Research graph
References from Mechanism‑targeted therapies for vestibular schwannoma: Emerging molecular pathways and translational horizons. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Incidence of vestibular schwannoma and neurofibromatosis 2 in the North West of England over a 10-year period: higher incidence than previously thought
10.1097/00129492-200501000-00016 · 2005 · External reference
Epidemiology of vestibular schwannomas–prospective 40-year data from an unselected national cohort
10.2147/clep.s218670 · 2019 · External reference
Identification of recurrent regions of chromosome loss and gain in vestibular schwannomas using comparative genomic hybridisation
10.1136/jmg.40.11.802 · 2003 · External reference
Merlin/NF-2 mediates contact inhibition of growth by suppressing recruitment of Rac to the plasma membrane
10.1083/jcb.200503165 · 2005 · External reference
NF2 genetic alterations in sporadic vestibular schwannomas: clinical implications
10.1097/mao.0b013e318298ac79 · 2013 · External reference
Somatic NF2 gene mutations in familial and non-familial vestibular schwannoma
10.1093/hmg/3.2.347 · 1994 · External reference
NF2-related schwannomatosis and other schwannomatosis: an updated genetic and epidemiological study
10.1136/jmg-2024-110065 · 2024 · External reference
A matched cohort comparison of clinical outcomes following microsurgical resection or stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with small- and medium-sized vestibular schwannomas
10.3171/2015.12.jns151857 · 2016 · External reference
Recurrences and progression following microsurgery of vestibular schwannoma
10.3389/fsurg.2023.1216093 · 2023 · External reference
Wait and scan” management of patients with vestibular schwannoma and the relevance of non-contrast MRI in the follow-up
10.1016/j.joto.2017.08.002 · 2017 · External reference
EANO guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of vestibular schwannoma
10.1093/neuonc/noz153 · 2020 · External reference
Targeted Medical Therapy for Vestibular Schwannomas: Evidence, Limits, and Future Directions—A Scoping Review
10.3390/cimb48030292 · 2026 · External reference
Vestibular schwannomas
10.1056/nejmra2020394 · 2021 · External reference
The molecular biology and novel treatments of vestibular schwannomas: a review
10.3171/2011.6.jns11131 · 2011 · External reference
[Pathogenesis and molecular pathology of vestibular schwannoma]
10.1007/s00106-016-0201-3 · 2017 · External reference
Schwannomas and Their Pathogenesis
10.1111/bpa.12125 · 2014 · External reference
Histomorphological Spectrum and Diagnostic Utility of S100, SOX10, CD34, Calretinin, and Ki67 in the Evaluation of Schwannomas: A Retrospective Study of 26 Cases in a Tertiary Health Institute, Zaria-Nigeria
10.4103/jwas.jwas_177_24 · 2025 · External reference
Nerve origin of vestibular schwannoma: a prospective study
10.1017/s0022215107001028 · 2007 · External reference
The molecular biology of vestibular schwannomas: dissecting the pathogenic process at the molecular level
10.1097/01.mao.0000180484.24242.54 · 2006 · External reference
Genetic Alterations in Patients with NF2-Related Schwannomatosis and Sporadic Vestibular Schwannomas
10.3390/cancers17030393 · 2025 · External reference
Merlin/NF2 suppresses tumorigenesis by inhibiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4(DCAF1) in the nucleus
10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.029 · 2010 · External reference
Schwann cells in the inner ear: development, disease, and regeneration
10.3389/fncel.2025.1662274 · 2025 · External reference
The comparable tumour microenvironment in sporadic and NF2-related schwannomatosis vestibular schwannoma
10.1093/braincomms/fcad197 · 2023 · External reference
Interactions among Merlin, Arkadia, and SKOR2 mediate NF2-associated human Schwann cell proliferation
10.1186/s13287-025-04281-x · 2025 · External reference
Hearing loss and vestibular schwannoma: new insights into Schwann cells implication
10.1038/s41419-023-06141-z · 2023 · External reference
Immune profiling of human vestibular schwannoma secretions identifies TNF-α and TWEAK as cytokines with synergistic potential to impair hearing
10.1186/s12974-025-03364-z · 2025 · External reference
Preclinical validation of anti-nuclear factor-kappa B therapy to inhibit human vestibular schwannoma growth
10.1016/j.molonc.2015.03.009 · 2015 · External reference
Extracellular vesicles derived from human vestibular schwannomas associated with poor hearing damage cochlear cells
2016 · External reference
SMARCB1-related schwannomatosis and other SMARCB1-associated phenotypes: clinical spectrum and molecular pathogenesis
