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References from One-step pyrolysis construction of CoP/P-doped biomass-derived carbon composite catalysts for efficient oxygen evolution reaction. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Noble-metal-free catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in acids
10.1039/d4sc08400d · 2025 · External reference
Modern catalytic materials for the oxygen evolution reaction
10.3390/molecules30081656 · 2025 · External reference
Exploring electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution: a comprehensive comparative review in alkaline and acidic medium
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236571 · 2025 · External reference
Large-scale green hydrogen production via alkaline water electrolysis using solar and wind energy
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.05.126 · 2023 · External reference
Hydrogen energy storage systems for power grid resilience: a comprehensive review and future directions from multidimensional aspects
10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127896 · 2026 · External reference
Renewable energy driven electrolysis of water for hydrogen production, storage, and transportation
10.1016/j.rser.2025.115804 · 2025 · External reference
Recent development of non-noble metal catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under different pH
10.1039/d5re00148j · 2025 · External reference
Recent advances in the design and structure-activity relationships of oxygen evolution catalysts for alkaline water electrolysis
10.3390/molecules30224350 · 2025 · External reference
Earth-Abundant transition-metal-based electrocatalysts for water electrolysis to produce renewable hydrogen
10.1002/chem.201803749 · 2018 · External reference
Recent developments in Single‐Atom engineering Ir/Ru‐Based catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in acidic media
10.1002/aenm.202504414 · 2025 · External reference
Principles of water electrolysis and recent progress in Cobalt-, Nickel-, and iron-based oxides for the oxygen evolution reaction
10.1002/anie.202103824 · 2022 · External reference
Non-precious metal catalysts for acidic water oxidation: from mechanism insights to electrocatalyst design
2025 · External reference
Non-precious transition metal-based OER catalysts for PEM water electrolysis: a mini review
10.1007/s11164-025-05671-9 · 2025 · External reference
Non-noble metal-based electro-catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER): towards an active & stable electro-catalyst for PEM water electrolysis
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.01.222 · 2024 · External reference
Basics, developments, and strategies of transition metal phosphides toward electrocatalytic water splitting: beyond noble metal catalysts
10.1039/d4ta04455j · 2024 · External reference
Enhancement strategies in transition metal oxides as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction
10.3390/molecules31010147 · 2026 · External reference
Research progress on non-precious-metal-based transition metal alkaline OER electrocatalysts
10.1016/j.jece.2025.120378 · 2025 · External reference
A review of nanostructured transition metal phosphide-driven electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02773 · 2023 · External reference
Transition metal phosphides as cardinal electrocatalytic materials for alkaline hydrogen production
2023 · External reference
Transition metal phosphide electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen evolution reaction
10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.163769 · 2025 · External reference
Engineering of transition metal phosphide-based heterostructures for electrocatalytic water splitting
10.70401/smd.2025.0013 · 2025 · External reference
Challenges and strategies of transition metal phosphides applied in oxygen evolution reaction of electrocatalytic water splitting: a review
10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131741 · 2024 · External reference
Surface oxidation/spin state determines oxygen evolution reaction activity of cobalt-based catalysts in acidic environment
10.1038/s41467-024-47409-y · 2024 · External reference
Developing a cobalt phosphide catalyst with combined cobalt defects and phosphorus vacancies to boost oxygen evolution reaction
10.3390/ma17184647 · 2024 · External reference
Core–shell heterostructure engineering of CoP nanowires coupled NiFe LDH nanosheets for highly efficient water/seawater oxidation
10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109181 · 2024 · External reference
Construction of P,N-codoped carbon shell coated CoP nanoneedle array with enhanced OER performance for overall water splitting
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.426 · 2023 · External reference
Encapsulation of cobalt prussian blue analogue-derived ultra-small CoP nanoparticles in electrospun N-doped porous carbon nanofibers as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.247 · 2024 · External reference
Biomass-derived carbon electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction: progress and perspective
10.1016/j.jelechem.2026.119837 · 2026 · External reference
Biomass-derived carbon nanostructures and their applications as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction/evolution
10.3389/fenve.2023.1228992 · 2023 · External reference
Covalently bonded graphene/carbon nanotubes as high-performance carbon support for efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts
10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110281 · 2024 · External reference
