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References from Venom-derived and natural analgesic peptides: From venomics-based discovery to computational design and therapeutic development. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
A brief comparison of the pathophysiology of inflammatory versus neuropathic pain
10.1097/aco.0b013e32834871df · 2011 · External reference
Systemic factors affecting pain management in dentistry
10.1016/j.cden.2024.07.004 · 2024 · External reference
Chronic pain as a symptom or a disease: the IASP classification of chronic pain for the international classification of diseases (ICD-11)
10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001384 · 2019 · External reference
Current concepts of pain pathways: a brief review of anatomy, physiology, and medical imaging
2024 · External reference
General pathways of pain sensation and the major neurotransmitters involved in pain regulation
10.3390/ijms19082164 · 2018 · External reference
Pain: pathways and physiology
10.1016/j.cps.2019.11.001 · 2020 · External reference
10.1002/9781119421375.ch11
10.1002/9781119421375.ch11 · External reference
Pain pathways and analgesics
2016 · External reference
What are the advantages of non-opioid analgesic techniques in the management of acute and chronic pain?
2017 · External reference
Non-opioid analgesics
2019 · External reference
Neuropathic pain: from mechanisms to treatment
10.1152/physrev.00045.2019 · 2021 · External reference
Non-opioid peptides targeting opioid effects
10.3390/ijms222413619 · 2021 · External reference
Biased signaling by endogenous opioid peptides
10.1073/pnas.2000712117 · 2020 · External reference
Peptides as invaluable tools in the search for innovative analgesics
2018 · External reference
Analgesic and antipyretic natural products
2020 · External reference
Venom-based biotoxins as potential analgesics
10.1586/14737175.2014.962518 · 2014 · External reference
Therapeutic potential of venom peptides: insights in the nanoparticle-mediated venom formulations
2022 · External reference
Intrathecal ziconotide: dosing and administration strategies in patients with refractory chronic pain
10.1111/ner.12392 · 2016 · External reference
Ziconotide for treatment of severe chronic pain
10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60354-6 · 2010 · External reference
Ziconotide: a review of its pharmacology and use in the treatment of pain
10.2147/nedt.2007.3.1.69 · 2007 · External reference
biophysics, Recent progress in non-opioid analgesic peptides
2018 · External reference
m. neurobiology, An evaluation of the antinociceptive effects of Phα1β, a neurotoxin from the spider Phoneutria nigriventer, and ω-conotoxin MVIIA, a cone snail Conus magus toxin, in rat model of inflammatory and neuropathic pain
10.1007/s10571-012-9871-x · 2013 · External reference
Analgesic effects of Phα1β toxin: a review of mechanisms of action involving pain pathways, The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases
10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2021-0001 · 2021 · External reference
Discovery of a selective NaV1. 7 inhibitor from centipede venom with analgesic efficacy exceeding morphine in rodent pain models
10.1073/pnas.1306285110 · 2013 · External reference
Discovery of a selective NaV1.7 inhibitor from centipede venom with analgesic efficacy exceeding morphine in rodent pain models
10.1073/pnas.1306285110 · 2013 · External reference
Novel Sodium Channel Inhibitor From Leeches
10.3389/fphar.2018.00186 · 2018 · External reference
Therapeutic applications of conotoxins that target the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.023 · 2006 · External reference
Molecular mechanism for analgesia involving specific antagonism of alpha9alpha10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
10.1073/pnas.0608715103 · 2006 · External reference
Analgesic effects of mambalgin peptide inhibitors of acid-sensing ion channels in inflammatory and neuropathic pain
10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000397 · 2016 · External reference
Inhibition of acid-sensing ion channels by diminazene and APETx2 evoke partial and highly variable antihyperalgesia in a rat model of inflammatory pain
10.1111/bph.14089 · 2018 · External reference
A tarantula peptide against pain via ASIC1a channels and opioid mechanisms
10.1038/nn1940 · 2007 · External reference
Mechanisms of action of the peptide toxins targeting human and rodent acid-sensing ion channels and relevance to their in vivo analgesic effects
