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References from Antimicrobial peptides for central nervous system infections: potential of nose-to-brain delivery and current challenges. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Nose-to-brain drug delivery: an update on clinical challenges and progress towards approval of anti-Alzheimer drugs
10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.011 · 2018 · External reference
In vitro comparative study of solid lipid and PLGA nanoparticles designed to facilitate nose-to-brain delivery of insulin
10.3390/ijms222413258 · 2021 · External reference
The cell-penetrating peptide tat facilitates effective internalization of PSD-95 inhibitors into blood–brain barrier endothelial cells but less efficient permeation across the blood–brain barrier in vitro and in vivo
10.3389/fddev.2022.854703 · 2022 · External reference
Nose-to-brain delivery of therapeutic peptides as nasal aerosols
10.3390/pharmaceutics14091870 · 2022 · External reference
Resistance to antibiotics: are we in the post-antibiotic era?
10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.06.009 · 2005 · External reference
Topical cathelicidin (LL‐37) an innate immune peptide induces acute olfactory epithelium inflammation in a mouse model
10.1002/alr.21634 · 2015 · External reference
How can biomaterial-conjugated antimicrobial peptides fight bacteria and be protected from degradation?
10.1016/j.actbio.2024.04.043 · 2024 · External reference
Intranasal drug delivery: unlocking the nose-to-brain route for central nervous system therapies
2026 · External reference
Stimuli‐responsive delivery of antimicrobial peptides using polyelectrolyte complexes
10.1002/mabi.202300123 · 2023 · External reference
Antimicrobial peptides
10.3390/ph6121543 · 2013 · External reference
LL-37: structures, antimicrobial activity, and influence on amyloid-related diseases
10.3390/biom14030320 · 2024 · External reference
Antimicrobial peptides: an update on classifications and databases
10.3390/ijms222111691 · 2021 · External reference
Using nanotechnology to deliver biomolecules from nose to brain — peptides, proteins, monoclonal antibodies and RNA
10.1007/s13346-021-01086-2 · 2022 · External reference
Intranasal peptide therapeutics: a promising avenue for overcoming the challenges of traditional CNS drug development
10.3390/cells11223629 · 2022 · External reference
Antimicrobial peptide Temporin-L complexed with anionic cyclodextrins results in a potent and safe agent against sessile bacteria
10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119437 · 2020 · External reference
Role of glial cells in the functional expression of LL-37/Rat cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide in meningitis
10.1097/nen.0b013e31818b4801 · 2008 · External reference
Antimicrobial peptides: pore formers or metabolic inhibitors in bacteria?
10.1038/nrmicro1098 · 2005 · External reference
Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo of a novel antimicrobial candidate
10.1074/jbc.m116.750257 · 2016 · External reference
Antimicrobial peptides: opportunities and challenges in overcoming resistance
10.1016/j.micres.2024.127822 · 2024 · External reference
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of reported adverse events of long‐term intranasal oxytocin treatment for autism spectrum disorder
10.1111/pcn.12627 · 2018 · External reference
Electrospun mucoadhesive nanofibrous films for intranasal delivery of propranolol hydrochloride for migraine prophylaxis
10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107552 · 2025 · External reference
Surface physical activity and hydrophobicity of designed helical peptide amphiphiles control their bioactivity and cell selectivity
10.1021/acsami.6b08297 · 2016 · External reference
The role of helper lipids in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) designed for oligonucleotide delivery
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Bacteriocins — a viable alternative to antibiotics?
