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References from Vagus nerve stimulation exerts disease-modifying effects in epileptic rats by enhancing hippocampal adenosine signalling. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Epilepsy in Asia: disease burden, management barriers, and challenges
10.1111/epi.14458 · 2019 · External reference
Epilepsy in adults
10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32596-0 · 2019 · External reference
Neuromodulation in epilepsy: State-of-the-art approved therapies
10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00300-8 · 2021 · External reference
Learnings from 30 years of reported efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for epilepsy treatment: a critical review
10.1016/j.seizure.2020.09.027 · 2020 · External reference
Vagus nerve stimulation: a 20-year Australian experience
10.1007/s00701-021-05046-0 · 2022 · External reference
Efficacy and potential predictors of vagus nerve stimulation therapy in refractory postencephalitic epilepsy
10.1177/20406223211066738 · 2022 · External reference
Vagus nerve stimulation in brain diseases: therapeutic applications and biological mechanisms
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.018 · 2021 · External reference
Effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation therapy in refractory hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy-induced epilepsy
10.1177/17562864221144351 · 2022 · External reference
Genetic variations of adenosine kinase as predictable biomarkers of efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy
10.3171/2021.3.jns21141 · 2022 · External reference
Single-center long-term results of vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: a 10-17 year follow-up study
10.1016/j.seizure.2018.04.022 · 2018 · External reference
Latest views on the mechanisms of action of surgically implanted cervical vagal nerve stimulation in epilepsy
10.1016/j.neurom.2022.08.447 · 2023 · External reference
Role of DNA methylation and adenosine in ketogenic diet for pharmacoresistant epilepsy: focus on epileptogenesis and associated comorbidities
10.3389/fneur.2019.00119 · 2019 · External reference
Upregulation of neuronal adenosine A1 receptor in human Rasmussen encephalitis
10.1093/jnen/nlx053 · 2017 · External reference
Adenosine kinase expression in cortical dysplasia with balloon cells: analysis of developmental lineage of cell types
10.1097/nen.0000000000000156 · 2015 · External reference
Adenosine kinase is a target for the prediction and prevention of epileptogenesis in mice
2008 · External reference
A ketogenic diet suppresses seizures in mice through adenosine A(1) receptors
10.1172/jci57813 · 2011 · External reference
Local disruption of glial adenosine homeostasis in mice associates with focal electrographic seizures: a first step in epileptogenesis?
10.1002/glia.21250 · 2012 · External reference
Upregulation of adenosine A2A receptor and downregulation of GLT1 is associated with neuronal cell death in Rasmussen's encephalitis
10.1111/bpa.12770 · 2020 · External reference
Epilepsy and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): the underlying mechanisms and therapy targets related to adenosine
10.2174/1570159x20666220706100136 · 2023 · External reference
Suppression of kindling epileptogenesis by adenosine releasing stem cell-derived brain implants
10.1093/brain/awm057 · 2007 · External reference
Increased ATP release and CD73-mediated adenosine A(2A) receptor activation mediate convulsion-associated neuronal damage and hippocampal dysfunction
10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105441 · 2021 · External reference
Ectopic expression of neuronal adenosine kinase, a biomarker in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy without hippocampal sclerosis
10.1111/nan.12926 · 2023 · External reference
Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits DNA and RNA methylation in a rat model of pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy
10.1111/cns.70484 · 2025 · External reference
Deep brain stimulation suppresses epileptic seizures in rats via inhibition of adenosine kinase and activation of adenosine A1 receptors
10.1111/cns.14199 · 2023 · External reference
The pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy
10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.04.019 · 2008 · External reference
Regulation of sleep homeostasis mediator adenosine by basal forebrain glutamatergic neurons
10.1126/science.abb0556 · 2020 · External reference
Past and present definitions of epileptogenesis and its biomarkers
10.1007/s13311-014-0257-2 · 2014 · External reference
Vagus nerve stimulation recruits the central cholinergic system to enhance perceptual learning
10.1038/s41593-024-01767-4 · 2024 · External reference
The enigma of the latent period in the development of symptomatic acquired epilepsy - traditional view versus new concepts
10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.08.037 · 2015 · External reference
Therapeutic approaches to epileptogenesis--hope on the horizon
10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02602.x · 2010 · External reference
Chronic vagus nerve stimulation induces neuronal plasticity in the rat hippocampus
10.1017/s1461145709000200 · 2009 · External reference
Vagus nerve prolonged stimulation in cats: effects on epileptogenesis (amygdala electrical kindling): behavioral and electrographic changes
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00787.x · 1999 · External reference
Vagus nerve stimulation induces a sustained anticonvulsant effect
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb01033.x · 1996 · External reference
Long-term seizure outcome with or without vagal nerve stimulation therapy
10.1212/cpj.0000000000200358 · 2024 · External reference
Vagus nerve stimulation-induced cognitive enhancement: hippocampal neuroplasticity in healthy male rats
10.1016/j.brs.2022.08.001 · 2022 · External reference
Neuronal transporter and astrocytic ATP exocytosis underlie activity-dependent adenosine release in the hippocampus
10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253450 · 2013 · External reference