10.1007/s10689-025-00486-4 · 2025 · External reference
Current Understanding of Neurofibromatosis Type 1, 2, and Schwannomatosis
10.3390/ijms22115850 · 2021 · External reference
Angiogenesis in vestibular schwannomas: expression of extracellular matrix factors MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1
10.1002/lary.20834 · 2010 · External reference
The VEGF/VEGF-R Axis in Sporadic Vestibular Schwannomas Correlates with Irradiation and Disease Recurrence
10.1159/000346238 · 2013 · External reference
Immunohistochemical profile of cytokines and growth factors expressed in vestibular schwannoma and in normal vestibular nerve tissue
10.3892/mmr.2015.3415 · 2015 · External reference
Potential molecular biomarkers of vestibular schwannoma growth: progress and prospects
2021 · External reference
Single-cell sequencing reveals the cell map and transcriptional network of sporadic vestibular schwannoma
10.3389/fnmol.2022.984529 · 2022 · External reference
Immunohistochemical Profiles of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Overexpression in the Antoni B Area of Vestibular Schwannomas
10.1016/j.wneu.2020.07.208 · 2020 · External reference
Interplay between VEGF-A and cMET signaling in human vestibular schwannomas and schwann cells
10.4161/15384047.2014.972765 · 2015 · External reference
Matrix metalloproteinase 9: An emerging biomarker for classification of adherent vestibular schwannoma
2024 · External reference
Cystic vestibular schwannomas: a possible role of matrix metalloproteinase–2 in cyst development and unfavorable surgical outcome
10.3171/jns.2007.106.5.866 · 2007 · External reference
Identifying Tumor Microenvironment Biomarkers in Adherent and Cystic Vestibular Schwannomas
10.1097/mao.0000000000004073 · 2024 · External reference
Gene expression profiles between cystic and solid vestibular schwannoma indicate susceptible molecules and pathways in the cystic formation of vestibular schwannoma
10.1007/s10142-019-00672-5 · 2019 · External reference
Intratumoral hemorrhage, vessel density, and the inflammatory reaction contribute to volume increase of sporadic vestibular schwannomas
10.1007/s00428-012-1236-9 · 2012 · External reference
MMP-14 (MT1-MMP) Is a Biomarker of Surgical Outcome and a Potential Mediator of Hearing Loss in Patients With Vestibular Schwannomas
10.3389/fncel.2020.00191 · 2020 · External reference
Potential target within the tumor microenvironment - MT1-MMP
2025 · External reference
Tumor Microenvironment in Sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma: A Systematic, Narrative Review
10.3390/ijms24076522 · 2023 · External reference
Tumor Biology and Microenvironment of Vestibular Schwannoma-Relation to Tumor Growth and Hearing Loss
10.3390/biomedicines11010032 · 2022 · External reference
The inflammatory microenvironment in vestibular schwannoma
2020 · External reference
Inflammation and vascular permeability correlate with growth in sporadic vestibular schwannoma
10.1093/neuonc/noy177 · 2019 · External reference
Analysis of tumor microenvironment composition in vestibular schwannomas: insights into NF2-associated and sporadic variations and their clinical correlations
2024 · External reference
Tumor-associated macrophages are related to volumetric growth of vestibular schwannomas
10.1097/mao.0b013e31827c9fbf · 2013 · External reference
Exploring the Role of Inflammatory Genes and Immune Infiltration in Vestibular Schwannomas Pathogenesis
10.2147/jir.s476745 · 2024 · External reference
Macrophage and Lymphocyte Infiltration Is Associated with Volumetric Tumor Size but Not with Volumetric Growth in the Tübingen Schwannoma Cohort
10.3390/cancers13030466 · 2021 · External reference
Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Vestibular Schwannoma and Relationship to Hearing
10.1177/2473974x211059111 · 2021 · External reference
The microenvironment in sporadic and neurofibromatosis type II-related vestibular schwannoma: the same tumor or different? A comparative imaging and neuropathology study
10.3171/2020.3.jns193230 · 2021 · External reference
Immunophenotype of Vestibular Schwannomas
2020 · External reference
Inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by merlin
10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02077-6 · 2002 · External reference
The anti-tumor effect of aspirin: What we know and what we expect
10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.085 · 2017 · External reference
Cyclooxygenase-2 supports tumor proliferation in vestibular schwannomas
10.1227/neu.0b013e318208f5c7 · 2011 · External reference