10.1038/nrmicro2937 · 2013 · External reference
Inhalable polymeric nanoparticles for pulmonary delivery of antimicrobial peptide SET-M33: antibacterial activity and toxicity in vitro and in vivo
10.3390/pharmaceutics15010003 · 2022 · External reference
Temporins: multifunctional peptides from frog skin
10.3390/ijms24065426 · 2023 · External reference
10.1039/d4pm00057a
10.1039/d4pm00057a · External reference
Chitosan-coated liposomes for intranasal delivery of ghrelin: enhancing bioavailability to the central nervous system
10.3390/pharmaceutics17111493 · 2025 · External reference
Antibiotic failure: beyond antimicrobial resistance
10.1016/j.drup.2023.101012 · 2023 · External reference
Antimicrobial peptide delivery systems as promising tools against resistant bacterial infections
10.3390/antibiotics13111042 · 2024 · External reference
Advances in the delivery and application of antimicrobial peptide-based nanomaterials
10.1016/j.cej.2024.154232 · 2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Antimicrobial peptide-loaded nanoparticles as inhalation therapy for P. aeruginosa infections
10.2147/ijn.s218966 · 2020 · External reference
Structural and functional effects of the interaction between an antimicrobial peptide and its analogs with model bacterial and erythrocyte membranes
10.3390/biom15081143 · 2025 · External reference
Design and characterization of a nasal thermogelling system loaded with tolperisone for the treatment of cerebral arteriosclerosis through the nose to brain delivery system
10.1007/s10971-025-06906-2 · 2025 · External reference
Bridging the blood-brain barrier: strategies to improve delivery of biologics to tumors in the brain
10.1186/s12987-026-00760-2 · 2026 · External reference
De novo design of Na+-activated lipopeptides with selective antifungal activity: a promising strategy for antifungal drug discovery
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.137894 · 2024 · External reference
Nanodisrupter loaded nasal spray for membrane perturbation-assisted treatment of lung cancer brain metastases: a proof-of-concept in vitro study
10.1016/j.jddst.2026.108279 · 2026 · External reference
Chitosan coated nanostructured lipid carriers for brain delivery of proteins by intranasal administration
10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.054 · 2015 · External reference
Nose-to-brain delivery
10.3390/pharmaceutics12020138 · 2020 · External reference
Nanoparticulate peptide delivery exclusively to the brain produces tolerance free analgesia
10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.041 · 2018 · External reference
Intranasal oxytocin improves emotion recognition for youth with autism spectrum disorders
10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.020 · 2010 · External reference
Angiopep-2-modified nanoparticles for brain-directed delivery of therapeutics: a review
10.3390/polym14040712 · 2022 · External reference
The blood–brain barrier and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic optimization of antibiotics for the treatment of central nervous system infections in adults
10.3390/antibiotics11121843 · 2022 · External reference
Antimicrobial and host-defense peptides as new anti-infective therapeutic strategies
10.1038/nbt1267 · 2006 · External reference
Fabrication of an ionic-sensitive in situ gel loaded with resveratrol nanosuspensions intended for direct nose-to-brain delivery
10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.08.011 · 2016 · External reference
Evaluation of the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan nanoparticles prepared using different chitosan to tripolyphosphate (CS:TPP) ratios
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.09.185 · 2018 · External reference
Antimicrobial peptides: classification, design, application and research progress in multiple fields
10.3389/fmicb.2020.582779 · 2020 · External reference
Nasal drug delivery: new developments and strategies
10.1016/s1359-6446(02)02529-1 · 2002 · External reference
A hope for ineffective antibiotics to return to treatment: investigating the anti-biofilm potential of melittin alone and in combination with penicillin and oxacillin against multidrug resistant-MRSA and -VRSA
10.3389/fmicb.2023.1269392 · 2024 · External reference
Evaluation of human β defensins in the cerebrospinal fluid of suspected meningitis
10.3892/br.2022.1592 · 2022 · External reference
Rational design of RN15m4 cathelin domain-based peptides from siamese crocodile cathelicidin improves antimicrobial activity
10.1007/s12010-022-04210-1 · 2023 · External reference
Antimicrobial peptides: an alternative to traditional antibiotics
10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116072 · 2024 · External reference
Biomaterial-based antimicrobial therapies for the treatment of bacterial infections
