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References from Inadequate empirical therapy and unnecessary broad-spectrum antibiotic use in community-onset bloodstream infection: A retrospective cohort study. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
The microbiology of bloodstream infection: 20-year trends from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program
10.1128/aac.00355-19 · 2019 · External reference
Empiric antibiotic therapy resistance and mortality in emergency department patients with bloodstream infection: a retrospective cohort study
10.1186/s12873-025-01177-0 · 2025 · External reference
Impact of inadequate empirical therapy on the mortality of patients with bloodstream infections: a propensity score-based analysis
10.1128/aac.00462-11 · 2012 · External reference
Impact of appropriate empirical antibiotic treatment on recurrence and mortality in patients with bacteraemia: a population-based cohort study
10.1186/s12879-017-2233-z · 2017 · External reference
Inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy for bloodstream infections based on discordant in-vitro susceptibilities: a retrospective cohort analysis of prevalence, predictors, and mortality risk in US hospitals
10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30477-1 · 2021 · External reference
Timing of appropriate empirical antimicrobial administration and outcome of adults with community-onset bacteremia
10.1186/s13054-017-1696-z · 2017 · External reference
Systematic review of the impact of appropriate versus inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy on outcomes of patients with severe bacterial infections
10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106184 · 2020 · External reference
Bloodstream infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria in the emergency department: prevalence, risk factors and outcomes-a retrospective observational study
10.1007/s11739-024-03692-7 · 2025 · External reference
Infectious Diseases Society of America 2024 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial-resistant Gram-negative infections
10.1093/cid/ciae403 · 2024 · External reference
Antibiotic perturbations to the gut microbiome
10.1038/s41579-023-00933-y · 2023 · External reference
Association of adverse events with antibiotic use in hospitalized patients
10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1938 · 2017 · External reference
The STROBE guidelines
10.4103/sja.sja_543_18 · 2019 · External reference
Health care-associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections
10.7326/0003-4819-137-10-200211190-00007 · 2002 · External reference
Towards a definition for health care-associated infection
10.1093/ofid/ofy116 · 2018 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance
10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x · 2012 · External reference
Burden of bacterial bloodstream infection-a brief update on epidemiology and significance of multidrug-resistant pathogens
10.1016/j.cmi.2019.10.031 · 2020 · External reference
A clinical decision tree to predict whether a bacteremic patient is infected with an extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing organism
10.1093/cid/ciw425 · 2016 · External reference
Effects of inappropriate administration of empirical antibiotics on mortality in adults with bacteraemia: systematic review and meta-analysis
2022 · External reference
Prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in culture-proven sepsis and outcomes associated with inadequate and broad-spectrum empiric antibiotic use
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.2899 · 2020 · External reference
Appropriate empirical antibiotic therapy and mortality: conflicting data explained by residual confounding
10.1371/journal.pone.0225478 · 2019 · External reference
Frequency of antibiotic overtreatment and associated harms in patients presenting with suspected sepsis to the emergency department: a retrospective cohort study
10.1093/cid/ciaf118 · 2025 · External reference
A case-control study evaluating the unnecessary use of intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics in presumed sepsis and septic-shock patients in the emergency department
2022 · External reference
Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2026
10.1097/ccm.0000000000007089 · 2026 · External reference
European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases guidelines for antimicrobial stewardship in emergency departments (endorsed by the European Association of Hospital Pharmacists)
10.1016/j.cmi.2024.05.014 · 2024 · External reference
Effects of empiric antibiotic treatment based on hospital cumulative antibiograms in patients with bacteraemic sepsis: a retrospective cohort study
10.1016/j.cmi.2023.01.004 · 2023 · External reference
