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References from Enteric bacterial etiology, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and evaluation of epidemiological risk factors among elderly patients with diarrhea in an urban Kenyan hospital: a cross-sectional study. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30362-1 · 2018 · External reference
Global regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00691-1 · 2025 · External reference
Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02185-7 · 2022 · External reference
Global burden of diarrhea disease in the older adult and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2021: a comprehensive analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021
2025 · External reference
Intensity of COVID-19 in care homes following hospital discharge in the early stages of the UK epidemic
10.1093/ageing/afac072 · 2022 · External reference
Estimates of global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoeal diseases: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015
10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30276-1 · 2017 · External reference
Dietary Adherence and Cognitive Performance in Older Adults by Nativity Status: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011–2014
10.3390/geriatrics9020025 · 2024 · External reference
Long-term sickness absence trajectories and associated occupational and lifestyle-related factors: a longitudinal study among young and early midlife Finnish employees with pain
10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085011 · 2024 · External reference
Immunosenescence: how aging increases susceptibility to bacterial infections and virulence factors
10.3390/microorganisms12102052 · 2024 · External reference
Age-related changes in intestinal immunity and the microbiome
10.1002/jlb.3ri0620-405rr · 2021 · External reference
The impact of immune system aging on infectious diseases
10.3390/microorganisms12040775 · 2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2021 · External reference
Clinical guideline, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute diarrheal infections in adults
10.1038/ajg.2016.126 · 2016 · External reference
Polypharmacy-associated gut microbiota disruption and risk of enteric infection in elderly populations
2022 · External reference
Clinical characteristics and factors related to antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in elderly patients with pneumonia: a retrospective cohort study
10.1186/s12877-021-02267-x · 2021 · External reference
Impact of integrated water, sanitation, hygiene, health and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea disease epidemiology and microbial quality of water in a resource-constrained setting in Kenya: a controlled intervention study
10.1111/tmi.13793 · 2022 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Kenya’s National Action Plan on antimicrobial resistance: measuring implementation progress
10.3389/fitd.2025.1540713 · 2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2014 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Antibiotic use in Kenyan public hospitals: Prevalence, appropriateness and link to guideline availability
10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.084 · 2020 · External reference
Antimicrobial resistance in endemic enteric infections in Kenya and the region, and efforts toward addressing the challenges
10.1093/infdis/jiab457 · 2021 · External reference
Enteric bacterial agents associated with diarrhea and heir antimicrobial sensitivity profiles in children under 5 years from mukuru informal settlement, Nairobi, Kenya
10.1186/s12879-024-09114-5 · 2024 · External reference
Antimicrobial resistance rates and surveillance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Where are we now?
10.2147/idr.s342753 · 2022 · External reference
Risk factors to enteric bacterial prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among food handlers in Nairobi County, Kenya
2026 · External reference
Tackling antimicrobial resistance to protect healthy ageing [editorial]
2023 · External reference
Antibiotic resistance in the elderly: mechanisms, risk factors, and solutions
10.3390/microorganisms12101978 · 2024 · External reference
Water, sanitation and hygiene situation in Kenya's urban slums
10.1353/hpu.2018.0022 · 2018 · External reference
A new measure of hygiene inequality applied to urban-rural comparison
10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113876 · 2022 · External reference
Study designs: Part 1 – An overview and classification
10.4103/picr.picr_124_18 · 2018 · External reference
Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study
10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60844-2 · 2013 · External reference
Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and risk factors of enteric bacterial infections among children under five in Nairobi County, Kenya
10.1155/ijm/6093453 · 2025 · External reference
Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea
10.1086/318514 · 2001 · External reference
Practical guidance for clinical microbiology laboratories: diagnosis of bacterial gastroenteritis
10.1128/cmr.00073-14 · 2015 · External reference
The use and abuse of routine stool microbiology: a College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study of 601 institutions
1996 · External reference
Ulcerative colitis
10.1016/s0140-6736(16)32126-2 · 2017 · External reference
Burden of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in Santa Rosa, Guatemala in active health-services surveillance during 2008–2009 and 2014–2015
10.1111/tmi.13735 · 2022 · External reference
Laboratory procedures for culture and identification of enteric bacteria
2017 · External reference
The Laboratory diagnosis of clostridioides difficile infection: An update of current laboratory practice
10.3855/jidc.13217 · 2021 · External reference
Acute enteritis due to related vibrio: first positive stool cultures
10.1093/infdis/125.4.390 · 1972 · External reference
A selective medium for isolating Campylobacter jejuni/coli
10.1136/jcp.35.4.462 · 1982 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2018 · External reference
Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance
10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x · 2012 · External reference
Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene for selected adverse health outcomes: an updated analysis with a focus on low- and middle-income countries
10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.05.004 · 2019 · External reference
Exploring the complex relationship between women’s sanitation practices and household diarrhea in the slums of Nairobi: a cross-sectional study
10.1186/s12879-019-3875-9 · 2019 · External reference
