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References from Fractures in suspected child abuse: A critical review of the evidence cited by the American Academy of Pediatrics and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Section on orthopaedics, section on radiology, and section on endocrinology, and the society for pediatric radiology; evaluating young children with fractures for child abuse: clinical report
10.1542/peds.2024-070074 · 2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2020 · External reference
Unresolved reference
1921 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Quality of evidence and strength of recommendations in American academy of pediatrics' guidelines
10.1542/peds.2024-067836 · 2025 · External reference
Identifying maltreatment in infants and young children presenting with fractures: does age matter?
10.1111/acem.14122 · 2021 · External reference
What does the recent literature add to the identification and investigation of fractures in child abuse: an overview of review updates 2005–2013
10.1002/ebch.1941 · 2013 · External reference
Sources of variation and bias in studies of diagnostic accuracy: a systematic review
10.7326/0003-4819-140-3-200402030-00010 · 2004 · External reference
Evaluating bias and variability in diagnostic test reports
10.1016/s0196-0644(99)70422-1 · 1999 · External reference
Rib fractures in infancy
1977 · External reference
Rib fractures in children
10.1097/00006565-198512000-00004 · 1985 · External reference
Cause and clinical characteristics of rib fractures in infants
10.1542/peds.105.4.e48 · 2000 · External reference
Are abusive fractures in young children becoming less common? Changes over 24 years
10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.07.004 · 2007 · External reference
Incidence of fractures attributable to abuse in young hospitalized children: results from analysis of a United States database
10.1542/peds.2007-1959 · 2008 · External reference
Frequency of intrathoracic injuries in children younger than 3 years with rib fractures
10.1007/s00247-014-2988-y · 2014 · External reference
Occult rib fractures: defining the cause
10.1002/car.2260 · 2015 · External reference
Fractures of the first rib in child abuse
10.1148/radiology.197.3.7480753 · 1995 · External reference
Rib fractures in infants: red alert! the clinical features, investigations and child protection outcomes
10.1046/j.1440-1754.2000.00515.x · 2000 · External reference
The positive predictive value of rib fractures as an indicator of nonaccidental trauma in children
10.1097/01.ta.0000068992.01030.a8 · 2003 · External reference
Rib fractures in children: a marker of severe trauma
10.1097/00005373-199006000-00007 · 1990 · External reference
Child abuse and orthopaedic injury patterns: analysis at a level I pediatric trauma center
10.1097/bpo.0b013e3181b2b3ee · 2009 · External reference
Patterns of fractures in accidental and non-accidental injury in children: a comparative study
10.1136/bmj.293.6539.100 · 1986 · External reference
Fractures in the Under-3-Year-Old age cohort
10.1177/000992289203101103 · 1992 · External reference
The significance of femoral fractures in children
10.1016/s0196-0644(82)80492-7 · 1982 · External reference
Fractures in the first year of life: a diagnostic dilemma?
10.1001/archpedi.1982.03970370028006 · 1982 · External reference
The classic metaphyseal lesion and traumatic injury
10.1007/s00247-016-3568-0 · 2016 · External reference
Long-bone fractures in young children: distinguishing accidental injuries from child abuse
10.1542/peds.88.3.471 · 1991 · External reference
Fractures in young children. Distinguishing child abuse from unintentional injuries
10.1001/archpedi.1993.02160250089028 · 1993 · External reference
Humeral fractures without obvious etiologies in children less than 3 years of age: when is it abuse?
10.1542/peds.96.4.667 · 1995 · External reference
Fractures in infants: a sign of child abuse
10.1016/s0196-0644(82)80493-9 · 1982 · External reference
Humerus shaft fractures in young children: accident or abuse?
10.1097/01241398-199705000-00005 · 1997 · External reference
Multicentre study of physical abuse and limb fractures in young children in the East Anglia Region, UK
10.1136/archdischild-2018-315035 · 2019 · External reference
Fractured femur in infancy: the role of child abuse
10.1097/01241398-198311000-00004 · 1983 · External reference
Causative factors responsible for femoral fractures in infants and young children
10.1097/01241398-198307000-00012 · 1983 · External reference
Fractures of the femur in childhood
10.1016/0020-1383(87)90183-5 · 1987 · External reference
Undiagnosed abuse in children younger than 3 years with femoral fracture
1990 · External reference
Fractures of the femoral shaft in children: incidence, mechanisms, and sociodemographic risk factors
10.2106/00004623-199904000-00007 · 1999 · External reference
Femur shaft fractures in toddlers and young children: rarely from child abuse
10.1097/01241398-200007000-00010 · 2000 · External reference
The risk of child abuse in infants and toddlers with lower extremity injuries
10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.09.003 · 2005 · External reference
Non-accidental fractures in infants: risk of further abuse
10.1046/j.1440-1754.2000.00592.x · 2000 · External reference
Femur fractures in the pediatric population: abuse or accidental trauma?
10.1007/s11999-010-1339-z · 2011 · External reference
Femoral fractures in children younger than three years: the role of nonaccidental injury
10.1097/bpo.0b013e3181653bf9 · 2008 · External reference
Features of femoral fractures in nonaccidental injury
10.1097/01241398-200005000-00028 · 2000 · External reference
Transverse fractures of the femoral shaft are a better predictor of nonaccidental trauma in young children than spiral fractures are
10.2106/jbjs.n.00664 · 2015 · External reference
Prevalence of abuse among young children with rib fractures: a systematic review
10.1097/pec.0000000000000911 · 2019 · External reference
Expert panel as reference standard procedure in diagnostic accuracy studies: a systematic scoping review and methodological guidance
10.1186/s41512-025-00195-7 · 2025 · External reference
QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies
10.7326/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009 · 2011 · External reference
The psychology of confessions: a review of the literature and issues
10.1111/j.1529-1006.2004.00016.x · 2004 · External reference
Why admitted cases of AHT make a low quality reference standard: a survey of people accused of AHT in France
2022 · External reference
Rib fractures in infancy: establishing the mechanisms of cause from the injuries—a literature review
2007 · External reference
The first step in an investigation of quantitative ultrasound as a technique for evaluating infant bone strength
10.1111/1556-4029.14605 · 2021 · External reference
ACR appropriateness criteria® osteoporosis and bone mineral density: 2022 update
10.1016/j.jacr.2022.09.007 · 2022 · External reference
Is the new ACR-SPR practice guideline for addition of oblique views of the ribs to the skeletal survey for child abuse justified?
10.2214/ajr.13.11068 · 2014 · External reference
Double-read of skeletal surveys in suspected non-accidental trauma: what we learned
10.1007/s00247-017-3783-3 · 2017 · External reference
Problems in the diagnosis of metaphyseal fractures
10.1007/s00247-008-0845-6 · 2008 · External reference