10.3390/toxins14100709 · 2022 · External reference
Neurotensin and neurotensin receptors: characteristic, structure–activity relationship and pain modulation-A review
10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.03.004 · 2013 · External reference
Inhibition of acute nociceptive responses in rats after icv injection of Thr6-bradykinin, isolated from the venom of the social wasp, Polybia occidentalis
10.1038/sj.bjp.0707275 · 2007 · External reference
Evaluation of Thr6-bradykinin purified from Polybia occidentalis wasp venom in the choline uptake of mammal cortices
10.1080/13880209.2016.1211715 · 2016 · External reference
New disulfide-stabilized fold provides sea anemone peptide to exhibit both antimicrobial and TRPA1 potentiating properties
10.3390/toxins9050154 · 2017 · External reference
Enkephalins and pain modulation: mechanisms of action and therapeutic perspectives
10.3390/biom14080926 · 2024 · External reference
Hemopressin is an inverse agonist of CB1 cannabinoid receptors
10.1073/pnas.0706980105 · 2007 · External reference
Hemopressin as a breakthrough for the cannabinoid field
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108406 · 2021 · External reference
The endomorphin-1/2 and dynorphin-B peptides display biased agonism at the mu opioid receptor
2020 · External reference
Beta-Endorphins-A novel natural holistic healer
2018 · External reference
Avoiding opioids and their harmful side effects in the postoperative patient: exogenous opioids, endogenous endorphins, wellness, mood, and their relation to postoperative pain
2016 · External reference
Development of conformationally constrained α-RgIA analogues as stable peptide antagonists of human α9α10 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00613 · 2020 · External reference
Single mutation in peptide inhibitor of TRPV1 receptor changes its effect from hypothermic to hyperthermic level in animals
2017 · External reference
A marine analgesic peptide, Contulakin-G, and neurotensin are distinct agonists for neurotensin receptors: uncovering structural determinants of desensitization properties
10.3389/fphar.2015.00011 · 2015 · External reference
Discovery of a new analgesic peptide, leptucin, from the iranian scorpion, Hemiscorpius lepturus
10.3390/molecules26092580 · 2021 · External reference
Synthesis and Applications of Synthetic Peptides, in
2019 · External reference
Sustainability Challenges in Peptide Synthesis and Purification: From R&D to Production
10.1021/acs.joc.8b03001 · 2019 · External reference
Analgesic effect of highly reversible ω-conotoxin FVIA on N type Ca2+ channels
10.1186/1744-8069-6-97 · 2010 · External reference
Analgesic effects of Huwentoxin-IV on animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain
10.2174/09298665113206660119 · 2014 · External reference
Synthesis and analgesic effects of μ-TRTX-Hhn1b on models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain
10.3390/toxins6082363 · 2014 · External reference
Centipede venom peptide SsmTX-I with two intramolecular disulfide bonds shows analgesic activities in animal models
2017 · External reference
α-RgIA: a novel conotoxin that specifically and potently blocks the α9α10 nAChR
10.1021/bi0520129 · 2006 · External reference
ARA 290 relieves pathophysiological pain by targeting TRPV1 channel: Integration between immune system and nociception
10.1016/j.peptides.2016.01.003 · 2016 · External reference
Purification and function of two analgesic and anti-inflammatory peptides from coelomic fluid of the earthworm, Eisenia foetida
10.1016/j.peptides.2017.01.016 · 2017 · External reference
Low-molecular synthetic peptides with non-narcotic type of analgesia: comparative study and mechanism of analgesic activity
10.1177/1744806919870946 · 2019 · External reference
A synthetic enkephalin analogue with prolonged parenteral and oral analgesic activity
10.1038/268547a0 · 1977 · External reference
Novel opioid peptides derived from casein (beta-casomorphins). III. Synthetic peptides corresponding to components from bovine casein peptone
10.1515/bchm2.1980.361.2.1835 · 1980 · External reference
Evidence for analgesic activity of beta-casomorphin in rats
10.1016/0304-3940(81)90451-1 · 1981 · External reference
Contulakin-G, an O-glycosylated invertebrate neurotensin
10.1074/jbc.274.20.13752 · 1999 · External reference
Arginine-rich peptides are blockers of VR-1 channels with analgesic activity