Biomass-derived carbon catalysts revolutionizing sustainable hydrogen production via water electrolysis: a review
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151542 · 2025 · External reference
Rational design of biomass-derived electrocatalysts for hydrogen/oxygen evolution reactions: a synthetic strategy for multiple components and their corresponding properties
10.1039/d4gc02100b · 2024 · External reference
Metal stabilization of metal‐supported catalysts: anchoring strategies and catalytic applications in carbon resources conversion
10.1002/cctc.202500182 · 2025 · External reference
Performance of intrinsic heteroatoms in cobalt phosphide loaded ginkgo leave-based carbon material on promoting the electrocatalytic activity during hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction
10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126368 · 2023 · External reference
Immobilization of Fe-Doped Ni(2)P particles within biomass agarose-derived porous N,P-Carbon nanosheets for efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis
10.3389/fchem.2019.00523 · 2019 · External reference
Enhanced water splitting electrocatalysis with heterointerfacial cobalt phosphide in situ supported on a cellulose-derived carbon aerogel
10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c03958 · 2025 · External reference
Waste-Derived catalysts for water electrolysis: circular economy-driven sustainable green hydrogen energy
10.1007/s40820-022-00974-7 · 2022 · External reference
Three-dimensional tracking and visualization of hundreds of Pt-Co fuel cell nanocatalysts during electrochemical aging
10.1021/nl203920s · 2012 · External reference
Interface-engineered integration of nickel–iron phosphide with carbon for efficient and stable oxygen evolution in alkaline media
10.1039/d6ta01534d · 2026 · External reference
Recent advances in interface engineering of iron triad metal phosphide electrocatalysts towards enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction performance
10.1039/d5ta04085j · 2025 · External reference
A universal strategy for carbon-supported transition metal phosphides as high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts towards efficient overall water splitting
10.1021/acsami.0c00795 · 2020 · External reference
Electronic modulation of nitride/hydroxide heterostructure for long-lasting urea oxidation reaction over 1000 h
10.1016/j.cej.2026.173038 · 2026 · External reference
Self-supported bimetallic phosphides with artificial heterointerfaces for enhanced electrochemical water splitting
10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120914 · 2022 · External reference
Interfacial engineering of CoP/CoS(2) heterostructure for efficiently electrocatalytic pH-universal hydrogen production
10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.128 · 2023 · External reference
Formation and stability of phytate complexes in solution
10.1016/j.ccr.2007.09.008 · 2008 · External reference
Solution behaviour of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in the presence of multivalent cations. Prediction of a neutral pentamagnesium species under cytosolic/nuclear conditions
10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.12.011 · 2005 · External reference
Surface chemistry engineering via phytic acid doping: tailoring activated carbons for selective catalysis
10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120701 · 2025 · External reference
Catalyzing sustainability: phytic acid as a green precursor for metal-free carbon electrocatalysts in ORR
10.1039/d3su00119a · 2023 · External reference
Carbon-Based electrocatalyst design with phytic Acid-A versatile biomass-derived modifier of functional materials
10.3390/ijms231911282 · 2022 · External reference
Regulated synthesis of cobalt phosphide/biochar utilizing phytic acid: biochar enhances anion co-catalysis of cobalt phosphides in persulfate activation
10.1016/j.cej.2023.147273 · 2023 · External reference
Phytic acid-assisted phase-controlled synthesis of nickel phosphides for highly selective hydrogenation of biomass-derived furfural
2024 · External reference
Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report)
10.1515/pac-2014-1117 · 2015 · External reference
Hierarchical porous hollow of carbon spheres with high surface area for high performance supercapacitor electrode materials
2025 · External reference
Superhydrophilic phytic-acid-doped conductive hydrogels as metal-free and binder-free electrocatalysts for efficient water oxidation
10.1002/anie.201900109 · 2019 · External reference
Surface chemistry of electrode materials toward improving electrolyte‐wettability: a method review
10.1002/inf2.12597 · 2024 · External reference
Raman spectroscopy analysis of disordered and amorphous carbon materials: a review of empirical correlations
10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120214 · 2025 · External reference
XPS and NMR studies of phosphoric acid activated carbons
10.1016/j.carbon.2008.09.010 · 2008 · External reference
Undemanding synthesis of N,P co-doped carbon nanosheets for the hydrogen evolution reaction: combining experimental quantitative analysis and DFT calculation corroboration
10.1039/d4ta06226d · 2025 · External reference
CoP-entrapped, P-doped mesoporous carbons prepared from phenolic resin with CoCl2 as template for hydrogen evolution
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.031 · 2024 · External reference
Chemical significance of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy binding energy shifts: a Perspective
10.1116/6.0003081 · 2023 · External reference
