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References from The Impact of the Tumor Microenvironment on Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Resistance in Prostate Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Strategies. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Cabozantinib plus atezolizumab in metastatic prostate cancer (CONTACT-02): final analyses from a phase 3, open-label, randomised trial
10.1016/s1470-2045(25)00209-8 · 2025 · External reference
Safety and Efficacy of Tarlatamab in Patients with Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer: Results from the Phase 1b DeLLpro-300 Study
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-25-1211 · 2025 · External reference
Pembrolizumab Plus Olaparib for Patients With Previously Treated and Biomarker-Unselected Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: The Randomized, Open-Label, Phase III KEYLYNK-010 Trial
10.1200/jco.23.00233 · 2023 · External reference
Pembrolizumab for Treatment-Refractory Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Multicohort, Open-Label Phase II KEYNOTE-199 Study
10.1200/jco.19.01638 · 2020 · External reference
A mechanism of hypoxia-mediated escape from adaptive immunity in cancer cells
10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-0992 · 2014 · External reference
Targeting TREM2 on tumor-associated macrophages enhances immunotherapy
10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109844 · 2021 · External reference
Dendritic Cells and CCR7 Expression: An Important Factor for Autoimmune Diseases, Chronic Inflammation, and Cancer
10.3390/ijms22158340 · 2021 · External reference
Circulating tumor extracellular vesicles to monitor metastatic prostate cancer genomics and transcriptomic evolution
10.1016/j.ccell.2024.06.003 · 2024 · External reference
Dysfunction of dendritic cells in tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy
10.1002/cac2.12596 · 2024 · External reference
Prostate cancer microenvironment: multidimensional regulation of immune cells, vascular system, stromal cells, and microbiota
10.1186/s12943-024-02137-1 · 2024 · External reference
Regulation of macrophage plasticity by circCCDC7 19-13 through HSP90 inhibition suppresses prostate cancer progression and metastasis: a translational study
10.1097/js9.0000000000002895 · 2025 · External reference
Lactate as Key Metabolite in Prostate Cancer Progression: What Are the Clinical Implications?
10.3390/cancers15133473 · 2023 · External reference
Expression of Cationic Amino Acid Transporter 2 Is Required for Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell-Mediated Control of T Cell Immunity
10.4049/jimmunol.1500959 · 2015 · External reference
Lactate modulates CD4+ T-cell polarization and induces an immunosuppressive environment, which sustains prostate carcinoma progression via TLR8/miR21 axis
10.1038/s41388-019-0688-7 · 2019 · External reference
Enzalutamide, an Androgen Receptor Antagonist, Enhances Myeloid Cell-Mediated Immune Suppression and Tumor Progression
10.1158/2326-6066.cir-19-0371 · 2020 · External reference
Blood and urine-based biomarkers in prostate cancer: Current advances, clinical applications, and future directions
10.1016/j.jlb.2025.100305 · 2025 · External reference
PD-1 and CTLA-4 combination blockade expands infiltrating T cells and reduces regulatory T and myeloid cells within B16 melanoma tumors
10.1073/pnas.0915174107 · 2010 · External reference
Moving toward improved immune checkpoint immunotherapy for advanced prostate cancer
10.1111/iju.15378 · 2024 · External reference
Dendritic cell subsets in cancer immunity and tumor antigen sensing
10.1038/s41423-023-00990-6 · 2023 · External reference
Randomized phase II trial of nivolumab and ipilimumab with or without stereotactic body radiation therapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: the CheckPRO, CA209-8TY trial
10.1136/jitc-2026-014803 · 2026 · External reference
Signaling pathways in cancer-associated fibroblasts: recent advances and future perspectives
10.1002/cac2.12392 · 2023 · External reference
Nivolumab plus docetaxel in patients with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from the phase II CheckMate 9KD trial
10.1016/j.ejca.2021.09.043 · 2022 · External reference
Nivolumab plus rucaparib for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from the phase 2 CheckMate 9KD trial
10.1136/jitc-2022-004761 · 2022 · External reference
Nivolumab plus docetaxel versus placebo plus docetaxel for androgen receptor pathway inhibitor-pretreated and chemotherapy-naive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CheckMate 7DX): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial
10.1016/s1470-2045(25)00566-2 · 2026 · External reference
PD-1 or CTLA-4 blockade promotes CD86-driven Treg responses upon radiotherapy of lymphocyte-depleted cancer in mice
10.1172/jci171154 · 2024 · External reference
VISTA is an inhibitory immune checkpoint that is increased after ipilimumab therapy in patients with prostate cancer