Risk reduction of diarrhea and respiratory infections following a community health education program: a facility-based case-control study in rural parts of Kenya
10.1186/s12889-020-08728-z · 2020 · External reference
The Content Validity Index: are you sure you know what’s being reported? Critique and recommendations
10.1002/nur.20147 · 2006 · External reference
Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations
10.1002/nur.20199 · 2007 · External reference
Unresolved reference
1978 · External reference
The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data
10.2307/2529310 · 1977 · External reference
Sex and gender differences in bacterial infections
2022 · External reference
An analysis of bacterial infection distribution in the elderly, and their clinical and laboratory profiles: aging and bacterial infection
10.36519/idcm.2025.458 · 2025 · External reference
Etiology-specific incidence and mortality of diarrheal diseases in the African region: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1186/s12889-024-19334-8 · 2024 · External reference
Differential roles of comorbidity burden and functional status in elderly and non-elderly patients with infections in general wards
10.1016/j.jfma.2019.08.032 · 2020 · External reference
Common diarrheal illnesses in the elderly
10.1016/j.cger.2020.08.008 · 2021 · External reference
Azithromycin resistance patterns in Escherichia coli and Shigella before and after COVID-19, Kenya
10.3201/eid3014.240374 · 2024 · External reference
Epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes from children, livestock and food in dagoretti south, Nairobi Kenya
10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107419 · 2025 · External reference
Clostridioides difficile in West Africa: a systematic review of the limited evidence and key knowledge gaps
10.1016/j.gloepi.2026.100281 · 2026 · External reference
High levels of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile contamination of hospital environments: a hidden threat in hospital-acquired infections in Kenya
10.1099/acmi.0.000171 · 2020 · External reference
Clostridioides difficile infections, recurrences, and clinical outcomes in real-world settings from 2015 to 2019: The RECUR England study
10.1016/j.ijid.2024.01.002 · 2024 · External reference
Update on Clostridioides difficile Infection in Older Adults
10.1016/j.cger.2025.09.002 · 2026 · External reference
A systematic review and meta-analysis reveal that Campylobacter spp. and antibiotic resistance are widespread in humans in sub-Saharan Africa
10.1371/journal.pone.0245951 · 2021 · External reference
Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter species in South Africa: a “One Health” approach using systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.ijid.2022.10.042 · 2022 · External reference
Antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. focussing on C. jejuni and C. coli – A narrative review
10.1016/j.jgar.2025.05.008 · 2025 · External reference
Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in African food animals and meat: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108382 · 2020 · External reference
Foodborne infections and Salmonella: current primary prevention tools and future perspectives
10.3390/vaccines13010029 · 2024 · External reference
Seroprevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella disease and associated factors in children in Mukuru settlement in Nairobi County, Kenya
10.1371/journal.pone.0288015 · 2023 · External reference
The role of Shigella spp. in propagating bacillary dysentery in humans and the prominence of nanotechnology in disease prevention
10.1186/s43094-024-00676-4 · 2024 · External reference
Morbidity and mortality due to shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016
10.1016/s1473-3099(18)30475-4 · 2018 · External reference
An overview of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and innovative approaches to mitigate the antimicrobial resistant infections
10.3390/antibiotics13010076 · 2024 · External reference
One species, different diseases: the unique molecular mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of typhoidal Salmonella infections
10.1016/j.mib.2022.102262 · 2023 · External reference
Emerging Trends of Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) and Extensively Drug-Resistant (XDR) Salmonella Typhi in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan
10.3390/microorganisms9122484 · 2021 · External reference
Antibiotic resistance, virulence genes, and molecular diversity of clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from patients of district hospital in central Poland
10.3390/pathogens14070648 · 2025 · External reference
Deciphering the gastrointestinal carriage of Klebsiella pneumoniae
2024 · External reference
10.3389/fmicb.2022.868890
10.3389/fmicb.2022.868890 · External reference
Cholera in Kenya: A scoping review of current research, evidence gaps and future directions
10.1371/journal.pgph.0006011 · 2026 · External reference
Pathways of exposure to Vibrio cholerae in an urban informal settlement in Nairobi, Kenya
10.1371/journal.pgph.0002880 · 2024 · External reference
Global, regional and national burden of human cystic echinococcosis from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease Study 2019
10.3390/tropicalmed9040087 · 2024 · External reference
Multidrug-resistant Salmonella typhi among symptomatic and asymptomatic children in informal settlements in Nairobi, Kenya
10.1186/s12879-024-10104-w · 2024 · External reference
Fluoroquinolone-resistant enteric bacteria in sub-Saharan Africa: clones, implications and research needs
2016 · External reference
The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections
10.1128/cmr.00082-09 · 2010 · External reference
Global prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance in common Campylobacter species associated with human infections
10.1016/j.nmni.2025.101687 · 2026 · External reference
Fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from poultry and human samples assessed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay
10.1371/journal.pone.0199974 · 2018 · External reference
21st century research in urban WASH and health in sub-Saharan Africa: methods and outcomes in transition
10.1080/09603123.2018.1550193 · 2019 · External reference
Impact of drinking water, sanitation and handwashing with soap on childhood diarrhoeal disease: updated meta-analysis and meta-regression
10.1111/tmi.13051 · 2018 · External reference
Effect of safe water delivery plus water and sanitation hygiene behavior change communication on diarrheal disease prevalence among children under 5 years in a slum setting in Nairobi, Kenya: a quasi-experimental study
10.1186/s12889-025-24951-y · 2025 · External reference
2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea
10.1093/cid/cix669 · 2017 · External reference