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References from Brain Tumor Vaccines. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide for glioblastoma
10.1056/nejmoa043330 · 2005 · External reference
20 years of the stupp protocol: confronting stagnation in glioblastoma therapy
10.1016/s1470-2045(25)00705-3 · 2026 · External reference
Role of radiation therapy in the management of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: a systematic review
10.1016/j.adro.2019.03.009 · 2019 · External reference
Randomized phase III trial in childhood high-grade astrocytoma comparing vincristine, lomustine, and prednisone with the eight-drugs-in-1-day regimen, Childrens Cancer Group
10.1200/jco.1995.13.1.112 · 1995 · External reference
Temozolomide in the treatment of children with newly diagnosed diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas: a report from the children’s oncology group
10.1093/neuonc/noq205 · 2011 · External reference
An integrative model of cellular states, plasticity, and genetics for glioblastoma
10.1016/j.cell.2019.06.024 · 2019 · External reference
Glioblastoma evolution and heterogeneity from a 3D whole-tumor perspective
10.1016/j.cell.2023.12.013 · 2024 · External reference
Spatial transcriptomics reveals niche-specific enrichment and vulnerabilities of radial glial stem-like cells in malignant gliomas
10.1038/s41467-023-36707-6 · 2023 · External reference
The landscape of tumor cell states and spatial organization in H3-K27M mutant diffuse midline glioma across age and location
10.1038/s41588-022-01236-3 · 2022 · External reference
GABAergic neuronal lineage development determines clinically actionable targets in diffuse hemispheric glioma, H3G34-mutant
10.1016/j.ccell.2024.08.006 · 2024 · External reference
Quantitative analysis of immune cells within the tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma and their relevance for prognosis
2024 · External reference
Tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma: the central role of the hypoxic–necrotic core
10.1016/j.canlet.2025.218216 · 2026 · External reference
Immune microenvironment in glioblastoma subtypes
10.3389/fimmu.2018.01004 · 2018 · External reference
Identification of hypoxic macrophages in glioblastoma with therapeutic potential for vasculature normalization
10.1016/j.ccell.2024.03.013 · 2024 · External reference
The multifaceted role of perivascular macrophages in tumors
10.1016/j.ccell.2016.05.017 · 2016 · External reference
Microglia and brain macrophages are differentially associated with tumor necrosis in glioblastoma: a link to tumor progression
10.32604/or.2024.056436 · 2025 · External reference
Antigen presentation by tumor-associated macrophages drives T cells from a progenitor exhaustion state to terminal exhaustion
10.1016/j.immuni.2024.11.026 · 2025 · External reference
CD4+ T effector memory cell dysfunction is associated with the accumulation of granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells in glioblastoma patients
10.1093/neuonc/nov280 · 2016 · External reference
CCL2 produced by the glioma microenvironment is essential for the recruitment of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells
10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0144 · 2016 · External reference
Hypoxic glioma-derived exosomal miR-25-3p promotes macrophage M2 polarization by activating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway
10.1186/s12951-024-02888-5 · 2024 · External reference
Hypoxic glioblastoma-cell-derived extracellular vesicles impair cGAS-STING activity in macrophages
10.1186/s12964-024-01523-y · 2024 · External reference
Hypoxia conduces the glioma progression by inducing M2 macrophage polarization via elevating TNFSF9 level in a histone-lactylation-dependent manner
10.1152/ajpcell.00124.2024 · 2024 · External reference
Non-inflammatory tumor microenvironment of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
10.1186/s40478-018-0553-x · 2018 · External reference
IGSF11-VISTA is a critical and targetable immune checkpoint axis in diffuse midline glioma
10.1016/j.ccell.2025.12.020 · 2026 · External reference
Microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages drive progression of pediatric high-grade gliomas and are transcriptionally shaped by histone mutations
10.1016/j.immuni.2024.09.007 · 2024 · External reference
Immune landscape of oncohistone-mutant gliomas reveals diverse myeloid populations and tumor-promoting function
10.1038/s41467-024-52096-w · 2024 · External reference
Interactions between cancer cells and immune cells drive transitions to mesenchymal-like states in glioblastoma
10.1016/j.ccell.2021.05.002 · 2021 · External reference
The landscape of immune checkpoint inhibitor clinical trials in glioblastoma: a systematic review
2024 · External reference