10.1038/nm.4308 · 2017 · External reference
Interruption of the intratumor CD8(+) T cell:Treg crosstalk improves the efficacy of PD-1 immunotherapy
10.1016/j.ccell.2024.05.013 · 2024 · External reference
Neutrophil plasticity in the tumor microenvironment
10.1182/blood-2018-11-844548 · 2019 · External reference
Cutting edge: contact-mediated suppression by CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells involves a granzyme B-dependent, perforin-independent mechanism
10.4049/jimmunol.174.4.1783 · 2005 · External reference
Pembrolizumab plus enzalutamide versus placebo plus enzalutamide for chemotherapy-naive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: the randomized, double-blind, phase III KEYNOTE-641 study
10.1016/j.annonc.2025.05.007 · 2025 · External reference
Pembrolizumab plus enzalutamide and androgen deprivation therapy versus placebo plus enzalutamide and androgen deprivation therapy for metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer: the randomized, double-blind, phase III KEYNOTE-991 study
10.1016/j.annonc.2025.05.008 · 2025 · External reference
Phase III Trial of PROSTVAC in Asymptomatic or Minimally Symptomatic Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
10.1200/jco.18.02031 · 2019 · External reference
Anti-PD-1 immunotherapy with androgen deprivation therapy induces robust immune infiltration in metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer
10.1016/j.ccell.2023.10.006 · 2023 · External reference
Dendritic cells as orchestrators of anticancer immunity and immunotherapy
10.1038/s41571-024-00859-1 · 2024 · External reference
Dissecting the immune suppressive human prostate tumor microenvironment via integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses
10.1038/s41467-023-36325-2 · 2023 · External reference
Inhibition of Fatty Acid Oxidation Modulates Immunosuppressive Functions of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Enhances Cancer Therapies
10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0036 · 2015 · External reference
Mesothelial cell-derived antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts induce expansion of regulatory T cells in pancreatic cancer
10.1016/j.ccell.2022.04.011 · 2022 · External reference
Correlation between frequencies of blood monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells and negative prognostic markers in patients with castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer
10.1007/s00262-014-1591-2 · 2014 · External reference
Targeted hypoxia reduction restores T cell infiltration and sensitizes prostate cancer to immunotherapy
10.1172/jci96268 · 2018 · External reference
Differences in Tumor Microenvironment Dictate T Helper Lineage Polarization and Response to Immune Checkpoint Therapy
10.1016/j.cell.2019.10.029 · 2019 · External reference
Lipid metabolic reprogramming in tumor microenvironment: from mechanisms to therapeutics
10.1186/s13045-023-01498-2 · 2023 · External reference
PD-1(+) regulatory T cells amplified by PD-1 blockade promote hyperprogression of cancer
10.1073/pnas.1822001116 · 2019 · External reference
Activity of durvalumab plus olaparib in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in men with and without DNA damage repair mutations
10.1186/s40425-018-0463-2 · 2018 · External reference
Human prostate cancer bone metastases have an actionable immunosuppressive microenvironment
10.1016/j.ccell.2021.09.005 · 2021 · External reference
IL-6 selectively suppresses cDC1 specification via C/EBPβ
10.1084/jem.20221757 · 2023 · External reference
Licensing of natural killer cells by host major histocompatibility complex class I molecules
10.1038/nature03847 · 2005 · External reference
Down-regulation of HLA class I antigens in prostate cancer tissues and up-regulation by histone deacetylase inhibition
10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.109 · 2007 · External reference
Lactic acid promotes PD-1 expression in regulatory T cells in highly glycolytic tumor microenvironments
10.1016/j.ccell.2022.01.001 · 2022 · External reference
The PD-1 expression balance between effector and regulatory T cells predicts the clinical efficacy of PD-1 blockade therapies
10.1038/s41590-020-0769-3 · 2020 · External reference
PD-1 expression on Foxp3+ Treg cells modulates CD8+ T cell function in prostatic tumor microenvironment
2017 · External reference
Avelumab Combined with Stereotactic Ablative Body Radiotherapy in Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: The Phase 2 ICE-PAC Clinical Trial
10.1016/j.eururo.2021.08.011 · 2022 · External reference
Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Human Breast, Colorectal, Lung, Ovarian and Prostate Cancers
10.3389/fonc.2020.566511 · 2020 · External reference
Nivolumab and ipilimumab for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with an immunogenic signature: the multicenter, two-cohort, phase II NEPTUNES study
10.1200/jco-24-02637 · 2025 · External reference