Distinct immune signature predicts progression of vestibular schwannoma and unveils a possible viral etiology
10.1186/s13046-022-02473-4 · 2022 · External reference
Alternatively activated macrophages are associated with faster growth rate in vestibular schwannoma
10.1093/braincomms/fcae400 · 2024 · External reference
Single-Cell RNA-Seq Reveals Heterogeneity of Cell Communications between Schwann Cells and Fibroblasts within Vestibular Schwannoma Microenvironment
10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.06.006 · 2022 · External reference
Single-cell multi-omic analysis of the vestibular schwannoma ecosystem uncovers a nerve injury-like state
10.1038/s41467-023-42762-w · 2024 · External reference
Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Subtypes Reveal Distinct Gene Signatures in the Tumor Immune Microenvironment of Vestibular Schwannoma
10.3390/cells13191669 · 2024 · External reference
Integrating single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveals the cellular heterogeneity of vestibular schwannoma
10.1038/s41698-025-01028-y · 2025 · External reference
Multiplatform molecular analysis of vestibular schwannoma reveals two robust subgroups with distinct microenvironment
10.1007/s11060-022-04221-2 · 2023 · External reference
Spatial mapping of immune cell environments in NF2-related schwannomatosis vestibular schwannoma
10.1038/s41467-025-57586-z · 2025 · External reference
Quantitative Assessment of Collagen Architecture to Determine Role of Tumor Stroma During Vestibular Schwannoma Progression
10.1002/ohn.1018 · 2025 · External reference
Immune Profiling of Secreted Factors from Human Vestibular Schwannoma Cells and Tumor-associated Macrophages
2024 · External reference
Efficacy and safety of bevacizumab for vestibular schwannomas in neurofibromatosis type-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1007/s00405-026-10174-3 · 2026 · External reference
Improvement in Patient-reported Hearing After Treatment With Bevacizumab in People With Neurofibromatosis Type 2
10.1097/mao.0000000000001781 · 2018 · External reference
Multicenter, prospective, phase II study of maintenance bevacizumab for children and adults with NF2-related schwannomatosis and progressive vestibular schwannoma
10.1093/neuonc/noad066 · 2023 · External reference
Whole Body-MRI assessment of peripheral lesions in patients with NF2-related schwannomatosis on systemic bevacizumab
10.1007/s11060-025-05100-2 · 2025 · External reference
VEGFR-3 signaling in macrophages: friend or foe in disease?
2024 · External reference
Characterizing the effects of anti-PD1 immunotherapy on ataxia in a vestibular schwannoma mouse model
10.1007/s11060-026-05574-8 · 2026 · External reference
Targeting the cMET pathway augments radiation response without adverse effect on hearing in NF2 schwannoma models
10.1073/pnas.1719966115 · 2018 · External reference
Targeting HGF/c-MET signaling to regulate the tumor microenvironment: Implications for counteracting tumor immune evasion
10.1186/s12964-025-02033-1 · 2025 · External reference
Aspirin does not prevent growth of vestibular schwannomas: A case-control study
10.1002/lary.27114 · 2018 · External reference
Vestibular Schwannoma Growth With Aspirin and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
10.1097/mao.0000000000001506 · 2017 · External reference
Impact of Aspirin and Other NSAID Use on Volumetric and Linear Growth in Vestibular Schwannoma
10.1177/0194599819827812 · 2019 · External reference
Why Consider Aspirin for the Treatment of Vestibular Schwannoma? A Brief Review and Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Proposal
2025 · External reference
Phase II study of axitinib in patients with NF2-related schwannomatosis and progressive vestibular schwannomas
2025 · External reference
Antiangiogenic agents for nonmalignant brain tumors
10.1055/s-0033-1338262 · 2013 · External reference
Potential role of imatinib mesylate (Gleevec, STI-571) in the treatment of vestibular schwannoma
10.1097/mao.0b013e3182009665 · 2011 · External reference
Investigation of the in vitro therapeutic efficacy of nilotinib in immortalized human NF2-null vestibular schwannoma cells
10.1371/journal.pone.0039412 · 2012 · External reference
Updates on Tumor Biology in Vestibular Schwannoma
10.1016/j.otc.2023.02.004 · 2023 · External reference
NLRP3 inflammasome activation in human vestibular schwannoma: Implications for tumor-induced hearing loss
10.1016/j.heares.2019.07.007 · 2019 · External reference
Computational repositioning and preclinical validation of mifepristone for human vestibular schwannoma