10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01982-7 · 2000 · External reference
A novel alpha-conotoxin identified by gene sequencing is active in suppressing the vascular response to selective stimulation of sensory nerves in vivo
10.1021/bi034043e · 2003 · External reference
α-Conotoxin Vc1.1 Structure-Activity Relationship at the Human α9α10 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Investigated by Minimal Side Chain Replacement
10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00389 · 2019 · External reference
The three-dimensional structure of the analgesic alpha-conotoxin, RgIA
10.1016/j.febslet.2008.01.027 · 2008 · External reference
Ziconotide: neuronal calcium channel blocker for treating severe chronic pain
10.2174/0929867043363884 · 2004 · External reference
Crotalphine, a novel potent analgesic peptide from the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus
10.1016/j.peptides.2008.04.003 · 2008 · External reference
Huwentoxin-XVI, an analgesic, highly reversible mammalian N-type calcium channel antagonist from Chinese tarantula Ornithoctonus huwena
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.017 · 2014 · External reference
Design of a stable cyclic peptide analgesic derived from sunflower seeds that targets the κ-opioid receptor for the treatment of chronic abdominal pain
10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00158 · 2021 · External reference
Opioid peptides: an overview of functional significance
10.1007/s10989-019-09813-7 · 2020 · External reference
Mechanism of action of anti-opioid peptides at pain syndrome
2018 · External reference
Pharmacology of opioids and their effects on gastrointestinal function
2014 · External reference
Dynorphins in development and disease: implications for cardiovascular disease
10.2174/1566524019666191028122559 · 2020 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2021 · External reference
Endomorphins: promising endogenous opioid peptides for the development of novel analgesics
2018 · External reference
Tailored delivery of analgesic ziconotide across a blood brain barrier model using viral nanocontainers
10.1038/srep12497 · 2015 · External reference
α-Conotoxin RgIA protects against the development of nerve injury-induced chronic pain and prevents both neuronal and glial derangement
2014 · External reference
Analgesic compound from sea anemone Heteractis crispa is the first polypeptide inhibitor of vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1)
10.1074/jbc.m800776200 · 2008 · External reference
Neurotensin is a lipid-induced gastrointestinal peptide associated with visceral adipose tissue inflammation in obesity
10.3390/nu10040526 · 2018 · External reference
Neurotensin and pain modulation
10.1016/j.peptides.2006.04.025 · 2006 · External reference
Phase IA clinical trial evaluating the tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and analgesic efficacy of an intrathecally administered neurotensin A analogue in central neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury
10.1002/cpdd.253 · 2016 · External reference
Categorization and characterization of snake venom variability through intact toxin analysis by mass spectrometry
10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00923 · 2025 · External reference
Molecular display of the animal meta-venome for discovery of novel therapeutic peptides
10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100901 · 2025 · External reference
Venom-derived peptides for breaking through the glass ceiling of drug development
10.3389/fchem.2024.1465459 · 2024 · External reference
Potent painkiller from spider venom antagonizes P2X3 receptors without dysgeusia
10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.12.036 · 2025 · External reference
Unveiling the pain relief potential: harnessing analgesic peptides from animal venoms
10.3390/pharmaceutics15122766 · 2023 · External reference
Two Amino Acid Substitutions Improve the Pharmacological Profile of the Snake Venom Peptide Mambalgin
10.3390/toxins17030101 · 2025 · External reference
Transient Receptor Potential channels (TRP) in GtoPdb
2022 · External reference
Cobra neurotoxin produces central analgesic and hyperalgesic actions via adenosine A(1) and A(2A) receptors
10.1177/1744806917720336 · 2017 · External reference
Identification and analgesic activity study of analgesic protein Ⅶ-2 from Naja naja atra venom
10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2023-0099 · 2024 · External reference
