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References from Opposing immunomodulatory effects of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in immune and intestinal epithelial cells. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Toll-like receptor signalling in the intestinal epithelium: how bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function
10.1038/nri2707 · 2010 · External reference
Alternaria toxins-still emerging?
10.1111/1541-4337.12803 · 2021 · External reference
Naturally occurring mixtures of Alternaria toxins: anti-estrogenic and genotoxic effects in vitro
10.1007/s00204-019-02545-z · 2019 · External reference
Dietary exposure assessment to Alternaria toxins in the European population
2016 · External reference
The effects of mycotoxins, fungal food contaminants, on the intestinal epithelial cell-derived innate immune response
10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.08.010 · 2005 · External reference
In vitro models of intestinal epithelium: toward bioengineered systems
10.1177/2041731420985202 · 2021 · External reference
Discovery of the Alternaria mycotoxins alterperylenol and altertoxin I as novel immunosuppressive and antiestrogenic compounds in vitro
10.1007/s00204-024-03877-1 · 2024 · External reference
Alternaria alternata mycotoxins activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and Nrf2-ARE pathway to alter the structure and immune response of Colon epithelial cells
10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00364 · 2022 · External reference
Intercrypt sentinel macrophages tune antibacterial NF-κB responses in gut epithelial cells via TNF
10.1084/jem.20210862 · 2021 · External reference
The mycotoxin alternariol suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in THP-1 derived macrophages targeting the NF-κB signalling pathway
10.1007/s00204-018-2299-4 · 2018 · External reference
Tenuazonic acid-induced mycotoxicosis in an immunosuppressed mouse model and its prophylaxis with cinnamaldehyde
10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142812 · 2024 · External reference
NF-κB signaling in inflammation
10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23 · 2017 · External reference
Hazard characterization of Alternaria toxins to identify data gaps and improve risk assessment for human health
10.1007/s00204-023-03636-8 · 2024 · External reference
An introduction to immunology and immunopathology
10.1186/s13223-018-0278-1 · 2018 · External reference
Resolving complexity: identification of altersetin and toxin mixtures responsible for the immunomodulatory, antiestrogenic and genotoxic potential of a complex Alternaria mycotoxin extract
10.1016/j.fct.2025.115315 · 2025 · External reference
Immunomodulatory potential of Alternaria mycotoxins on immune and intestinal cells: a comparative systematic in vitro study
10.1007/s00204-026-04346-7 · 2026 · External reference
The Alternaria mycotoxin alternariol triggers the immune response of IL-1β-stimulated, differentiated Caco-2 cells
10.1002/mnfr.201900341 · 2019 · External reference
An update on immunotoxicity and mechanisms of action of six environmental mycotoxins
10.1016/j.fct.2022.112895 · 2022 · External reference
Inflammatory parameters in Caco-2 cells: effect of stimuli nature, concentration, combination and cell differentiation
10.1016/j.tiv.2010.04.002 · 2010 · External reference
NF-κB in the regulation of epithelial homeostasis and inflammation
10.1038/cr.2010.175 · 2011 · External reference
Epithelial-immune cell crosstalk for intestinal barrier homeostasis
10.1002/eji.202350631 · 2024 · External reference