10.1038/s41598-018-23609-7 · 2018 · External reference
The ErbB/HER family of protein-tyrosine kinases and cancer
10.1016/j.phrs.2013.11.002 · 2014 · External reference
Treatment of vestibular schwannoma cells with ErbB inhibitors
10.1097/mao.0b013e31823e287f · 2012 · External reference
10.1172/jci130787
10.1172/jci130787 · External reference
ErbB/HER receptor activation and preclinical efficacy of lapatinib in vestibular schwannoma
10.1093/neuonc/noq012 · 2010 · External reference
Nrg1/ErbB signaling networks in Schwann cell development and myelination
10.1016/j.semcdb.2010.08.008 · 2010 · External reference
Constitutive neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling contributes to human vestibular schwannoma proliferation
10.1002/glia.20316 · 2006 · External reference
The ErbB inhibitors trastuzumab and erlotinib inhibit growth of vestibular schwannoma xenografts in nude mice: a preliminary study
10.1097/mao.0b013e31817f7398 · 2008 · External reference
Heregulin-dependent regulation of HER2/neu oncogenic signaling by heterodimerization with HER3
10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00101.x · 1995 · External reference
ErbB expression, activation, and inhibition with lapatinib and tyrphostin (AG825) in human vestibular schwannomas
10.1097/mao.0b013e31821f7d88 · 2011 · External reference
Phase II trial of icotinib in adult patients with neurofibromatosis type 2 and progressive vestibular schwannoma
10.3171/2022.9.jns22699 · 2023 · External reference
Circ_0001665 Contributes to the Occurrence of Vestibular Schwannoma via Targeting miR-302a-3p/Adam9/EGFR Signaling Pathway
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.035 · 2022 · External reference
ERBB3 targeting: A promising approach to overcoming cancer therapeutic resistance
10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217146 · 2024 · External reference
Transcriptional and posttranslational up-regulation of HER3 (ErbB3) compensates for inhibition of the HER2 tyrosine kinase
10.1073/pnas.1016140108 · 2011 · External reference
The mTOR pathway in Gliomas: From molecular insights to targeted therapies
10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118237 · 2025 · External reference
The mTOR Pathway in Hearing Disorders: Mechanistic Links to Aging, Regeneration, and Neurodegeneration
10.1007/s12035-025-05653-3 · 2026 · External reference
NF2/merlin is a novel negative regulator of mTOR complex 1, and activation of mTORC1 is associated with meningioma and schwannoma growth
10.1128/mcb.01581-08 · 2009 · External reference
Regulation of mTOR complex 2 signaling in neurofibromatosis 2-deficient target cell types
10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0425-t · 2012 · External reference
Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) tumor suppressor merlin inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase through binding to PIKE-L
10.1073/pnas.0405971102 · 2004 · External reference
Preclinical validation of AR42, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, as treatment for vestibular schwannomas
10.1002/lary.22392 · 2012 · External reference
Merlin tumor suppressor function is regulated by PIP2-mediated dimerization
10.1371/journal.pone.0281876 · 2023 · External reference
Contribution of mTOR and PTEN to Radioresistance in Sporadic and NF2-Associated Vestibular Schwannomas: A Microarray and Pathway Analysis
10.3390/cancers12010177 · 2020 · External reference
A chemical biology approach identified PI3K as a potential therapeutic target for neurofibromatosis type 2
2014 · External reference
Cotargeting Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase and Focal Adhesion Kinase Pathways Inhibits Proliferation of NF2 Schwannoma Cells
10.1158/1535-7163.mct-23-0135 · 2023 · External reference
Simultaneous inhibition of PI3K and PAK in preclinical models of neurofibromatosis type 2-related schwannomatosis
10.1038/s41388-024-02958-w · 2024 · External reference
Growth inhibitory and anti-tumour activities of OSU-03012, a novel PDK-1 inhibitor, on vestibular schwannoma and malignant schwannoma cells
10.1016/j.ejca.2009.03.013 · 2009 · External reference
Phase II study of everolimus in children and adults with neurofibromatosis type 2 and progressive vestibular schwannomas
10.1093/neuonc/not150 · 2014 · External reference
Phase II study of mTORC1 inhibition by everolimus in neurofibromatosis type 2 patients with growing vestibular schwannomas
10.1007/s11060-014-1710-0 · 2015 · External reference
CUDC907, a dual phosphoinositide-3 kinase/histone deacetylase inhibitor, promotes apoptosis of NF2 Schwannoma cells