Extracellular metabolism of ATP and other nucleotides
10.1007/s002100000309 · 2000 · External reference
Vagus nerve stimulation activates nucleus of solitary tract neurons via supramedullary pathways
10.1113/jp282064 · 2021 · External reference
Increased extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine in cortex and hippocampus following vagus nerve stimulation in the rat
10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.048 · 2006 · External reference
Increased hippocampal noradrenaline is a biomarker for efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in a limbic seizure model
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07214.x · 2011 · External reference
Norepinephrine signals through astrocytes to modulate synapses
10.1126/science.adq5480 · 2025 · External reference
Shift of adenosine kinase expression from neurons to astrocytes during postnatal development suggests dual functionality of the enzyme
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.06.016 · 2006 · External reference
Adenosine kinase: exploitation for therapeutic gain
10.1124/pr.112.006361 · 2013 · External reference
Astrocytic adenosine kinase regulates basal synaptic adenosine levels and seizure activity but not activity-dependent adenosine release in the hippocampus
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.09.016 · 2009 · External reference
Deep brain stimulation of the anterior thalamus attenuates PTZ kindling with concomitant reduction of adenosine kinase expression in rats
10.1016/j.brs.2022.05.020 · 2022 · External reference
The role of adenosine in epilepsy
10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.008 · 2019 · External reference
The metabolic basis of epilepsy
10.1038/s41582-022-00651-8 · 2022 · External reference
The role and regulation of adenosine in the central nervous system
10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.31 · 2001 · External reference
Internalization and desensitization of adenosine receptors
10.1007/s11302-007-9086-7 · 2008 · External reference
Chronic vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) altered IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL-1 and IL-13 levels in the hippocampus of rats with LiCl-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy
10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147800 · 2022 · External reference
Genetic labeling of the nucleus of tractus solitarius neurons associated with electrical stimulation of the cervical or auricular vagus nerve in mice
10.1016/j.brs.2024.08.007 · 2024 · External reference
Sex differences in vagus nerve stimulation effects on rat cardiovascular and immune systems
10.3389/fnins.2020.560668 · 2020 · External reference
Local disruption of glial adenosine homeostasis in mice associates with focal electrographic seizures: a first step in epileptogenesis?
10.1002/glia.21250 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Extracellular metabolism of ATP and other nucleotides
10.1007/s002100000309 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Vagus nerve stimulation: a 20-year Australian experience
10.1007/s00701-021-05046-0 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Internalization and desensitization of adenosine receptors
10.1007/s11302-007-9086-7 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Past and present definitions of epileptogenesis and its biomarkers
10.1007/s13311-014-0257-2 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Increased extracellular concentrations of norepinephrine in cortex and hippocampus following vagus nerve stimulation in the rat
10.1016/j.brainres.2006.08.048 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Chronic vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) altered IL-6, IL-1β, CXCL-1 and IL-13 levels in the hippocampus of rats with LiCl-pilocarpine-induced epilepsy
10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147800 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The role of adenosine in epilepsy
10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.11.008 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Deep brain stimulation of the anterior thalamus attenuates PTZ kindling with concomitant reduction of adenosine kinase expression in rats
10.1016/j.brs.2022.05.020 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Vagus nerve stimulation-induced cognitive enhancement: hippocampal neuroplasticity in healthy male rats
10.1016/j.brs.2022.08.001 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Genetic labeling of the nucleus of tractus solitarius neurons associated with electrical stimulation of the cervical or auricular vagus nerve in mice
10.1016/j.brs.2024.08.007 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy
10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.04.019 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Increased ATP release and CD73-mediated adenosine A(2A) receptor activation mediate convulsion-associated neuronal damage and hippocampal dysfunction
10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105441 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Vagus nerve stimulation in brain diseases: therapeutic applications and biological mechanisms
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.018 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Latest views on the mechanisms of action of surgically implanted cervical vagal nerve stimulation in epilepsy
10.1016/j.neurom.2022.08.447 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Astrocytic adenosine kinase regulates basal synaptic adenosine levels and seizure activity but not activity-dependent adenosine release in the hippocampus
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.09.016 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Shift of adenosine kinase expression from neurons to astrocytes during postnatal development suggests dual functionality of the enzyme
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.06.016 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Single-center long-term results of vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: a 10-17 year follow-up study