10.1038/s41578-021-00362-4 · 2021 · External reference
Effective nose-to-brain delivery of exendin-4 via coadministration with cell-penetrating peptides for improving progressive cognitive dysfunction
10.1038/s41598-018-36210-9 · 2018 · External reference
Nanotechnology approaches for global infectious diseases
10.1038/s41565-021-00866-8 · 2021 · External reference
How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks
10.1038/nrmicro2333 · 2010 · External reference
Bacterial infections, antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic therapy
10.3390/life12040468 · 2022 · External reference
Intranasal pathway for nanoparticles to enter the central nervous system
10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c05056 · 2023 · External reference
Strategies to deliver peptide drugs to the brain
10.1021/mp400680d · 2014 · External reference
Differential expression pattern of antimicrobial peptides in nasal mucosa and secretion
10.4193/rhino10.036 · 2011 · External reference
In vivo evaluation of nose-to-brain delivery of liposomal donepezil, memantine, and BACE-1 siRNA for Alzheimer’s disease therapy
10.3390/ijms251910357 · 2024 · External reference
Self-assembling myristoylated human α-defensin 5 as a next-generation nanobiotics potentiates therapeutic efficacy in bacterial infection
10.1021/acsnano.7b09109 · 2018 · External reference
Antimicrobial neuropeptides and their therapeutic potential in vertebrate brain infectious disease
2024 · External reference
Lactoferrin-modified PEG-co-PCL nanoparticles for enhanced brain delivery of NAP peptide following intranasal administration
10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.02.003 · 2013 · External reference
Mechanism of antimicrobial peptides: antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm activities
10.3390/ijms222111401 · 2021 · External reference
Editorial: antimicrobial peptides and their druggability, bio-safety, stability, and resistance
10.3389/fmicb.2024.1425952 · 2024 · External reference
Thymol alleviates colitis by modulating intestinal barrier damage, gut microbiota, and amino acid metabolic pathways
10.1021/acs.jafc.5c09067 · 2025 · External reference
Effect of temporin a modifications on its cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity
10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm_107.x · 2005 · External reference
A comprehensive overview of antimicrobial peptides: broad-spectrum activity, computational approaches, and applications
10.3390/antibiotics14111115 · 2025 · External reference
How the lack of chitosan characterization precludes implementation of the safe-by-design concept
10.3389/fbioe.2020.00165 · 2020 · External reference
Nanosystems as vehicles for the delivery of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
10.3390/pharmaceutics11090448 · 2019 · External reference
Dimerization and lysine substitution of melittin have differing effects on bacteria
10.3389/fphar.2024.1443497 · 2024 · External reference
ESKAPE pathogens: antimicrobial resistance, epidemiology, clinical impact and therapeutics
10.1038/s41579-024-01054-w · 2024 · External reference
Antimicrobial peptides and their biomedical applications: a review
10.3390/antibiotics13090794 · 2024 · External reference
Nanoparticles for direct nose-to-brain delivery of drugs
10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.06.019 · 2009 · External reference
Biopolymer nanoparticles for nose-to-brain drug delivery: a new promising approach for the treatment of neurological diseases
10.3390/jfb13030125 · 2022 · External reference
Antimicrobial host defence peptides: functions and clinical potential
10.1038/s41573-019-0058-8 · 2020 · External reference
Cationic host defence peptides: innate immune regulatory peptides as a novel approach for treating infections
10.1007/s00018-007-6475-6 · 2007 · External reference
Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis
10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02724-0 · 2022 · External reference
Human defensins: structure, function, and potential as therapeutic antimicrobial agents with highlights against SARS CoV-2
10.1007/s12602-024-10436-8 · 2025 · External reference
A once-a-day dosage form for the delivery of insulin through the nasal route: in vitro assessment and in vivo evaluation
10.1039/c2bm00132b · 2013 · External reference
A thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel: an attempt for the nasal delivery of dimethyl fumarate
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134908 · 2024 · External reference
Immunomodulatory effects of cathelicidin in the gut–brain axis: a novel link between mucosal immunity and neuroinflammation
10.1113/ep093221 · 2026 · External reference
10.3934/microbiol.2025045
10.3934/microbiol.2025045 · External reference
