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References from Altered Acylcarnitine Metabolism in cardiac diseases: From molecular mechanisms to translational potential. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Cardiovascular Disease
2025 · External reference
Interpretation of annual report on cardiovascular health and diseases in China 2024
2025 · External reference
Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021
10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00367-2 · 2024 · External reference
Temporal trends in clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review of 66,327 patients from 25 all-comers trials
10.4244/eij-d-21-00192 · 2022 · External reference
Cardiac energy metabolism in heart failure
10.1161/circresaha.121.318241 · 2021 · External reference
Advances in myocardial energy metabolism: metabolic remodelling in heart failure and beyond
10.1093/cvr/cvae231 · 2024 · External reference
Branched-chain amino acids in cardiovascular disease
10.1038/s41569-022-00760-3 · 2023 · External reference
Mitochondrial overload and incomplete fatty acid oxidation contribute to skeletal muscle insulin resistance
10.1016/j.cmet.2007.10.013 · 2008 · External reference
Pyruvate-supported flux through medium-chain ketothiolase promotes mitochondrial lipid tolerance in cardiac and skeletal muscles
10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.016 · 2023 · External reference
Acylcarnitines--old actors auditioning for new roles in metabolic physiology
10.1038/nrendo.2015.129 · 2015 · External reference
Carnitine
10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100336 · 2024 · External reference
Carnitine transport and fatty acid oxidation
10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.023 · 2016 · External reference
L-carnitine and acylcarnitines: mitochondrial biomarkers for precision medicine
10.3390/metabo11010051 · 2021 · External reference
Metabolites as signalling molecules
10.1038/s41580-022-00572-w · 2023 · External reference
Long-chain acyl-carnitines interfere with mitochondrial ATP production leading to cardiac dysfunction in zebrafish
10.3390/ijms22168468 · 2021 · External reference
Dissecting cellular mechanisms of long-chain acylcarnitines-driven cardiotoxicity: disturbance of calcium homeostasis, activation of Ca2+−dependent phospholipases, and mitochondrial energetics collapse
10.3390/ijms21207461 · 2020 · External reference
Acylcarnitines activate proinflammatory signaling pathways
10.1152/ajpendo.00656.2013 · 2014 · External reference
Long-chain acylcarnitines and cardiac excitation-contraction coupling: links to arrhythmias
10.3389/fphys.2020.577856 · 2020 · External reference
An arrhythmogenic metabolite in atrial fibrillation
10.1186/s12967-023-04420-z · 2023 · External reference
Study of amphipathic metabolites in cardiac pathophysiology: insights gained from long-chain acylcarnitines and calcium handling
10.1111/jcmm.17949 · 2023 · External reference
Metabolic pathways of acylcarnitine synthesis
10.33549/physiolres.935261 · 2024 · External reference
The role and mechanism of fatty acid oxidation in cancer drug resistance
10.1038/s41420-025-02554-1 · 2025 · External reference
Comprehensive review of the expanding roles of the carnitine pool in metabolic physiology: beyond fatty acid oxidation
10.1186/s12967-025-06341-5 · 2025 · External reference
Often forgotten but essential: long-chain acyl-CoAs in metabolic control
2026 · External reference
Pathophysiological roles of the serum acylcarnitine level and acylcarnitine/free carnitine ratio in patients with cardiovascular diseases
2024 · External reference
Acetylcarnitine shuttling links mitochondrial metabolism to histone acetylation and lipogenesis
10.1126/sciadv.adf0115 · 2023 · External reference
Pentadecanoylcarnitine is a newly discovered endocannabinoid with pleiotropic activities relevant to supporting physical and mental health
10.1038/s41598-022-18266-w · 2022 · External reference
Acylcarnitines at the membrane surface: insertion parameters for a mitochondrial leaflet model
10.1016/j.bpj.2020.01.013 · 2020 · External reference
EPA and DHA acylcarnitines are less cardiotoxic than are saturated and monounsaturated long-chain acylcarnitines
10.1002/biof.70014 · 2025 · External reference
Disturbed carnitine regulation in chronic heart failure — increased plasma levels of palmitoyl-carnitine are associated with poor prognosis
10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.04.150 · 2013 · External reference
Long-chain acylcarnitine metabolites are associated with adverse outcomes and reversible with mechanical circulatory support in systolic heart failure
10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.079 · 2016 · External reference
Relationship of acylcarnitines to myocardial ischemic remodeling and clinical manifestations in chronic heart failure
10.3390/jcdd10100438 · 2023 · External reference
Targeting long-chain acylcarnitine accumulation to protect cardiac mitochondrial homeostasis after complete revascularization
2025 · External reference
Thyroid hormone controls carnitine status through modifications of gamma-butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity and gene expression
10.1007/s00018-002-8445-3 · 2002 · External reference
Important hormones regulating lipid metabolism
2022 · External reference
Structural basis of sodium ion-dependent carnitine transport by OCTN2
10.1038/s41467-025-66867-6 · 2025 · External reference
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2 and carnitine/acylcarnitine translocase are involved in the mitochondrial synthesis and export of acylcarnitines
10.1096/fj.12-216689 · 2013 · External reference