Venom-spit ophthalmia: a novel envenomation of Monocled Cobra (Naja kaouthia)
10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.108221 · 2025 · External reference
Anti-inflammatory effects of Neurotoxin-Nna, a peptide separated from the venom of Naja naja atra
10.1186/1472-6882-13-86 · 2013 · External reference
Purification and characterization of a novel antinociceptive peptide from venom of Agkistrodon halys Pallas
10.1007/s12272-013-0071-0 · 2013 · External reference
The β3-subunit modulates the effect of venom peptides ProTx-II and OD1 on Na(V) 1.7 gating
10.1002/jcp.31018 · 2023 · External reference
Potency-enhancing mutations of gating modifier toxins for the voltage-gated sodium channel Na(V)1.7 can be predicted using accurate free-energy calculations
10.3390/toxins13030193 · 2021 · External reference
Chemical synthesis, proper folding, Na(v) channel selectivity profile and analgesic properties of the spider peptide phlotoxin 1
10.3390/toxins11060367 · 2019 · External reference
The peptide Phα1β, from spider venom, acts as a TRPA1 channel antagonist with antinociceptive effects in mice
10.1111/bph.13652 · 2017 · External reference
PnPP-15, a synthetic peptide derived from a toxin from phoneutria nigriventer spider venom, alleviates diabetic neuropathic pain and acts synergistically with pregabalin in mice
10.3390/toxins15090560 · 2023 · External reference
Study of PT1 Peptide Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity on a Local Inflammation Model in Mice CD-1
10.1007/s10517-024-06159-z · 2024 · External reference
Peptide NCTX15 derived from spider toxin gland effectively relieves hyperuricemia in mice
10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149222 · 2023 · External reference
Animal venom peptides cause antinociceptive effects by voltage-gated calcium channels activity blockage
10.2174/1570159x19666210713121217 · 2022 · External reference
Scorpion Neurotoxin Syb-prII-1 Exerts Analgesic Effect through Nav1.8 Channel and MAPKs Pathway
10.3390/ijms23137065 · 2022 · External reference
BmK DKK13, a scorpion toxin, alleviates pain behavior in a rat model of trigeminal neuralgia by modulating voltage-gated sodium channels and MAPKs/CREB pathway
10.1007/s12035-022-02855-x · 2022 · External reference
Scorpion Venom peptide, AGAP inhibits TRPV1 and potentiates the analgesic effect of lidocaine
10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08560 · 2021 · External reference
Expression, Purification and Docking Studies on IMe-AGAP, the First Antitumor-analgesic Like Peptide from Iranian Scorpion Mesobuthus eupeus
2020 · External reference
Study of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of scorpion toxins DKK-SP1/2 from scorpion buthus martensii karsch (BmK)
10.3390/toxins13070498 · 2021 · External reference
N58A exerts analgesic effect on trigeminal neuralgia by regulating the MAPK pathway and tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel
10.3390/toxins13050357 · 2021 · External reference
Discovery of a new analgesic peptide, leptucin, from the iranian scorpion, hemiscorpius lepturus
10.3390/molecules26092580 · 2021 · External reference
Novel Scorpion Toxin ω-Buthitoxin-Hf1a Selectively Inhibits Calcium Influx via Ca(V)3.3 and Ca(V)3.2 and Alleviates Allodynia in a Mouse Model of Acute Postsurgical Pain
10.3390/ijms25094745 · 2024 · External reference
Makatoxin-3, a thermostable Nav1.7 agonist from Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) scorpion elicits non-narcotic analgesia in inflammatory pain models
10.1016/j.jep.2022.114998 · 2022 · External reference
A centipede toxin causes rapid desensitization of nociceptor TRPV1 ion channel
10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.02.016 · 2020 · External reference
Analgesic Effect of Melittin on Oxaliplatin-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Rats
10.3390/toxins11070396 · 2019 · External reference
Adolapin--a newly isolated analgetic and anti-inflammatory polypeptide from bee venom
10.1016/0041-0101(82)90234-3 · 1982 · External reference
Exploring the therapeutic potential of an antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory peptide from wasp venom
10.1038/s41598-023-38828-w · 2023 · External reference
Antinociceptive properties of the mastoparan peptide Agelaia-MPI isolated from social wasps
10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.009 · 2016 · External reference
A marine analgesic peptide, Contulakin-G, and neurotensin are distinct agonists for neurotensin receptors: uncovering structural determinants of desensitization properties
