extrusion
10.1089/3dp.2021.0321 · 2024 · External reference
Selective laser melting of Ti-6Al-4V: the impact of post-processing on the tensile, fatigue and biological properties for medical implant applications
2020 · External reference
Characterization of PLA/LW-PLA composite materials manufactured by dual-nozzle FDM 3D-printing processes
10.3390/polym16202852 · 2024 · External reference
Clinical implementation of an EU MDR-compliant point-of-care manufacturing framework for patient-specific 3D-printed PEEK implants in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction
10.1186/s41205-026-00325-x · 2026 · External reference
DLP fabricating of precision GelMA/HAp porous composite scaffold for bone tissue engineering application
10.1016/j.compositesb.2022.110163 · 2022 · External reference
Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.01.039 · 2006 · External reference
Post-print processing to minimize cytotoxicity of 3D-printed photopolymer resins for biomedical applications
10.1002/app.56545 · 2025 · External reference
Three dimensional printing: rapid tooling and prototypes directly from a CAD model
10.1115/1.2900701 · 1992 · External reference
3D bioprinting of tissues and organs
10.1038/nbt.2958 · 2014 · External reference
3D printing of bioceramics for bone tissue engineering
10.3390/ma12203361 · 2019 · External reference
Three-dimensional printing of porous load-bearing bioceramic scaffolds
10.1177/0954411916682984 · 2017 · External reference
Dual growth factor delivery and controlled scaffold degradation enhance in vivo bone formation by transplanted bone marrow stromal cells
10.1016/j.bone.2004.02.027 · 2004 · External reference
Effect of local sequential VEGF and BMP-2 delivery on ectopic and orthotopic bone regeneration
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.031 · 2009 · External reference
Controlled dual delivery of low doses of BMP-2 and VEGF in a silk fibroin–nanohydroxyapatite scaffold for vascularized bone regeneration
10.1039/c7tb00949f · 2017 · External reference
Sustained BMP-2 delivery and injectable bone regeneration using thermosensitive polymeric nanoparticle hydrogel bearing dual interactions with BMP-2
10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.023 · 2015 · External reference
Biomaterial developments for bone tissue engineering
10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00102-2 · 2000 · External reference
RGD peptide immobilized on TiO2 nanotubes for increased bone marrow stromal cells adhesion and osteogenic gene expression
10.1007/s10856-011-4479-0 · 2011 · External reference
3D bioprinting spatiotemporally defined patterns of growth factors to tightly control tissue regeneration
10.1126/sciadv.abb5093 · 2020 · External reference
Comprehensive in vitro comparison of cellular and osteogenic response to alternative biomaterials for spinal implants
10.1016/j.msec.2021.112251 · 2021 · External reference
Efficacy of prevascularization for segmental bone defect repair using β-tricalcium phosphate scaffold in rhesus monkey
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.035 · 2014 · External reference
The use of hydrogel microspheres as cell and drug delivery carriers for bone, cartilage, and soft tissue regeneration
2024 · External reference
Ectopic transient overexpression of OCT-4 facilitates BMP4-induced osteogenic transdifferentiation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells
10.1177/2041731420909208 · 2020 · External reference
Significance of calcium phosphate coatings for the enhancement of new bone osteogenesis--a review
10.1016/j.actbio.2013.10.036 · 2014 · External reference
Polydopamine-modified functional materials promote bone regeneration
10.1016/j.matdes.2024.112655 · 2024 · External reference
Polydopamine-assisted osteoinductive peptide immobilization of polymer scaffolds for enhanced bone regeneration by human adipose-derived stem cells
10.1021/bm4008343 · 2013 · External reference
Effects of type I collagen coating on titanium osseointegration: histomorphometric, cellular and molecular analyses
10.1088/1748-6041/7/3/035007 · 2012 · External reference
PCL-HA microscaffolds for in vitro modular bone tissue engineering
10.1002/term.2084 · 2017 · External reference
Clinical translation of a patient-specific scaffold-guided bone regeneration concept in four cases with large long bone defects
10.1016/j.jot.2022.04.004 · 2022 · External reference