Interactions of acyl carnitines with model membranes
10.1194/jlr.m200137-jlr200 · 2002 · External reference
Insulin signaling regulates fatty acid catabolism at the level of CoA activation
10.1371/journal.pgen.1002478 · 2012 · External reference
Lean heart: role of leptin in cardiac hypertrophy and metabolism, world
2015 · External reference
Acetyl-CoA carboxylases and diseases
2022 · External reference
Energy substrate metabolism and mitochondrial oxidative stress in cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury
10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.036 · 2021 · External reference
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity is essential for mitochondrial β-oxidation of fatty acids to prevent lethal accumulation of long-chain acylcarnitines in the mouse liver
10.1111/bph.16363 · 2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Disorders of mitochondrial long-chain fatty acid oxidation and the carnitine shuttle
10.1007/s11154-018-9448-1 · 2018 · External reference
Adult-onset carnitine palmitoyl transferase II (CPT II) deficiency presenting with rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury
10.1007/s13730-023-00804-8 · 2023 · External reference
Associations of plasma acylcarnitine and bile acid levels with incidence of coronary heart disease in Chinese adults
2024 · External reference
Metabolic impairment in coronary artery disease: elevated serum acylcarnitines under the spotlights
10.3389/fcvm.2021.792350 · 2021 · External reference
Long-chain acylcarnitine 18:1 acutely increases human atrial myocardial contractility and arrhythmia susceptibility
10.1152/ajpheart.00184.2021 · 2021 · External reference
αKG-mediated carnitine synthesis drives DNA repair via histone acetylation
10.1038/s41586-026-10584-7 · 2026 · External reference
Palmitoylcarnitine impairs immunity in decompensated cirrhosis
2024 · External reference
10.1152/ajpendo.00503.2014
10.1152/ajpendo.00503.2014 · External reference
Liver and muscle contribute differently to the plasma acylcarnitine pool during fasting and exercise in humans
10.1210/jc.2016-1859 · 2016 · External reference
Plasma acylcarnitine concentrations reflect the acylcarnitine profile in cardiac tissues
10.1038/s41598-017-17797-x · 2017 · External reference
Myocardial metabolomics of human heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
10.1161/circulationaha.122.061846 · 2023 · External reference
Relationship between serum carnitine, acylcarnitines, and renal function in patients with chronic renal disease
10.1053/j.jrn.2006.01.004 · 2006 · External reference
A plasma long-chain acylcarnitine predicts cardiovascular mortality in incident dialysis patients
10.1161/jaha.113.000542 · 2013 · External reference
Increased levels of plasma acylcarnitines in obesity and type 2 diabetes and identification of a marker of glucolipotoxicity
10.1038/oby.2009.510 · 2010 · External reference
Serum concentrations of lipids, ketones and acylcarnitines during the postprandial and fasting state: the postprandial metabolism (PoMet) study in healthy young adults
10.1017/s0007114524001934 · 2024 · External reference
Pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases: new insights into molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, and coronary artery disease
10.3390/biomedicines10081938 · 2022 · External reference
Acute myocardial infarction: molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical management
10.1002/mco2.70418 · 2025 · External reference
Myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury and cardioprotection in perspective
10.1038/s41569-020-0403-y · 2020 · External reference
Mitochondrial oxidative stress, calcium and dynamics in cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury
2025 · External reference
Mitochondrial quality control mechanisms as molecular targets in cardiac ischemia–reperfusion injury
10.1016/j.apsb.2020.03.004 · 2020 · External reference
Mitochondrial quality control in cardiomyocytes: safeguarding the heart against disease and ageing
10.1038/s41569-025-01142-1 · 2025 · External reference
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: insights into pathophysiology, diagnosis and clinical management
10.1016/j.yjmcc.2025.06.013 · 2025 · External reference
Lipid accumulation in hearts transplanted from nondiabetic donors to diabetic recipients
10.1016/j.jacc.2020.01.018 · 2020 · External reference
Diabetic cardiomyopathy: what clinicians should know
10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.10.026 · 2025 · External reference
The association between acylcarnitine metabolites and cardiovascular disease in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
10.3389/fendo.2020.00212 · 2020 · External reference
Medium & long-chain acylcarnitine’s relation to lipid metabolism as potential predictors for diabetic cardiomyopathy: a metabolomic study
10.1186/s12944-021-01576-9 · 2021 · External reference
Sirt5 improves cardiomyocytes fatty acid metabolism and ameliorates cardiac lipotoxicity in diabetic cardiomyopathy via CPT2 de-succinylation
10.1016/j.redox.2024.103184 · 2024 · External reference
SIRT5 regulates the mitochondrial lysine succinylome and metabolic networks
10.1016/j.cmet.2013.11.013 · 2013 · External reference
433Metabolomics in translational medicine - a link between acylcarnitines and atrial fibrillation
10.1093/cvr/cvy060.302 · 2018 · External reference
Global, regional, and national burden of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in the working-age population from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis based on 2021 global burden of disease data