Neoadjuvant triplet immune checkpoint blockade in newly diagnosed glioblastoma
10.1038/s41591-025-03512-1 · 2025 · External reference
Challenges and potential of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade immunotherapy for glioblastoma
10.1186/s13046-019-1085-3 · 2019 · External reference
MGMT promoter methylation is predictive of response to radiotherapy and prognostic in the absence of adjuvant alkylating chemotherapy for glioblastoma
10.1093/neuonc/nop020 · 2010 · External reference
NRG-BN002: phase I study of ipilimumab, nivolumab, and the combination in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma
10.1093/neuonc/noae058 · 2024 · External reference
Fc-enhanced anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, doxorubicin, and ultrasound-mediated blood–brain barrier opening: a novel combinatorial immunotherapy regimen for gliomas
10.1093/neuonc/noae135 · 2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
TIGIT and PD-1 immune checkpoint pathways are associated with patient outcome and anti-tumor immunity in glioblastoma
10.3389/fimmu.2021.637146 · 2021 · External reference
Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and therapeutic landscape of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
10.1002/med.70037 · 2026 · External reference
Combination of locoregional radiotherapy with a TIM-3 aptamer improves survival in diffuse midline glioma models
10.1172/jci.insight.175257 · 2024 · External reference
Phase 1 dose-escalation trial using convection-enhanced delivery of radio-immunotheranostic 124I-Omburtamab for diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma
10.1093/neuonc/noaf039 · 2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Insights into the leveraging of GABAergic signaling in cancer therapy
10.1002/cam4.6102 · 2023 · External reference
Cancer-cell-derived GABA promotes β-catenin-mediated tumour growth and immunosuppression
10.1038/s41556-021-00820-9 · 2022 · External reference
B cell-derived GABA elicits IL-10+ macrophages to limit anti-tumour immunity
10.1038/s41586-021-04082-1 · 2021 · External reference
Anti-synthetic peptide antibody reacting at the fusion junction of deletion-mutant epidermal growth factor receptors in human glioblastoma
10.1073/pnas.87.11.4207 · 1990 · External reference
A deletion mutation within the ligand binding domain is responsible for activation of epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human brain tumors
10.1111/j.1349-7006.1990.tb02644.x · 1990 · External reference
Structural alterations of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in human gliomas
10.1073/pnas.89.7.2965 · 1992 · External reference
A mutant epidermal growth factor receptor common in human glioma confers enhanced tumorigenicity
10.1073/pnas.91.16.7727 · 1994 · External reference
Prognostic effect of epidermal growth factor receptor and EGFRvIII in glioblastoma multiforme patients
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1737 · 2005 · External reference
Rindopepimut with temozolomide for patients with newly diagnosed, EGFRvIII-expressing glioblastoma (ACT IV): a randomised, double-blind, international phase 3 trial
10.1016/s1470-2045(17)30517-x · 2017 · External reference
Rindopepimut with bevacizumab for patients with relapsed EGFRvIII-Expressing glioblastoma (ReACT): results of a double-blind randomized phase II trial
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1140 · 2020 · External reference
Autocrine VEGF–VEGFR2–Neuropilin-1 signaling promotes glioma stem-like cell viability and tumor growth
10.1084/jem.20111424 · 2012 · External reference
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in tumor progression
10.1016/j.critrevonc.2007.01.006 · 2007 · External reference
VEGF targets the tumour cell
10.1038/nrc3627 · 2013 · External reference
A pilot study of peptide vaccines for VEGF receptor 1 and 2 in patients with recurrent/progressive high grade glioma
10.18632/oncotarget.25131 · 2018 · External reference
Clinical and histopathological analyses of VEGF receptors peptide vaccine in patients with primary glioblastoma - a case series
10.1186/s12885-020-6589-x · 2020 · External reference
Expression of WT1 protein and correlation with cellular proliferation in glial tumors
10.2176/nmc.47.165 · 2007 · External reference
Induction of WT1 (wilms’ tumor gene)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by WT1 peptide vaccine and the resultant cancer regression
10.1073/pnas.0405884101 · 2004 · External reference
Phase II clinical trial of Wilms tumor 1 peptide vaccination for patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme
10.3171/jns/2008/108/5/0963 · 2008 · External reference
A novel anti-apoptosis gene, survivin, expressed in cancer and lymphoma
10.1038/nm0897-917 · 1997 · External reference