Nanocarrier-enabled antimicrobial peptides: current progress, delivery strategies, and translational challenges
10.1016/j.colsurfb.2026.115679 · 2026 · External reference
Antimicrobial peptides: structure, functions and translational applications
10.1038/s41579-025-01200-y · 2025 · External reference
Recent advances in peptide-loaded PLGA nanocarriers for drug delivery and regenerative medicine
10.3390/ph18010127 · 2025 · External reference
Anticancer effect of rationally designed α-helical amphiphilic peptides
10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112841 · 2022 · External reference
Third-generation cephalosporin resistance in gram-negative bacteria in the community: a growing public health concern
10.3904/kjim.2014.29.1.27 · 2014 · External reference
Peptides as pharmacological carriers to the brain: promises, shortcomings and challenges
10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00523 · 2022 · External reference
Influence of surfactant and lipid type on the physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of solid lipid nanoparticles
10.3390/ijerph110808581 · 2014 · External reference
Melittin, a major peptide component of bee venom, and its conjugates in cancer therapy
10.1016/j.canlet.2017.05.010 · 2017 · External reference
No country for old antibiotics! Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as next-generation treatment for skin and soft tissue infection
10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123169 · 2023 · External reference
Intranasal delivery of genistein-loaded nanoparticles as a potential preventive system against neurodegenerative disorders
10.3390/pharmaceutics11010008 · 2018 · External reference
Nose-to-brain delivery of BACE1 siRNA loaded in solid lipid nanoparticles for Alzheimer’s therapy
10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.01.031 · 2017 · External reference
Insight on bacterial newborn meningitis using a neurovascular-unit-on-a-chip
10.1128/spectrum.01233-23 · 2023 · External reference
Therapeutic proteins immunogenicity: a peptide point of view
2023 · External reference
Effects of intranasal insulin on cognition in memory-impaired older adults: modulation by APOE genotype
10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.03.016 · 2006 · External reference
An environmentally benign antimicrobial nanoparticle based on a silver-infused lignin core
10.1038/nnano.2015.141 · 2015 · External reference
The potential of human peptide LL-37 as an antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agent
10.3390/antibiotics10060650 · 2021 · External reference
Melittin-based nanoparticles for cancer therapy: mechanisms, applications, and future perspectives
10.3390/pharmaceutics17081019 · 2025 · External reference
Human liver‐expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 elevation in the cerebrospinal fluid in bacterial meningitis
10.1002/brb3.2111 · 2021 · External reference
Chitosan-coated liposome dry-powder formulations loaded with ghrelin for nose-to-brain delivery
10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.06.011 · 2018 · External reference
Development of thermosensitive chitosan/glicerophospate injectable in situ gelling solutions for potential application in intraoperative fluorescence imaging and local therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: a preliminary study
10.1517/17425247.2015.1042452 · 2015 · External reference
Development and evaluation of olanzapine-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for nose-to-brain delivery: in vitro and in vivo studies
10.1016/j.actbio.2011.07.025 · 2011 · External reference
Novel design of simplified β-hairpin antimicrobial peptide as a potential food preservative based on Trp-pocket backbone
10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139128 · 2024 · External reference
New perspectives on old and new therapies of staphylococcal skin infections: the role of biofilm targeting in wound healing
10.3390/antibiotics10111377 · 2021 · External reference
Expression of antimicrobial host defence peptides in the central nervous system during health and disease
10.1093/discim/kyac003 · 2022 · External reference
Blood-brain barrier transport of short proline-rich antimicrobial peptides
10.2174/09298665113206660110 · 2014 · External reference
Sequence and specificity of two antibacterial proteins involved in insect immunity
10.1038/292246a0 · 1981 · External reference
Poly(caprolactone)-based coatings on 3D-printed biodegradable implants: a novel strategy to prolong delivery of hydrophilic drugs
10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00515 · 2020 · External reference
Evaluation of drug permeation enhancement by using in vitro and ex vivo models
10.3390/ph18020195 · 2025 · External reference
Antimicrobial peptides in the brain
10.1007/s00005-010-0089-7 · 2010 · External reference