10.18632/oncotarget.28254 · 2022 · External reference
Fimepinostat Promotes Apoptosis and Decreases Cytokine Secretion in NF2-Related Human Schwannoma Cells
10.3390/ijms27062636 · 2026 · External reference
Effect of AR42 in Primary Vestibular Schwannoma Cells and a Xenograft Model of Vestibular Schwannoma
10.1097/mao.0000000000003556 · 2022 · External reference
Merlin, a multi-suppressor from cell membrane to the nucleus
10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.016 · 2012 · External reference
Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in cell growth, malignant transformation and drug resistance
10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.10.001 · 2007 · External reference
Merlin/neurofibromatosis type 2 suppresses growth by inhibiting the activation of Ras and Rac
10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1608 · 2007 · External reference
RAS proteins and their regulators in human disease
10.1016/j.cell.2017.06.009 · 2017 · External reference
Inhibition of MEK pathway in vestibular schwannoma cell culture
10.1002/lary.23472 · 2012 · External reference
The NF2 tumor suppressor merlin interacts with Ras and RasGAP, which may modulate Ras signaling
10.1038/s41388-019-0883-6 · 2019 · External reference
PAK kinase regulates Rac GTPase and is a potential target in human schwannomas
10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.04.019 · 2009 · External reference
Merlin/neurofibromatosis type 2 suppresses growth by inhibiting the activation of Ras and Rac
10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1608 · 2007 · External reference
Merlin inhibits growth hormone-regulated Raf–ERKs pathways by binding to Grb2 protein
10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.12.122 · 2006 · External reference
Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR Cascade Inhibitors: How Mutations Can Result in Therapy Resistance and How to Overcome Resistance
10.18632/oncotarget.659 · 2012 · External reference
Schwannoma development is mediated by Hippo pathway dysregulation and modified by RAS/MAPK signaling
10.1172/jci.insight.141514 · 2020 · External reference
Merlin–YAP signaling: emerging mechanisms, functions, and therapeutic approaches
2025 · External reference
Deregulation of the Hippo Pathway Promotes Tumor Cell Proliferation Through YAP Activity in Human Sporadic Vestibular Schwannoma
10.1016/j.wneu.2018.06.010 · 2018 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
YAP Mediates Tumorigenesis in Neurofibromatosis Type 2 by Promoting Cell Survival and Proliferation through a COX-2-EGFR Signaling Axis
10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1144 · 2016 · External reference
The multifaceted role of YAP in the tumor microenvironment and its therapeutic implications in cancer
10.1038/s12276-025-01551-9 · 2025 · External reference
Angiomotin is a novel Hippo pathway component that inhibits YAP oncoprotein
10.1101/gad.2000111 · 2011 · External reference
Merlin/NF2 functions upstream of the nuclear E3 ubiquitin ligase CRL4DCAF1 to suppress oncogenic gene expression
2011 · External reference
10.1126/science.adf4478
10.1126/science.adf4478 · External reference
An allosteric pan-TEAD inhibitor blocks oncogenic YAP/TAZ signaling and overcomes KRAS G12C inhibitor resistance
10.1038/s43018-023-00577-0 · 2023 · External reference
Wnt signaling pathways in biology and disease: mechanisms and therapeutic advances
10.1038/s41392-025-02142-w · 2025 · External reference
Merlin-Deficient Human Tumors Show Loss of Contact Inhibition and Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Linked to the PDGFR/Src and Rac/PAK Pathways
10.1593/neo.111060 · 2011 · External reference
Wnt/β-catenin signaling: components, mechanisms, and diseases
10.1016/j.devcel.2009.06.016 · 2009 · External reference
Merlin inhibits Wnt/β-catenin signaling by blocking LRP6 phosphorylation
10.1038/cdd.2016.54 · 2016 · External reference
NF2-deficient cells depend on the Rac1-canonical Wnt signaling pathway to promote the loss of contact inhibition of proliferation
10.1038/onc.2010.20 · 2010 · External reference
Celastrol suppresses the growth of vestibular schwannoma in mice by promoting the degradation of β-catenin
10.1038/s41401-022-00908-4 · 2022 · External reference
MicroRNA-200a suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by interacting with β-catenin
2011 · External reference
Molecular biology and disease models of vestibular schwannomas: state of the art
2025 · External reference
Advancements in preclinical models for NF2-related schwannomatosis research
10.3390/cancers18020224 · 2026 · External reference