Quantitatively determined survivin expression levels are of prognostic value in human gliomas
10.1200/jco.2002.20.4.1063 · 2002 · External reference
Expression of survivin in astrocytic tumors: correlation with malignant grade and prognosis
10.1002/cncr.11122 · 2003 · External reference
Antitumor cytotoxic T-cell response induced by a survivin peptide mimic
10.1007/s00262-010-0845-x · 2010 · External reference
Phase IIa study of SurVaxM plus adjuvant temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma
10.1200/jco.22.00996 · 2023 · External reference
Mass cytometry detects H3.3K27M-specific vaccine responses in diffuse midline glioma
10.1172/jci140378 · 2020 · External reference
H3.3K27M mutation is not a suitable target for immunotherapy in HLA-A2+ patients with diffuse midline glioma
10.1136/jitc-2022-005535 · 2022 · External reference
A H3K27M-targeted vaccine in adults with diffuse midline glioma
10.1038/s41591-023-02555-6 · 2023 · External reference
IDH1 and IDH2 mutations in gliomas
10.1056/nejmoa0808710 · 2009 · External reference
A vaccine targeting mutant IDH1 in newly diagnosed glioma
10.1038/s41586-021-03363-z · 2021 · External reference
Exploiting the glioblastoma peptidome to discover novel tumour-associated antigens for immunotherapy
10.1093/brain/aws042 · 2012 · External reference
A cancer research UK first time in human phase I trial of IMA950 (novel multipeptide therapeutic vaccine) in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0506 · 2016 · External reference
Phase I/II trial testing safety and immunogenicity of the multipeptide IMA950/poly-ICLC vaccine in newly diagnosed adult malignant astrocytoma patients
10.1093/neuonc/noz040 · 2019 · External reference
Autologous formalin-fixed tumor vaccine
10.2174/1381612053507620 · 2005 · External reference
Phase I/IIa trial of fractionated radiotherapy, temozolomide, and autologous formalin-fixed tumor vaccine for newly diagnosed glioblastoma: clinical article
10.3171/2014.5.jns132392 · 2014 · External reference
A multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled phase IIb trial of an autologous formalin-fixed tumor vaccine for newly diagnosed glioblastomas
10.3171/2022.12.jns221221 · 2023 · External reference
Results of a pilot study involving the use of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide directed against the insulin-like growth factor type I receptor in malignant astrocytomas
10.1200/jco.2001.19.8.2189 · 2001 · External reference
Phase 1 trial of vaccination with autologous tumor cells and antisense directed against the insulin growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R AS ODN) in patients with recurrent glioblastoma
10.29046/jhnj.013.1.002 · 2018 · External reference
Phase Ib clinical trial of IGV-001 for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma
10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-3805 · 2021 · External reference
Use of ERC-1671 vaccine in a patient with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme after progression during bevacizumab therapy: first published report
10.7812/tpp/14-042 · 2015 · External reference
Antigen-specific immunoreactivity and clinical outcome following vaccination with glioma-associated antigen peptides in children with recurrent high-grade gliomas: results of a pilot study
10.1007/s11060-016-2245-3 · 2016 · External reference
Phase II study of ERC1671 plus bevacizumab versus bevacizumab plus placebo in recurrent glioblastoma: interim results and correlations with CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts
10.2217/cns-2018-0009 · 2018 · External reference
A real-world observation of patients with glioblastoma treated with a personalized peptide vaccine
10.1038/s41467-024-51315-8 · 2024 · External reference
Neoantigen vaccine generates intratumoral T cell responses in phase Ib glioblastoma trial
10.1038/s41586-018-0792-9 · 2019 · External reference
Association of autologous tumor lysate-loaded dendritic cell vaccination with extension of survival among patients with newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 3 prospective externally controlled cohort trial
10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.5370 · 2023 · External reference
Antigen-specific T-Cell response from dendritic cell vaccination using cancer stem-like cell-associated antigens
10.1002/stem.102 · 2009 · External reference
Phase I trial of a multi-epitope-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma
10.1007/s00262-012-1319-0 · 2013 · External reference
RNA aggregates harness the danger response for potent cancer immunotherapy
10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.003 · 2024 · External reference
Systemic mRNA vaccines elicit rapid immune activation in canine brain tumors
10.1136/jitc-2025-011817 · 2025 · External reference