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References from Multi-objective optimization of gradient porosity gas diffusion layer of PEMFC with metal foam flow fields by LBM and AI-MOO. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
An overview: current progress on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.10.156 · 2023 · External reference
Schroeder's paradox in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: a review
10.1016/j.rser.2022.113050 · 2023 · External reference
Research progress of proton exchange membrane fuel cells utilizing in high altitude environments
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.238 · 2022 · External reference
A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: technology, applications, and needs on fundamental research
10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.09.030 · 2011 · External reference
Societal penetration of hydrogen into the future energy system: impacts of policy, technology and carbon targets
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.112 · 2020 · External reference
Performance simulation and key parameters in-plane distribution analysis of a commercial-size PEMFC
10.1016/j.energy.2022.125897 · 2023 · External reference
Performance enhancement of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with a hybrid wettability gas diffusion layer
10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113297 · 2020 · External reference
Designing the next generation of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells
10.1038/s41586-021-03482-7 · 2021 · External reference
Electrospun gas diffusion layers with reverse gradient pore structures for proton exchange membrane fuel cells under low humidity
10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.122109 · 2024 · External reference
Enhancing the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell using nanostructure gas diffusion layers with gradient pore structures
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.02.093 · 2024 · External reference
Effects of cathode gas diffusion layer porosity and contact angle distributions along through-plane direction on the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100249 · 2024 · External reference
Patterned hydrophobic gas diffusion layers for enhanced water management in polymer electrolyte fuel cells
10.1016/j.cej.2024.149711 · 2024 · External reference
Collective enhancement in hydrophobicity and electrical conductivity of gas diffusion layer and the electrochemical performance of PEMFCs
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233077 · 2023 · External reference
Enhancing water transport performance of gas diffusion layers through coupling manipulation of pore structure and hydrophobicity
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231121 · 2022 · External reference
Balancing performance and uniformity of LT-PEMFCs by considering GDL porosity gradients and compression
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128243 · 2026 · External reference
Performance enhancement of proton exchange membrane fuel cell through synergistic design of optimized gas diffusion layer porosity distribution and sinusoidal flow field
10.1021/acsomega.6c03398 · 2026 · External reference
Oxygen transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells with metal foam flow fields
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230937 · 2022 · External reference
Two-phase flow in porous metal foam flow fields of PEM fuel cells
10.1016/j.ces.2023.119270 · 2023 · External reference
Gas diffusion layer modifications and treatments for improving the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and electrolysers: a review
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.09.132 · 2017 · External reference
Membrane electrode assemblies for PEM fuel cells: a review of functional graded design and optimization
10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.084 · 2019 · External reference
The effect of through plane pore gradient GDL on the water distribution of PEMFC
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.12.007 · 2018 · External reference
Collective improvements in flow maldistribution and interface contact resistance of flow field in proton exchange membrane fuel cells via coupling manipulation of gradient porosity and unit cell topology
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237711 · 2025 · External reference
Effects of pore size gradient in the substrate of a gas diffusion layer on the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.072 · 2015 · External reference
Numerical investigation of multi-layered porosity in the gas diffusion layer on the performance of a PEM fuel cell
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.218 · 2020 · External reference
Effects of porosity gradient in gas diffusion layers on performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells
10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.011 · 2010 · External reference
Polytetrafluorethylene effects on liquid water flowing through the gas diffusion layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226975 · 2019 · External reference
Effect of gas diffusion layer thickness on liquid water transport characteristics in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228578 · 2020 · External reference
Two polytetrafluoroethylene distribution effects on liquid water dynamic behavior in gas diffusion layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with a pore-scale method
10.1016/j.energy.2023.126920 · 2023 · External reference
Lattice boltzmann simulation of the structural degradation of a gas diffusion layer for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232452 · 2023 · External reference
Numerical investigation of droplet dynamic behaviors on realistic gas diffusion layer surface in proton exchange membrane fuel cell gas channels
10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109712 · 2025 · External reference
Pore-scale numerical investigation of water transport in metal foam flow fields of proton exchange membrane fuel cells: effect of structural parameters and wettability
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.323 · 2024 · External reference
A review on microstructure reconstruction of PEM fuel cells porous electrodes for pore scale simulation
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.08.179 · 2016 · External reference
Multiscale modeling of an angled gas diffusion layer for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: performance enhancing for aviation applications
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.03.166 · 2021 · External reference
Evaluation of porosity and thickness on effective diffusivity in gas diffusion layer
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.052 · 2017 · External reference
A universal two-stage framework for gas diffusion layer reconstruction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: toward high-fidelity through-plane porosity distribution
10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.128107 · 2026 · External reference
Pore-scale simulation of two-phase flow and oxygen reactive transport in gas diffusion layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cells: effects of nonuniform wettability and porosity
10.1016/j.energy.2022.124101 · 2022 · External reference
Numerical simulation of liquid water transport in perforated cracks of microporous layer
10.1016/j.energy.2022.125372 · 2023 · External reference
Lattice boltzmann simulation of liquid water transport inside and at interface of gas diffusion and micro-porous layers of PEM fuel cells
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.097 · 2019 · External reference
Micro-CT structures facilitated lattice boltzmann simulations on the water dynamics in PEMFCs GDL-Gas channel
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.08.310 · 2024 · External reference
