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References from Applying psychometric methods to distinguish between human and generative AI responses to multiple-choice assessments. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
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2024 · External reference
Copying@Scale: Using Harvesting accounts for collecting correct answers in a MOOC
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A general purpose anomaly-based method for detecting cheaters in online courses
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Are MOOC learning analytics results trustworthy? With fake learners, they might not be!
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Using benchmarking infrastructure to evaluate LLM performance on CS concept inventories: Challenges, opportunities, and critiques
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Detection of answer copying based on the structure of a high-stakes test
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Measurement and its uses in learning analytics
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2024 · External reference
Item response theory analysis of the mechanics baseline test
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Learning to cheat: Quantifying Changes in score advantage of unproctored assessments over time
2020 · External reference
Plagiarism in the age of generative AI: Cheating Method change and learning loss in an intro to CS course
2024 · External reference
Detecting AI-generated essays: The ChatGPT challenge
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Learning in an introductory physics MOOC: All cohorts learn equally, including an on-campus class
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A deep fusion model for humanvs Machine-generated essay classification
2023 · External reference
Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT
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The impact of generative AI on academic integrity of authentic assessments within a higher education context
2025 · External reference
Evaluating person fit for cognitive diagnostic assessment
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2013 · External reference
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Analysis of large-language model versus human performance for genetics questions
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A systematic comparison of syllogistic reasoning in humans and language models
2024 · External reference
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2000 · External reference
Beware of metacognitive laziness: Effects of generative artificial intelligence on learning motivation, processes, and performance
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Using person fit statistics to detect outliers in survey research
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2025 · External reference
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1960 · External reference
The promise and challenges of generative AI in education
2024 · External reference
Big five personality and academic dishonesty: A meta-analytic review
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Identifying cheating on unproctored internet tests: The Z-test and the likelihood ratio test
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The human-or-machine issue: Turing-inspired reflections on an everyday matter
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Rotten apples: An investigation of the prevalence and predictors of teacher cheating*
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Comparing the aberrant response detection performance of thirty-six person-fit statistics
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ChatGPT for good? On opportunities and challenges of large language models for education
10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102274 · 2023 · External reference
GPT-4 passes the bar exam
2024 · External reference
AI-generated text detection: A comprehensive review of methods, datasets, and applications
10.1016/j.cosrev.2025.100793 · 2025 · External reference
Will ChatGPT get you caught? Rethinking of plagiarism detection
2023 · External reference
The cheating game everyone’s doing it, from grade school to graduate school
1999 · External reference
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2024 · External reference
College students’ cheating behaviors
10.2224/sbp.2014.42.0.s101 · 2014 · External reference
Cheating in the age of generative AI: A High school survey study of cheating behaviors before and after the release of ChatGPT
2024 · External reference
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A survey of multimodel large language models
2024 · External reference
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1980 · External reference
Maximum likelihood and Bayesian parameter estimation in item response theory
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The impact of an honor code on cheating in online courses
2011 · External reference
AI and academic integrity: Exploring student perceptions and implications for higher education
2025 · External reference
Beyond CheatBots: Examining tensions in teachers’ and students’ perceptions of cheating and learning with ChatGPT
10.3390/educsci14050500 · 2024 · External reference
Response time based nonparametric Kullback-Leibler divergence measure for detecting aberrant test-taking behavior
10.1080/15305058.2018.1429446 · 2018 · External reference
Cheating in academic institutions: A decade of research
10.1207/s15327019eb1103_2 · 2001 · External reference
Academic dishonesty: Honor Codes and other contextual influences
1993 · External reference
Outlier detection in high-stakes certification testing
10.1111/j.1745-3984.2002.tb01175.x · 2002 · External reference
Detection of aberrant item score patterns: A Review of recent developments
10.1207/s15324818ame0803_5 · 1995 · External reference
Methodology review: Evaluating Person fit
10.1177/01466210122031957 · 2001 · External reference
Classification of human- and AI-generated texts: Investigating Features for ChatGPT
2023 · External reference
Missing responses and IRT ability estimation: OMITS, choice, time limits, and adaptive testing
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The turing test and our shifting conceptions of intelligence
10.1126/science.adq9356 · 2024 · External reference
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ChatGPT performance on multiple choice question examinations in higher education. A pragmatic scoping review
10.1080/02602938.2023.2299059 · 2024 · External reference
Patterns, correlates, and reduction of homework copying
2010 · External reference
The effect of culture on the academic honesty of marketing and business students
10.1177/0273475310377781 · 2010 · External reference
AI psychometrics: Assessing The psychological profiles of large language models through psychometric inventories
2023 · External reference
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The detection of cheating on E-exams in higher education-The performance of several old and some new indicators
2020 · External reference
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2006 · External reference
Item Response Theory: Fundamentals, Applications, and promise in psychological research
10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00342.x · 2005 · External reference
Examining the necessity of proctoring online exams
2020 · External reference
Using machine learning to detect “multiple-account” cheating and analyze the influence of student and problem features
10.1109/tlt.2017.2784420 · 2017 · External reference
Can AI-generated text be reliably detected? Stress testing AI text detectors under various attacks
2025 · External reference
The digital fingerprint of learner behavior: Empirical Evidence for individuality in learning using deep learning
2024 · External reference
Do LLMs give psychometrically plausible responses in educational assessments?
2025 · External reference
Detecting and unmasking AI-generated texts through explainable artificial intelligence using stylistic features
10.14569/ijacsa.2023.01410110 · 2023 · External reference
AI in higher education: Guidelines On assessment design from Australian universities
10.14742/apubs.2024.1205 · 2024 · External reference
Generative AI for critical analysis: Practical tools, cognitive offloading and human agency
2024 · External reference
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10.1093/ej/ueae017 · 2024 · External reference
Factors in students’ dishonesty
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Higher education crisis: Academic Misconduct with generative AI
10.1111/1468-5973.12532 · 2024 · External reference
Identifying generative artificial intelligence chatbot use on multiple-choice, general chemistry exams using Rasch analysis
10.1021/acs.jchemed.4c00165 · 2024 · External reference
Computer-adaptive testing for students with disabilities: A review of the literature
10.1002/j.2333-8504.2011.tb02268.x · 2011 · External reference
The model student: GPT-4 Performance on graduate biomedical science exams
10.1038/s41598-024-55568-7 · 2024 · External reference
Applying IRT to distinguish between human and generative AI responses to multiple-choice assessments
2025 · External reference
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ChatGPT: The End of online exam integrity?
10.3390/educsci14060656 · 2024 · External reference
A CUSUM to detect person misfit: A Discussion and some alternatives for existing procedures
10.1177/0146621612446305 · 2012 · External reference
PerFit: An R package for person-fit analysis in IRT
10.18637/jss.v074.i05 · 2016 · External reference
Using cumulative sum statistics to detect inconsistencies in unproctored internet testing
10.1177/0013164412444787 · 2013 · External reference
Do LLMs exhibit human-like response biases? A case study in survey design
10.1162/tacl_a_00685 · 2024 · External reference
The threat of AI chatbot responses to crowdsourced open-ended survey questions
10.1016/j.erss.2024.103857 · 2025 · External reference
The effect of uncertainty of item parameter estimation on ability estimates
10.1007/bf02295293 · 1990 · External reference
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1975 · External reference
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1977 · External reference
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Detecting aberrant behavior and item preknowledge: A comparison of mixture modeling method and residual method
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Examining the potential and pitfalls of ChatGPT in science and engineering problem-solving
2024 · External reference
Comparing student and generative artificial intelligence chatbot responses to organic chemistry writing-to-learn assignments
10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c00664 · 2023 · External reference
Testing of detection tools for AI-generated text
10.1007/s40979-023-00146-z · 2023 · External reference
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Disciplinary action for academic dishonesty: Does the student’s gender matter?
10.1007/s40979-015-0006-2 · 2015 · External reference
A survey on LLM-generated text detection: Necessity, methods, and future directions
2025 · External reference
Is ChatGPT an opportunity or a threat? Preventive strategies employed by academics related to a GenAI-based LLM at a faculty of education
2024 · External reference
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2025 · External reference
Practical and ethical challenges of large language models in education: A Systematic scoping review
10.1111/bjet.13370 · 2024 · External reference
Identifying items on which humans and chatbots diverge using differential item functioning
2026 · External reference