2015 · External reference
The use of the antimicrobial peptide piscidin (PCD)-1 as a novel anti-nociceptive agent
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.069 · 2015 · External reference
A chemoenzymatic approach to produce a cyclic analogue of the analgesic drug MVIIA (Ziconotide)
10.1002/anie.202302812 · 2023 · External reference
Novel analgesic peptide derived from Cinobufacini injection suppressing inflammation and pain via ERK1/2/COX-2 pathway
10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112918 · 2024 · External reference
Anxiolytic, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Peptides Hmg 1b-2 and Hmg 1b-4 from the Sea Anemone Heteractis magnifica
10.3390/toxins15050341 · 2023 · External reference
Peptide from Sea Anemone Metridium senile Affects Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin-repeat 1 (TRPA1) Function and Produces Analgesic Effect
10.1074/jbc.m116.757369 · 2017 · External reference
Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of TRPV1 Polypeptide Modulator APHC3 in Models of Osteo- and Rheumatoid Arthritis
10.3390/md19010039 · 2021 · External reference
Shrew's venom quickly causes circulation disorder, analgesia and hypokinesia
10.1007/s00018-021-04116-x · 2022 · External reference
High-throughput transcriptomics
2022 · External reference
Mass spectrometry in snake venom research
2022 · External reference
Capturing Novel Non-opioid Pain Targets
10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.017 · 2020 · External reference
Finding new analgesics: computational pharmacology faces drug discovery challenges
10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116091 · 2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Unresolved reference
2020 · External reference
Leveraging big data to transform target selection and drug discovery
10.1002/cpt.318 · 2016 · External reference
Human pain genetics database: a resource dedicated to human pain genetics research
10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001135 · 2018 · External reference
The pain genes database: an interactive web browser of pain-related transgenic knockout studies
2007 · External reference
Molecular dynamics simulations and drug discovery
10.1186/1741-7007-9-71 · 2011 · External reference
Towards rational computational peptide design
10.3389/fbinf.2022.1046493 · 2022 · External reference
A comprehensive review and comparison of existing computational methods for protein function prediction
2024 · External reference
Leveraging a meta-learning approach to advance the accuracy of Nav blocking peptides prediction
10.1038/s41598-024-55160-z · 2024 · External reference
Finding new analgesics: computational pharmacology faces drug discovery challenges
10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116091 · 2024 · External reference
Analgesic peptides: from natural diversity to rational design
10.3390/molecules29071544 · 2024 · External reference
Sequence-based prediction of pH-dependent protein solubility using CamSol
10.1093/bib/bbad004 · 2023 · External reference
Computational design of peptides to target NaV1. 7 channel with high potency and selectivity for the treatment of pain
2023 · External reference
A peripherally acting, selective T-type calcium channel blocker, ABT-639, effectively reduces nociceptive and neuropathic pain in rats
10.1016/j.bcp.2014.03.015 · 2014 · External reference
A randomized double-blind, placebo-, and active-controlled study of T-type calcium channel blocker ABT-639 in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain
10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000263 · 2015 · External reference
Pharmacotherapy, Identification and designing an analgesic opioid cyclic peptide from Defensin 4 of Mesobuthus martensii Karsch scorpion venom with more effectiveness than morphine
2025 · External reference
Molecular design, construction and analgesic mechanism insights into the novel transdermal fusion peptide ANTP
2024 · External reference
Building on success: a bright future for peptide therapeutics
10.2174/0929866525666181114155542 · 2018 · External reference
Pain therapeutics from cone snail venoms: from ziconotide to novel non-opioid pathways
10.1016/j.jprot.2018.05.009 · 2019 · External reference
Therapeutic potential of peptides derived from animal venoms: current views and emerging drugs for diabetes
10.1177/11795514211006071 · 2021 · External reference