10.1016/j.ajpc.2025.101322 · 2025 · External reference
Atrial fibrillation
10.1016/s0140-6736(25)02166-x · 2026 · External reference
Cardiogeriatrics: the current state of the art
2024 · External reference
Metabolomic profiling identifies novel circulating biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction differentially elevated in heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction: evidence for shared metabolic impairments in clinical heart failure
10.1161/jaha.115.003190 · 2016 · External reference
Metabolomic fingerprint of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
10.1371/journal.pone.0124844 · 2015 · External reference
Circulating acylcarnitine profile in human heart failure: a surrogate of fatty acid metabolic dysregulation in mitochondria and beyond
2017 · External reference
Metabolomic profiling reveals mitochondrial-derived lipid biomarkers that drive obesity-associated inflammation
10.1371/journal.pone.0038812 · 2012 · External reference
Mechanical regulation of macrophage metabolism by allograft inflammatory factor 1 leads to adverse remodeling after cardiac injury
10.1038/s44161-024-00585-y · 2025 · External reference
Myocardial injury: where inflammation and autophagy meet, burns
2023 · External reference
Role of L-carnitine in exercise training: anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and metabolic interactions
10.1016/j.arres.2025.100149 · 2026 · External reference
Baseline metabolomic profiles predict cardiovascular events in patients at risk for coronary artery disease
10.1016/j.ahj.2012.02.005 · 2012 · External reference
Association of a peripheral blood metabolic profile with coronary artery disease and risk of subsequent cardiovascular events
10.1161/circgenetics.109.852814 · 2010 · External reference
Structure of human carnitine acetyltransferase. Molecular basis for fatty acyl transfer
10.1074/jbc.m212356200 · 2003 · External reference
Structural and biochemical studies of the substrate selectivity of carnitine acetyltransferase*
10.1074/jbc.m403484200 · 2004 · External reference
Mitochondrial contributions in the genesis of delayed afterdepolarizations in ventricular myocytes
10.3389/fphys.2021.744023 · 2021 · External reference
Mitochondrial-mediated oxidative Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II activation induces early afterdepolarizations in guinea pig cardiomyocytes: An in silico study
2018 · External reference
Cardiomyocyte na+ and Ca2+ mishandling drives vicious cycle involving CaMKII, ROS, and ryanodine receptors
10.1007/s00395-021-00900-9 · 2021 · External reference
Isomer-resolved characterization of acylcarnitines reveals alterations in type 2 diabetes
10.1016/j.aca.2025.343856 · 2025 · External reference
Pathophysiological roles of the serum acylcarnitine level and acylcarnitine/free carnitine ratio in patients with cardiovascular diseases
2024 · External reference
Growth differentiation factor 15 as a biomarker in cardiovascular disease
10.1373/clinchem.2016.255174 · 2017 · External reference
Fibroblast growth factor 21 in heart failure
10.1007/s10741-022-10268-0 · 2023 · External reference
Ketones and the cardiovascular system
10.1038/s44161-023-00259-1 · 2023 · External reference
Therapeutic potential of ketone bodies for patients with cardiovascular disease
10.1016/j.jacc.2020.12.065 · 2021 · External reference
Plasma metabolomics reveals the shared and distinct metabolic disturbances associated with cardiovascular events in coronary artery disease
10.1038/s41467-024-50125-2 · 2024 · External reference
Comprehensive metabolomic profiling and incident cardiovascular disease: a systematic review
2017 · External reference
Retained metabolic flexibility of the failing human heart
10.1161/circulationaha.122.062166 · 2023 · External reference
A double-blind randomized multicentre clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of two doses of etomoxir in comparison with placebo in patients with moderate congestive heart failure: the ERGO (etomoxir for the recovery of glucose oxidation) study
10.1042/cs20060307 · 2007 · External reference
Etomoxir: an old dog with new tricks
10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100604 · 2024 · External reference
Metabolic modulation with perhexiline in chronic heart failure
10.1161/circulationaha.105.551457 · 2005 · External reference
Drugs that affect cardiac metabolism: focus on perhexiline
10.1007/s10557-016-6664-3 · 2016 · External reference
Perhexiline
10.1111/j.1527-3466.2007.00006.x · 2007 · External reference
L-carnitine in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.02.007 · 2013 · External reference
Efficacy and safety of L-carnitine treatment for chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
10.1155/2017/6274854 · 2017 · External reference
The bright and the dark sides of L-carnitine supplementation: a systematic review
10.1186/s12970-020-00377-2 · 2020 · External reference
Inhibition of carnitine Palymitoyltransferase1b induces cardiac hypertrophy and mortality in mice, diabetes
10.1111/dom.12248 · 2014 · External reference
Loss of metabolic flexibility in the failing heart
10.3389/fcvm.2018.00068 · 2018 · External reference
Retained metabolic flexibility of the failing human heart
10.1161/circulationaha.122.062166 · 2023 · External reference
Targeting myocardial substrate metabolism in the failing heart: ready for prime time?
10.1007/s11897-022-00554-1 · 2022 · External reference
Metabolic support for the heart: complementary therapy for heart failure?
10.1002/ejhf.678 · 2016 · External reference
Progress of metabolomics-centric multi-omics research in medicine
10.1002/imo2.70096 · 2026 · External reference