10.1016/j.seizure.2018.04.022 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Learnings from 30 years of reported efficacy and safety of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for epilepsy treatment: a critical review
10.1016/j.seizure.2020.09.027 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The enigma of the latent period in the development of symptomatic acquired epilepsy - traditional view versus new concepts
10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.08.037 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Epilepsy in adults
10.1016/s0140-6736(18)32596-0 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Neuromodulation in epilepsy: State-of-the-art approved therapies
10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00300-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Chronic vagus nerve stimulation induces neuronal plasticity in the rat hippocampus
10.1017/s1461145709000200 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The metabolic basis of epilepsy
10.1038/s41582-022-00651-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Vagus nerve stimulation recruits the central cholinergic system to enhance perceptual learning
10.1038/s41593-024-01767-4 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Suppression of kindling epileptogenesis by adenosine releasing stem cell-derived brain implants
10.1093/brain/awm057 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Upregulation of neuronal adenosine A1 receptor in human Rasmussen encephalitis
10.1093/jnen/nlx053 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Adenosine kinase expression in cortical dysplasia with balloon cells: analysis of developmental lineage of cell types
10.1097/nen.0000000000000156 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Upregulation of adenosine A2A receptor and downregulation of GLT1 is associated with neuronal cell death in Rasmussen's encephalitis
10.1111/bpa.12770 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Deep brain stimulation suppresses epileptic seizures in rats via inhibition of adenosine kinase and activation of adenosine A1 receptors
10.1111/cns.14199 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Vagus nerve stimulation inhibits DNA and RNA methylation in a rat model of pilocarpine-induced temporal lobe epilepsy
10.1111/cns.70484 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Epilepsy in Asia: disease burden, management barriers, and challenges
10.1111/epi.14458 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Increased hippocampal noradrenaline is a biomarker for efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in a limbic seizure model
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07214.x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Vagus nerve stimulation induces a sustained anticonvulsant effect
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1996.tb01033.x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Vagus nerve prolonged stimulation in cats: effects on epileptogenesis (amygdala electrical kindling): behavioral and electrographic changes
10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb00787.x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Therapeutic approaches to epileptogenesis--hope on the horizon
10.1111/j.1528-1167.2010.02602.x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Ectopic expression of neuronal adenosine kinase, a biomarker in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy without hippocampal sclerosis
10.1111/nan.12926 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Vagus nerve stimulation activates nucleus of solitary tract neurons via supramedullary pathways
10.1113/jp282064 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Neuronal transporter and astrocytic ATP exocytosis underlie activity-dependent adenosine release in the hippocampus
10.1113/jphysiol.2013.253450 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Adenosine kinase: exploitation for therapeutic gain
10.1124/pr.112.006361 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Regulation of sleep homeostasis mediator adenosine by basal forebrain glutamatergic neurons
10.1126/science.abb0556 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Norepinephrine signals through astrocytes to modulate synapses
10.1126/science.adq5480 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The role and regulation of adenosine in the central nervous system
10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.31 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A ketogenic diet suppresses seizures in mice through adenosine A(1) receptors
10.1172/jci57813 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effectiveness of vagus nerve stimulation therapy in refractory hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy-induced epilepsy
10.1177/17562864221144351 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Efficacy and potential predictors of vagus nerve stimulation therapy in refractory postencephalitic epilepsy
10.1177/20406223211066738 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Long-term seizure outcome with or without vagal nerve stimulation therapy
10.1212/cpj.0000000000200358 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Epilepsy and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): the underlying mechanisms and therapy targets related to adenosine
10.2174/1570159x20666220706100136 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Genetic variations of adenosine kinase as predictable biomarkers of efficacy of vagus nerve stimulation in patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy
10.3171/2021.3.jns21141 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Role of DNA methylation and adenosine in ketogenic diet for pharmacoresistant epilepsy: focus on epileptogenesis and associated comorbidities
10.3389/fneur.2019.00119 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Sex differences in vagus nerve stimulation effects on rat cardiovascular and immune systems
10.3389/fnins.2020.560668 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