Large scale simulation of liquid water transport in a gas diffusion layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells using the lattice Boltzmann method
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.054 · 2017 · External reference
Multi-factor optimization of nickel foam flow fields: insights into structural and surface modifications for high-performance PEMFCs
2025 · External reference
Liquid droplet detachment and dispersion in metal foam flow field of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229150 · 2020 · External reference
Pore-scale modeling of mass transport in partially saturated cathode gas diffusion layers of Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c01741 · 2022 · External reference
Effect of perforated cracks on liquid water in microporous layers by lattice Boltzmann method
10.1016/j.renene.2023.119900 · 2024 · External reference
A critical review of the pseudopotential multiphase lattice boltzmann model: methods and applications
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.04.032 · 2014 · External reference
Lattice boltzmann modeling of transport phenomena in fuel cells and flow batteries
10.1007/s10409-017-0667-6 · 2017 · External reference
Two-phase flow and oxygen transport in the perforated gas diffusion layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.008 · 2019 · External reference
Effect of wettability heterogeneity and compression on liquid water transport in gas diffusion layer coated with microporous layer of PEMFC
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.160 · 2021 · External reference
The effect of pulsating pressure on the performance of a PEM fuel cell with a wavy cathode surface
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.291 · 2016 · External reference
Lattice boltzmann simulation of a gas diffusion layer with a gradient polytetrafluoroethylene distribution for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119248 · 2022 · External reference
Role of wettability and water droplet size during water removal from a PEMFC GDL by lattice boltzmann method
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.252 · 2016 · External reference
Impact of PTFE distribution across the GDL on the water droplet removal from a PEM fuel cell electrode containing binder
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.06.111 · 2018 · External reference
Multi-objective optimization of helical baffle flow field structure for fuel cell under multiple performance indicator constraints
10.1016/j.renene.2025.122349 · 2025 · External reference
Multi-objective optimization of the drainage performance of dual-flow channel proton exchange membrane fuel cells driven by machine learning surrogate model
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.326 · 2025 · External reference
Performance improvement for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) with different parallel flow fields by optimizing ribs arrangement
2025 · External reference
Multi-objective optimization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell geometry and operating parameters based on three new performance evaluation indexes
10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116642 · 2023 · External reference
Multi-objective optimization of operating conditions and channel structure for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.03.120 · 2017 · External reference
Data-driven prediction and multi-objective optimization of pemfc performance using an ANN–GA hybrid model
10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101580 · 2026 · External reference
Lattice boltzmann modeling of transport phenomena in fuel cells and flow batteries
10.1007/s10409-017-0667-6 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: technology, applications, and needs on fundamental research
10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.09.030 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effects of pore size gradient in the substrate of a gas diffusion layer on the performance of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.072 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Lattice boltzmann simulation of a gas diffusion layer with a gradient polytetrafluoroethylene distribution for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119248 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A universal two-stage framework for gas diffusion layer reconstruction in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: toward high-fidelity through-plane porosity distribution
10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.128107 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Electrospun gas diffusion layers with reverse gradient pore structures for proton exchange membrane fuel cells under low humidity
10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.122109 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Patterned hydrophobic gas diffusion layers for enhanced water management in polymer electrolyte fuel cells
10.1016/j.cej.2024.149711 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Two-phase flow in porous metal foam flow fields of PEM fuel cells
10.1016/j.ces.2023.119270 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Performance enhancement of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells with a hybrid wettability gas diffusion layer
10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113297 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Multi-objective optimization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell geometry and operating parameters based on three new performance evaluation indexes
10.1016/j.enconman.2022.116642 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effects of porosity gradient in gas diffusion layers on performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells
10.1016/j.energy.2010.09.011 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Membrane electrode assemblies for PEM fuel cells: a review of functional graded design and optimization
10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.084 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Pore-scale simulation of two-phase flow and oxygen reactive transport in gas diffusion layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cells: effects of nonuniform wettability and porosity
10.1016/j.energy.2022.124101 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Numerical simulation of liquid water transport in perforated cracks of microporous layer
10.1016/j.energy.2022.125372 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Performance simulation and key parameters in-plane distribution analysis of a commercial-size PEMFC
10.1016/j.energy.2022.125897 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Two polytetrafluoroethylene distribution effects on liquid water dynamic behavior in gas diffusion layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell with a pore-scale method
10.1016/j.energy.2023.126920 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Numerical investigation of droplet dynamic behaviors on realistic gas diffusion layer surface in proton exchange membrane fuel cell gas channels
10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2025.109712 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Data-driven prediction and multi-objective optimization of pemfc performance using an ANN–GA hybrid model
10.1016/j.ijft.2026.101580 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A critical review of the pseudopotential multiphase lattice boltzmann model: methods and applications
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2014.04.032 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Multi-objective optimization of operating conditions and channel structure for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.03.120 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Two-phase flow and oxygen transport in the perforated gas diffusion layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.008 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Lattice boltzmann simulation of liquid water transport inside and at interface of gas diffusion and micro-porous layers of PEM fuel cells