From cold to hot: A 'Prime, Activate, Sustain' framework for precision remodeling of the tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer
10.1016/j.critrevonc.2026.105283 · 2026 · External reference
ARID1A loss induces polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell chemotaxis and promotes prostate cancer progression
10.1038/s41467-022-34871-9 · 2022 · External reference
YY1 enhances HIF-1α stability in tumor-associated macrophages to suppress anti-tumor immunity of prostate cancer in mice
10.1038/s41467-025-61560-0 · 2025 · External reference
Phase Ia/b, Open-Label, Multicenter Study of AZD4635 (an Adenosine A2A Receptor Antagonist) as Monotherapy or Combined with Durvalumab, in Patients with Solid Tumors
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-0612 · 2022 · External reference
Reactivation of the tumor suppressor PTEN by mRNA nanoparticles enhances antitumor immunity in preclinical models
10.1126/scitranslmed.aba9772 · 2021 · External reference
Single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing reveal cancer-associated fibroblast heterogeneity and a prognostic signature in prostate cancer
10.1097/md.0000000000034611 · 2023 · External reference
Prostate cancer immunotherapy-based strategies: an updated review emphasizing immune checkpoint inhibitors
2025 · External reference
Effective combinatorial immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer
10.1038/nature21676 · 2017 · External reference
Evolution of myeloid-mediated immunotherapy resistance in prostate cancer
10.1038/s41586-024-08290-3 · 2025 · External reference
Docetaxel remodels prostate cancer immune microenvironment and enhances checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy
10.7150/thno.73152 · 2022 · External reference
Tumour-associated macrophages as treatment targets in oncology
10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.217 · 2017 · External reference
Single-Cell and Spatial Transcriptomics Reveal a Tumor-Associated Macrophage Subpopulation that Mediates Prostate Cancer Progression and Metastasis
10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-24-0791 · 2025 · External reference
TREM2 Modulation Remodels the Tumor Myeloid Landscape Enhancing Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy
10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.013 · 2020 · External reference
Transforming growth factor-β1 in regulatory T cell biology
10.1126/sciimmunol.abi4613 · 2022 · External reference
EZH2 inhibition activates a dsRNA-STING-interferon stress axis that potentiates response to PD-1 checkpoint blockade in prostate cancer
10.1038/s43018-021-00185-w · 2021 · External reference
Chemokines and cytokines: Axis and allies in prostate cancer pathogenesis
10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.017 · 2022 · External reference
Evaluating Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancers with Deleterious CDK12 Alterations in the Phase 2 IMPACT Trial
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-24-0400 · 2024 · External reference
T-Cell Infiltration and Adaptive Treg Resistance in Response to Androgen Deprivation With or Without Vaccination in Localized Prostate Cancer
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-3372 · 2020 · External reference
Hypoxia Modifies the Transcriptome of Human NK Cells, Modulates Their Immunoregulatory Profile, and Influences NK Cell Subset Migration
10.3389/fimmu.2018.02358 · 2018 · External reference
Inherent and Tumor-Driven Immune Tolerance in the Prostate Microenvironment Impairs Natural Killer Cell Antitumor Activity
10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-1965 · 2016 · External reference
Cabozantinib eradicates advanced murine prostate cancer by activating antitumor innate immunity
10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0778 · 2017 · External reference
Characterization of the immune landscape in healthy mouse prostate and during prostate cancer progression
10.1080/2162402x.2025.2562220 · 2025 · External reference
Fibrosis and cancer: A strained relationship
10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188356 · 2020 · External reference
A guide to antigen processing and presentation
10.1038/s41577-022-00707-2 · 2022 · External reference
Antitumor efficacy of (90)Y-NM600 targeted radionuclide therapy and PD-1 blockade is limited by regulatory T cells in murine prostate tumors
10.1136/jitc-2022-005060 · 2022 · External reference
Atezolizumab with enzalutamide versus enzalutamide alone in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomized phase 3 trial
10.1038/s41591-021-01600-6 · 2022 · External reference
Metabolism of L-arginine by myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer: mechanisms of T cell suppression and therapeutic perspectives
10.3109/08820139.2012.680634 · 2012 · External reference
The role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α in determining the properties of castrate-resistant prostate cancers
10.1371/journal.pone.0054251 · 2013 · External reference