Clinical application of 3D-printed PEEK implants for repairing mandibular defects
10.1016/j.jcms.2022.06.002 · 2022 · External reference
Evaluating effectiveness, safety, and patient outcomes of 3D printing in orthopedic implant design and customization: a PRISMA-complaint systematic review
10.13107/jocr.2025.v15.i06.5720 · 2025 · External reference
Clinical outcomes and surgical applications of 3D-printed patient-specific implants for traumatic bone defects: a scoping review
10.1186/s13018-026-07064-z · 2026 · External reference
3D-printed titanium implants with bioactive peptide-polysaccharide scaffolds for personalized bone reconstruction
10.1002/adhm.202505131 · 2026 · External reference
Timing of loading and effect of micromotion on bone–dental implant interface: review of experimental literature
10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199822)43:2<192::aid-jbm14>3.0.co;2-k · 1998 · External reference
The limit of tolerable micromotion for implant osseointegration: a systematic review
10.1038/s41598-021-90142-5 · 2021 · External reference
Observations on the effect of movement on bone ingrowth into porous-surfaced implants
10.1097/00003086-198607000-00023 · 1986 · External reference
Magnitudes of local stress and strain along bony surfaces predict the course and type of fracture healing
10.1016/s0021-9290(98)00153-5 · 1999 · External reference
Determination of local micromotion at the stem-neck taper junction of a bi-modular total hip prosthesis design
10.1016/j.medengphy.2019.01.003 · 2019 · External reference
Gradients in pore size enhance the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells in three-dimensional scaffolds
10.1038/srep22898 · 2016 · External reference
Recapitulating endochondral ossification: a promising route to in vivo bone regeneration
10.1002/term.1918 · 2015 · External reference
Visual evidence of acidic environment within degrading poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)(PLGA) microspheres
10.1023/a:1007582911958 · 2000 · External reference
The effect of scaffold degradation rate on three-dimensional cell growth and angiogenesis
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.01.066 · 2004 · External reference
Evaluation of polycaprolactone scaffold degradation for 6 months in vitro and in vivo
10.1002/jbm.a.32052 · 2009 · External reference
Technique to control pH in vicinity of biodegrading PLA-PGA implants
10.1002/(sici)1097-4636(199722)38:2<105::aid-jbm4>3.0.co;2-u · 1997 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2017 · External reference
Core legal challenges for medical 3D printing in the EU
10.3390/healthcare12111114 · 2024 · External reference
Clinical translation of 3D-printed patient-specific bone implants: a consensus statement
10.1097/js9.0000000000002944 · 2025 · External reference
Clinical application of FDM 3D printing in surgery and traumatology: a systematic review
2026 · External reference
Establishing 3D printing at the point of care: basic principles and tools for success
10.1148/rg.210113 · 2022 · External reference
Medical 3D printing using desktop inverted vat photopolymerization: background, clinical applications, and challenges
10.3390/bioengineering10070782 · 2023 · External reference
Trehalose maintains bioactivity and promotes sustained release of BMP-2 from lyophilized CDHA scaffolds for enhanced osteogenesis in vitro and in vivo
10.1371/journal.pone.0054645 · 2013 · External reference
Effects of beta and gamma radiation sterilization on growth factor-loaded nanoparticles: an innovative approach for osteoarticular disorders treatment
10.1007/s13346-025-01829-5 · 2025 · External reference
Influence of ethylene oxide and gamma irradiation sterilization processes on the properties of poly-L-lactic-acid (PLLA) materials
10.3390/polym15163461 · 2023 · External reference
In vitro degradation of 3D-printed polycaprolactone\biomimetic hydroxyapatite scaffolds: impact of the sterilization method
10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108566 · 2024 · External reference
Sterilization techniques for biodegradable scaffolds in tissue engineering applications
10.1177/2041731416648810 · 2016 · External reference
Point-of-care manufacturing: a single university hospital’s initial experience
10.1186/s41205-021-00101-z · 2021 · External reference
A preclinical large-animal model for the assessment of critical-size load-bearing bone defect reconstruction
10.1038/s41596-019-0271-2 · 2020 · External reference