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2019.05.097 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Balancing performance and uniformity of LT-PEMFCs by considering GDL porosity gradients and compression
10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2025.128243 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The effect of pulsating pressure on the performance of a PEM fuel cell with a wavy cathode surface
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.291 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Role of wettability and water droplet size during water removal from a PEMFC GDL by lattice boltzmann method
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.06.252 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A review on microstructure reconstruction of PEM fuel cells porous electrodes for pore scale simulation
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.08.179 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Gas diffusion layer modifications and treatments for improving the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and electrolysers: a review
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.09.132 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The effect of through plane pore gradient GDL on the water distribution of PEMFC
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.12.007 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Impact of PTFE distribution across the GDL on the water droplet removal from a PEM fuel cell electrode containing binder
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.06.111 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Societal penetration of hydrogen into the future energy system: impacts of policy, technology and carbon targets
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.12.112 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Numerical investigation of multi-layered porosity in the gas diffusion layer on the performance of a PEM fuel cell
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.218 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effect of wettability heterogeneity and compression on liquid water transport in gas diffusion layer coated with microporous layer of PEMFC
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.02.160 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Multiscale modeling of an angled gas diffusion layer for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: performance enhancing for aviation applications
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.03.166 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Research progress of proton exchange membrane fuel cells utilizing in high altitude environments
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.238 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
An overview: current progress on hydrogen fuel cell vehicles
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.10.156 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Enhancing the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell using nanostructure gas diffusion layers with gradient pore structures
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.02.093 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Pore-scale numerical investigation of water transport in metal foam flow fields of proton exchange membrane fuel cells: effect of structural parameters and wettability
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.02.323 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Micro-CT structures facilitated lattice boltzmann simulations on the water dynamics in PEMFCs GDL-Gas channel
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.08.310 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Multi-objective optimization of the drainage performance of dual-flow channel proton exchange membrane fuel cells driven by machine learning surrogate model
10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.326 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effects of cathode gas diffusion layer porosity and contact angle distributions along through-plane direction on the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.jaecs.2024.100249 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Evaluation of porosity and thickness on effective diffusivity in gas diffusion layer
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.12.052 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Large scale simulation of liquid water transport in a gas diffusion layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells using the lattice Boltzmann method
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.06.054 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Polytetrafluorethylene effects on liquid water flowing through the gas diffusion layer of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226975 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effect of gas diffusion layer thickness on liquid water transport characteristics in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228578 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Liquid droplet detachment and dispersion in metal foam flow field of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.229150 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Oxygen transport in proton exchange membrane fuel cells with metal foam flow fields
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230937 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Enhancing water transport performance of gas diffusion layers through coupling manipulation of pore structure and hydrophobicity
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.231121 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Lattice boltzmann simulation of the structural degradation of a gas diffusion layer for a proton exchange membrane fuel cell
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2022.232452 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Collective enhancement in hydrophobicity and electrical conductivity of gas diffusion layer and the electrochemical performance of PEMFCs
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2023.233077 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Collective improvements in flow maldistribution and interface contact resistance of flow field in proton exchange membrane fuel cells via coupling manipulation of gradient porosity and unit cell topology
10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237711 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effect of perforated cracks on liquid water in microporous layers by lattice Boltzmann method
10.1016/j.renene.2023.119900 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Multi-objective optimization of helical baffle flow field structure for fuel cell under multiple performance indicator constraints
10.1016/j.renene.2025.122349 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Schroeder's paradox in proton exchange membrane fuel cells: a review
10.1016/j.rser.2022.113050 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Pore-scale modeling of mass transport in partially saturated cathode gas diffusion layers of Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c01741 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Performance enhancement of proton exchange membrane fuel cell through synergistic design of optimized gas diffusion layer porosity distribution and sinusoidal flow field
10.1021/acsomega.6c03398 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Designing the next generation of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells
10.1038/s41586-021-03482-7 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