Scalable synthesis of ultrathin P,O–doped carbon composite CoP nanosheets for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution in natural seawater
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237069 · 2025 · External reference
Cobalt phosphide embedded on interconnected ultrathin carbon nanosheets as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in alkaline medium
10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.175074 · 2024 · External reference
Developments of metal phosphides as efficient OER precatalysts
10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02249 · 2017 · External reference
A review of surface reconstruction and transformation of 3d transition-metal (oxy)Hydroxides and spinel-type oxides during the oxygen evolution reaction
10.1002/smll.202411479 · 2025 · External reference
Nanoarchitectured porous Cu-CoP nanoplates as electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen evolution reaction
10.1016/j.cej.2021.134303 · 2022 · External reference
Oxyanion-regulated Fe–NiMoN electrocatalyst for efficient and durable alkaline seawater electrolysis: advancing energy chemistry through interface engineering
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.153017 · 2026 · External reference
Differentiation between carbon corrosion and oxygen evolution catalyzed by NixB/C hybrid electrocatalysts in alkaline solution using differential electrochemical mass spectrometry
10.1002/celc.202000697 · 2020 · External reference
Insights into correlation among surface-structure-activity of cobalt-derived pre-catalyst for oxygen evolution reaction
2020 · External reference
Surface and morphology structure evolution of metal phosphide for designing overall water splitting electrocatalyst
10.1016/j.jcat.2019.04.016 · 2019 · External reference
Grain boundary-driven synergistic dual-mechanism catalysis in RuO2 for enhancing acidic oxygen evolution reaction activity and stability
10.1021/jacs.5c13192 · 2025 · External reference
Defect-activated surface reconstruction: mechanism for triggering the oxygen evolution reaction activity of NiFe phosphide
10.1039/d2ta04879e · 2022 · External reference
Mechanism of oxygen evolution catalyzed by cobalt oxyhydroxide: cobalt superoxide species as a key intermediate and dioxygen release as a rate-determining step
10.1021/jacs.0c04867 · 2020 · External reference
Oxygen evolution reaction in Alkaline environment: material challenges and solutions
10.1002/adfm.202110036 · 2022 · External reference
Oxygen evolution reaction in Alkaline environment: material challenges and solutions
10.1002/adfm.202110036 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Recent developments in Single‐Atom engineering Ir/Ru‐Based catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in acidic media
10.1002/aenm.202504414 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Superhydrophilic phytic-acid-doped conductive hydrogels as metal-free and binder-free electrocatalysts for efficient water oxidation
10.1002/anie.201900109 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Principles of water electrolysis and recent progress in Cobalt-, Nickel-, and iron-based oxides for the oxygen evolution reaction
10.1002/anie.202103824 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Metal stabilization of metal‐supported catalysts: anchoring strategies and catalytic applications in carbon resources conversion
10.1002/cctc.202500182 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Differentiation between carbon corrosion and oxygen evolution catalyzed by NixB/C hybrid electrocatalysts in alkaline solution using differential electrochemical mass spectrometry
10.1002/celc.202000697 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Earth-Abundant transition-metal-based electrocatalysts for water electrolysis to produce renewable hydrogen
10.1002/chem.201803749 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Surface chemistry of electrode materials toward improving electrolyte‐wettability: a method review
10.1002/inf2.12597 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A review of surface reconstruction and transformation of 3d transition-metal (oxy)Hydroxides and spinel-type oxides during the oxygen evolution reaction
10.1002/smll.202411479 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Non-precious transition metal-based OER catalysts for PEM water electrolysis: a mini review
10.1007/s11164-025-05671-9 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Waste-Derived catalysts for water electrolysis: circular economy-driven sustainable green hydrogen energy
10.1007/s40820-022-00974-7 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Self-supported bimetallic phosphides with artificial heterointerfaces for enhanced electrochemical water splitting
10.1016/j.apcatb.2021.120914 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Hydrogen energy storage systems for power grid resilience: a comprehensive review and future directions from multidimensional aspects
10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127896 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Transition metal phosphide electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen evolution reaction
10.1016/j.apsusc.2025.163769 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
XPS and NMR studies of phosphoric acid activated carbons
10.1016/j.carbon.2008.09.010 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Raman spectroscopy analysis of disordered and amorphous carbon materials: a review of empirical correlations