mRNA-laden lipid-nanoparticle-enabled in situ CAR-macrophage engineering for the eradication of multidrug-resistant bacteria in a sepsis mouse model
10.1021/acsnano.3c10109 · 2024 · External reference
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Antimicrobial multidrug resistance and mechanisms of action: an overview
10.1155/bmri/8847267 · 2025 · External reference
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External reference
Antimicrobial peptides as anticancer agents: functional properties and biological activities
10.3390/molecules25122850 · 2020 · External reference
Reservoir-type intranasal implants for sustained release of risperidone: a potential alternative for long-term treatment of schizophrenia
10.1016/j.jddst.2024.105973 · 2024 · External reference
Investigations into the killing activity of an antimicrobial peptide active against extensively antibiotic-resistant
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Current advances in lipid and polymeric antimicrobial peptide delivery systems and coatings for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections
10.3390/pharmaceutics13111840 · 2021 · External reference
Exploring molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in bacteria and progressions in CRISPR/Cas9-based genome expurgation solutions
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Synthetic therapeutic peptides: science and market
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Antimicrobial peptides of the cathelicidin family: focus on LL-37 and its modifications
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Improved methods for classification, prediction, and design of antimicrobial peptides
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Self-assembled nanostructured antimicrobial peptides: design strategies, structures, mechanism and therapeutic applications
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Comparison of intranasal steroid application using nasal saline irrigation and a mucosal atomization device to treat chronic rhinosinusitis
10.1089/jamp.2020.1644 · 2021 · External reference
An overview of in vitro and in vivo techniques for characterization of intranasal protein and peptide formulations for brain targeting
10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123922 · 2024 · External reference
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: enzymatic degradation and modification
10.1016/j.addr.2005.04.002 · 2005 · External reference
Nose-to-brain delivery of targeted lipid nanoparticles as two-pronged β-amyloid nanoscavenger for Alzheimer’s disease therapy
10.1016/j.apsb.2025.02.035 · 2025 · External reference
Intranasal brain delivery of cationic nanoemulsion-encapsulated TNFα siRNA in prevention of experimental neuroinflammation
10.1016/j.nano.2015.12.374 · 2016 · External reference
Cell-penetrating peptide-modified PLGA nanoparticles for enhanced nose-to-brain macromolecular delivery
10.1007/s13233-013-1029-2 · 2013 · External reference
Discovery of melittin as triple-action agent: broad-spectrum antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and potential anti-quorum sensing activities
10.3390/molecules29030558 · 2024 · External reference
Bacteria-targeting nanoparticles with microenvironment-responsive antibiotic release to eliminate intracellular S. aureus and associated infection
10.1021/acsami.7b15678 · 2018 · External reference
Multifunctional cationic host defence peptides and their clinical applications
10.1007/s00018-011-0710-x · 2011 · External reference
Feasibility of intranasal delivery of thin-film freeze-dried, mucoadhesive vaccine powders
10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122990 · 2023 · External reference
A review of the resistance mechanisms for β-lactams, macrolides and fluoroquinolones among Streptococcus pneumoniae
10.3390/medicina59111927 · 2023 · External reference
Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of the amphibian antimicrobial peptide temporin L and its analogs
10.3390/ijms23042060 · 2022 · External reference
Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms
10.1038/415389a · 2002 · External reference
Intranasal nanoparticles of basic fibroblast growth factor for brain delivery to treat Alzheimer’s disease
10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.11.049 · 2014 · External reference
Transnasal-brain delivery of nanomedicines for neurodegenerative diseases
10.3389/fddev.2023.1247162 · 2023 · External reference
Gelatin nanostructured lipid carriers-mediated intranasal delivery of basic fibroblast growth factor enhances functional recovery in hemiparkinsonian rats
10.1016/j.nano.2013.10.009 · 2014 · External reference
Antimicrobial peptides, conventional antibiotics, and their synergistic utility for the treatment of drug‐resistant infections
10.1002/med.21879 · 2022 · External reference