Cross-presentation of the oncofetal tumor antigen 5T4 from irradiated prostate cancer cells: a key role for heat-shock protein 70 and receptor CD91
10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0079 · 2015 · External reference
Adaptive plasticity of IL-10(+) and IL-35(+) T(reg) cells cooperatively promotes tumor T cell exhaustion
10.1038/s41590-019-0346-9 · 2019 · External reference
Immunogenic cell death and immunomodulatory effects of cabozantinib
10.3389/fonc.2021.755433 · 2021 · External reference
Nivolumab plus ipilimumab for chemotherapy-refractory metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from the randomized portion of the phase 2 CheckMate 650 trial
10.1038/s41467-026-72242-w · 2026 · External reference
PARPi Triggers the STING-Dependent Immune Response and Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Independent of BRCAness
10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-1003 · 2019 · External reference
Cancer statistics, 2024
2024 · External reference
Ipilimumab alone or in combination with radiotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from an open-label, multicenter phase I/II study
10.1093/annonc/mdt107 · 2013 · External reference
YAP1 Inhibition Induces Phenotype Switching of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts to Tumor Suppressive in Prostate Cancer
10.1158/0008-5472.can-24-0932 · 2024 · External reference
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells inhibit T-cell activation by depleting cystine and cysteine
10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-2587 · 2010 · External reference
PAK4 inhibition improves PD1 blockade immunotherapy in prostate cancer by increasing immune infiltration
10.1016/j.canlet.2022.216034 · 2023 · External reference
Immune checkpoint therapy for solid tumours: clinical dilemmas and future trends
10.1038/s41392-023-01522-4 · 2023 · External reference
Circulating Tumor DNA Assessment for Treatment Monitoring Adds Value to PSA in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-24-1096 · 2024 · External reference
Prognostic role of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1093/jnci/dju124 · 2014 · External reference
The androgen-thyroid hormone crosstalk in prostate cancer and the clinical implications
10.1530/etj-22-0228 · 2023 · External reference
Ipilimumab with nivolumab in molecularly selected patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer: primary analysis of the phase II INSPIRE trial
10.1016/j.annonc.2024.09.004 · 2024 · External reference
Efficacy of Anti-PD-(L)1 Immunotherapy in Patients with DNA Mismatch Repair-deficient Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
10.1016/j.euo.2025.04.016 · 2025 · External reference
Heterogeneity of human prostate carcinoma-associated fibroblasts implicates a role for subpopulations in myeloid cell recruitment
10.1002/pros.23929 · 2020 · External reference
TGF-β inhibits the activation and functions of NK cells by repressing the mTOR pathway
10.1126/scisignal.aad1884 · 2016 · External reference
TIGIT immune checkpoint blockade enhances immunity of human peripheral blood NK cells against castration-resistant prostate cancer
10.1016/j.canlet.2023.216300 · 2023 · External reference
AR(+)TREM2(+) macrophage induced pathogenic immunosuppression promotes prostate cancer progression
10.1038/s41467-025-62381-x · 2025 · External reference
Adverse Events of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Therapy for Urologic Cancer Patients in Clinical Trials: A Collaborative Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
10.1016/j.eururo.2022.01.028 · 2022 · External reference
Targeting tumor-associated macrophages to synergize tumor immunotherapy
10.1038/s41392-021-00484-9 · 2021 · External reference
Lipid Metabolic Pathways Confer the Immunosuppressive Function of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Tumor
10.3389/fimmu.2019.01399 · 2019 · External reference
PPARα Inhibition Overcomes Tumor-Derived Exosomal Lipid-Induced Dendritic Cell Dysfunction
10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108278 · 2020 · External reference
Prostaglandin E(2) Inhibits Prostate Cancer Progression by Countervailing Tumor Microenvironment-Induced Impairment of Dendritic Cell Migration through LXRα/CCR7 Pathway
10.1155/2018/5808962 · 2018 · External reference
Pembrolizumab Plus Docetaxel and Prednisone in Patients with Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer: Long-term Results from the Phase 1b/2 KEYNOTE-365 Cohort B Study
10.1016/j.eururo.2022.02.023 · 2022 · External reference
Abrogation of HnRNP L enhances anti-PD-1 therapy efficacy via diminishing PD-L1 and promoting CD8(+) T cell-mediated ferroptosis in castration-resistant prostate cancer
10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.016 · 2022 · External reference
Targeting the chromatin effector Pygo2 promotes cytotoxic T cell responses and overcomes immunotherapy resistance in prostate cancer
10.1126/sciimmunol.ade4656 · 2023 · External reference