10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120214 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Surface chemistry engineering via phytic acid doping: tailoring activated carbons for selective catalysis
10.1016/j.carbon.2025.120701 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Core–shell heterostructure engineering of CoP nanowires coupled NiFe LDH nanosheets for highly efficient water/seawater oxidation
10.1016/j.cclet.2023.109181 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Formation and stability of phytate complexes in solution
10.1016/j.ccr.2007.09.008 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Nanoarchitectured porous Cu-CoP nanoplates as electrocatalysts for efficient oxygen evolution reaction
10.1016/j.cej.2021.134303 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Regulated synthesis of cobalt phosphide/biochar utilizing phytic acid: biochar enhances anion co-catalysis of cobalt phosphides in persulfate activation
10.1016/j.cej.2023.147273 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Electronic modulation of nitride/hydroxide heterostructure for long-lasting urea oxidation reaction over 1000 h
10.1016/j.cej.2026.173038 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Performance of intrinsic heteroatoms in cobalt phosphide loaded ginkgo leave-based carbon material on promoting the electrocatalytic activity during hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction
10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126368 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Challenges and strategies of transition metal phosphides applied in oxygen evolution reaction of electrocatalytic water splitting: a review
10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131741 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Construction of P,N-codoped carbon shell coated CoP nanoneedle array with enhanced OER performance for overall water splitting
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.03.426 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Large-scale green hydrogen production via alkaline water electrolysis using solar and wind energy
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.05.126 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Encapsulation of cobalt prussian blue analogue-derived ultra-small CoP nanoparticles in electrospun N-doped porous carbon nanofibers as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.06.247 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Non-noble metal-based electro-catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER): towards an active & stable electro-catalyst for PEM water electrolysis
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.01.222 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
CoP-entrapped, P-doped mesoporous carbons prepared from phenolic resin with CoCl2 as template for hydrogen evolution
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.031 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Biomass-derived carbon catalysts revolutionizing sustainable hydrogen production via water electrolysis: a review
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.151542 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Oxyanion-regulated Fe–NiMoN electrocatalyst for efficient and durable alkaline seawater electrolysis: advancing energy chemistry through interface engineering
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.153017 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Cobalt phosphide embedded on interconnected ultrathin carbon nanosheets as an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution in alkaline medium
10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.175074 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Surface and morphology structure evolution of metal phosphide for designing overall water splitting electrocatalyst
10.1016/j.jcat.2019.04.016 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Interfacial engineering of CoP/CoS(2) heterostructure for efficiently electrocatalytic pH-universal hydrogen production
10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.128 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Research progress on non-precious-metal-based transition metal alkaline OER electrocatalysts
10.1016/j.jece.2025.120378 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Biomass-derived carbon electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction: progress and perspective
10.1016/j.jelechem.2026.119837 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Solution behaviour of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in the presence of multivalent cations. Prediction of a neutral pentamagnesium species under cytosolic/nuclear conditions
10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2004.12.011 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Exploring electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution: a comprehensive comparative review in alkaline and acidic medium
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.236571 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scalable synthesis of ultrathin P,O–doped carbon composite CoP nanosheets for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution in natural seawater
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237069 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Covalently bonded graphene/carbon nanotubes as high-performance carbon support for efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts
10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.110281 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Renewable energy driven electrolysis of water for hydrogen production, storage, and transportation
10.1016/j.rser.2025.115804 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A review of nanostructured transition metal phosphide-driven electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c02773 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Developments of metal phosphides as efficient OER precatalysts
10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02249 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Enhanced water splitting electrocatalysis with heterointerfacial cobalt phosphide in situ supported on a cellulose-derived carbon aerogel
10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c03958 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A universal strategy for carbon-supported transition metal phosphides as high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts towards efficient overall water splitting
10.1021/acsami.0c00795 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Mechanism of oxygen evolution catalyzed by cobalt oxyhydroxide: cobalt superoxide species as a key intermediate and dioxygen release as a rate-determining step
10.1021/jacs.0c04867 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Grain boundary-driven synergistic dual-mechanism catalysis in RuO2 for enhancing acidic oxygen evolution reaction activity and stability
10.1021/jacs.5c13192 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Three-dimensional tracking and visualization of hundreds of Pt-Co fuel cell nanocatalysts during electrochemical aging
10.1021/nl203920s · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Surface oxidation/spin state determines oxygen evolution reaction activity of cobalt-based catalysts in acidic environment
10.1038/s41467-024-47409-y · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Defect-activated surface reconstruction: mechanism for triggering the oxygen evolution reaction activity of NiFe phosphide
10.1039/d2ta04879e · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Catalyzing sustainability: phytic acid as a green precursor for metal-free carbon electrocatalysts in ORR
10.1039/d3su00119a · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Rational design of biomass-derived electrocatalysts for hydrogen/oxygen evolution reactions: a synthetic strategy for multiple components and their corresponding properties
10.1039/d4gc02100b · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Noble-metal-free catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction in acids
10.1039/d4sc08400d · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Basics, developments, and strategies of transition metal phosphides toward electrocatalytic water splitting: beyond noble metal catalysts
10.1039/d4ta04455j · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Undemanding synthesis of N,P co-doped carbon nanosheets for the hydrogen evolution reaction: combining experimental quantitative analysis and DFT calculation corroboration
10.1039/d4ta06226d · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Recent development of non-noble metal catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under different pH
10.1039/d5re00148j · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Recent advances in interface engineering of iron triad metal phosphide electrocatalysts towards enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction performance
10.1039/d5ta04085j · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Interface-engineered integration of nickel–iron phosphide with carbon for efficient and stable oxygen evolution in alkaline media
10.1039/d6ta01534d · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Chemical significance of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy binding energy shifts: a Perspective
10.1116/6.0003081 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report)
10.1515/pac-2014-1117 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Immobilization of Fe-Doped Ni(2)P particles within biomass agarose-derived porous N,P-Carbon nanosheets for efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysis
10.3389/fchem.2019.00523 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Biomass-derived carbon nanostructures and their applications as electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction/evolution
10.3389/fenve.2023.1228992 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Carbon-Based electrocatalyst design with phytic Acid-A versatile biomass-derived modifier of functional materials
10.3390/ijms231911282 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Developing a cobalt phosphide catalyst with combined cobalt defects and phosphorus vacancies to boost oxygen evolution reaction
10.3390/ma17184647 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Modern catalytic materials for the oxygen evolution reaction
10.3390/molecules30081656 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Recent advances in the design and structure-activity relationships of oxygen evolution catalysts for alkaline water electrolysis
10.3390/molecules30224350 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Enhancement strategies in transition metal oxides as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction
10.3390/molecules31010147 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Engineering of transition metal phosphide-based heterostructures for electrocatalytic water splitting
10.70401/smd.2025.0013 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference