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References from Food and Health: Nutrition for Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disease: 2026 ACC Scientific Statement. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
2025 heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association
2025 · External reference
Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study
10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010 · 2020 · External reference
Cardiovascular disease prevention by diet modification: JACC health promotion series
10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.085 · 2018 · External reference
The demise of artificial trans fat: a history of a public health achievement
10.1111/1468-0009.12515 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2026 · External reference
2026 dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
10.1161/cir.0000000000001435 · 2026 · External reference
Prevalence and in-hospital outcomes of diabetes among patients with acute coronary syndrome in China: findings from the Improving Care for Cardiovascular Disease in China-Acute Coronary Syndrome Project
10.1186/s12933-018-0793-x · 2018 · External reference
2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines
10.1016/j.jacc.2026.03.056 · 2026 · External reference
From cardiorenal to cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndromes
10.1093/eurheartj/ehae775 · 2025 · External reference
Long-term impact of Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular disease prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102509 · 2024 · External reference
The efficacy of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical controlled trials
10.2174/0929867331666230706102406 · 2025 · External reference
Plant-dominant low-protein diets: a promising dietary strategy for mitigating disease progression in people with chronic kidney disease-a comprehensive review
10.3390/nu17040643 · 2025 · External reference
Effect of salt substitution on cardiovascular events and death
10.1056/nejmoa2105675 · 2021 · External reference
Effects of salt substitutes on clinical outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1136/heartjnl-2022-321332 · 2022 · External reference
Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes: umbrella review of epidemiological meta-analyses
2024 · External reference
Association of socioeconomic and geographic factors with diet quality in US adults
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.16406 · 2022 · External reference
Dietary intake among US adults, 1999-2012
10.1001/jama.2016.7491 · 2016 · External reference
Frailty and cardiovascular health
10.1161/jaha.123.031736 · 2024 · External reference
2026 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of dyslipidemia: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines
10.1016/j.jacc.2025.11.016 · 2026 · External reference
Perspective: design and conduct of human nutrition randomized controlled trials
10.1093/advances/nmaa109 · 2021 · External reference
Perspective: USDA nutrition evidence systematic review methodology: grading the strength of evidence in nutrition- and public health-related systematic reviews
10.1093/advances/nmab147 · 2022 · External reference
Understanding nutritional epidemiology and its role in policy
10.3945/an.114.007492 · 2015 · External reference
Challenges in conducting clinical nutrition research
10.1093/nutrit/nux026 · 2017 · External reference
Challenges in the design, interpretation, and reporting of randomized controlled clinical studies on the health effects of whole foods
10.1139/apnm-2021-0007 · 2021 · External reference
2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines
10.1016/j.jacc.2019.03.009 · 2019 · External reference
Plant-based diets and cardiovascular health
10.1016/j.tcm.2018.02.004 · 2018 · External reference
Food in the anthropocene: the EAT-Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems
10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31788-4 · 2019 · External reference
Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association
10.1161/cir.0000000000000510 · 2017 · External reference
Saturated fats compared with unsaturated fats and sources of carbohydrates in relation to risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective cohort study
10.1016/j.jacc.2015.07.055 · 2015 · External reference
Association of circulating fatty acids with cardiovascular disease risk: analysis of individual-level data in three large prospective cohorts and updated meta-analysis
10.1093/eurjpc/zwae315 · 2025 · External reference
Association of specific dietary fats with total and cause-specific mortality
10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.2417 · 2016 · External reference
Changes in fatty acid intake and subsequent risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in males and females: a prospective cohort study
10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.11.012 · 2025 · External reference
Fatty acids, their food sources, and cardiovascular disease: current evidence and controversies surrounding the 2025-2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101669 · 2026 · External reference
Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31809-9 · 2019 · External reference
The role of sugar-sweetened beverages in the global epidemics of obesity and chronic diseases
10.1038/s41574-021-00627-6 · 2022 · External reference
Association of animal and plant protein intake with all-cause and cause-specific mortality
10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.4182 · 2016 · External reference
Association between plant and animal protein intake and overall and cause-specific mortality
10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.2790 · 2020 · External reference
Mortality from different causes associated with meat, heme iron, nitrates, and nitrites in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study: population based cohort study
2017 · External reference
Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel
10.1093/eurheartj/ehx144 · 2017 · External reference
Gut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease
10.1038/nature09922 · 2011 · External reference
Intestinal microbial metabolism of phosphatidylcholine and cardiovascular risk
10.1056/nejmoa1109400 · 2013 · External reference
Colloquium paper: uniquely human evolution of sialic acid genetics and biology
10.1073/pnas.0914634107 · 2010 · External reference
A branched-chain amino acid-related metabolic signature that differentiates obese and lean humans and contributes to insulin resistance
10.1016/j.cmet.2009.02.002 · 2009 · External reference
Extending healthy life span—from yeast to humans
10.1126/science.1172539 · 2010 · External reference
Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance
10.2337/db06-1491 · 2007 · External reference
Meat, meat cooking methods and preservation, and risk for colorectal adenoma
10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3429 · 2005 · External reference
A large prospective study of meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: an investigation of potential mechanisms underlying this association
10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-3929 · 2010 · External reference
Advanced glycation end products in foods and a practical guide to their reduction in the diet
10.1016/j.jada.2010.03.018 · 2010 · External reference
Impact of sodium intake on blood pressure, mortality and major cardiovascular events: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
10.1080/10408398.2024.2434166 · 2025 · External reference
Salt sensitivity: causes, consequences, and recent advances
10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.17959 · 2024 · External reference
Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2019 · External reference
Temporal trends in dietary sodium intake among adults aged ≥19 years - United States, 2003-2016
10.15585/mmwr.mm7042a4 · 2021 · External reference
Top sodium food sources in the American diet-using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
10.3390/nu15040831 · 2023 · External reference
2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline for the management of patients with chronic coronary disease
10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.003 · 2023 · External reference
10.1016/j.jacc.2025.10.006
10.1016/j.jacc.2025.10.006 · 2025 · External reference
Effect of increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses
2013 · External reference
24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion and cardiovascular risk
10.1056/nejmoa2109794 · 2022 · External reference
Effect of a salt substitute on incidence of hypertension and hypotension among normotensive adults
10.1016/j.jacc.2023.12.013 · 2024 · External reference
Recommendations for the use of dietary fiber to improve blood pressure control
10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.22575 · 2024 · External reference
Dietary fibre for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease
2016 · External reference
Dietary fibre in hypertension and cardiovascular disease management: systematic review and meta-analyses
10.1186/s12916-022-02328-x · 2022 · External reference
Fibre intake for optimal health: how can healthcare professionals support people to reach dietary recommendations?
10.1136/bmj-2020-054370 · 2022 · External reference
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (fish oil) supplementation and the prevention of clinical cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association
10.1161/cir.0000000000000482 · 2017 · External reference
Fish intake in relation to fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
10.3390/nu15214539 · 2023 · External reference
Fish consumption and cardiovascular health: a systematic review
10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.12.017 · 2021 · External reference
Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia
10.1056/nejmoa1812792 · 2019 · External reference
Effect of long-term marine ɷ-3 fatty acids supplementation on the risk of atrial fibrillation in randomized controlled trials of cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1161/circulationaha.121.055654 · 2021 · External reference
Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them
10.1017/s1368980018003762 · 2019 · External reference
Ultra-processed food intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: prospective cohort study (NutriNet-Santé)
2019 · External reference
Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: an inpatient randomized controlled trial of ad libitum food intake
10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008 · 2019 · External reference
Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome
10.1038/nature14232 · 2015 · External reference
From processing to pathways: advancing cardiovascular nutrition equity through mechanism-based front-of-package labeling
10.1016/j.jacadv.2025.102515 · 2026 · External reference
Are all ultra-processed foods created equal? Relevance of food processing and nutritional quality
10.1007/s10654-025-01327-5 · 2025 · External reference
Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits
10.1001/jama.296.15.1885 · 2006 · External reference
The human early-life exposome (HELIX): project rationale and design
10.1289/ehp.1307204 · 2014 · External reference
Microplastics and nanoplastics in atheromas and cardiovascular events
10.1056/nejmoa2309822 · 2024 · External reference
Healthful and unhealthful plant-based diets and the risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. adults
10.1016/j.jacc.2017.05.047 · 2017 · External reference
Alcohol use and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
10.1161/cir.0000000000001341 · 2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Caffeine consumption and cardiovascular health
10.1038/s41569-022-00719-4 · 2022 · External reference
Dose-response relation between tea consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies
10.1093/advances/nmaa010 · 2020 · External reference
Caffeinated coffee consumption or abstinence to reduce atrial fibrillation: the DECAF randomized clinical trial
10.1001/jama.2025.21056 · 2026 · External reference
Caffeine and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
10.1161/cir.0000000000001454 · 2026 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2023 · External reference
Non-nutritive sweeteners and their impacts on the gut microbiome and host physiology
10.3389/fnut.2022.988144 · 2022 · External reference
Dietary pattern analysis: a new direction in nutritional epidemiology
10.1097/00041433-200202000-00002 · 2002 · External reference
Dietary Patterns and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review
2024 · External reference
Dietary patterns and cardiometabolic outcomes in diabetes: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses
10.3390/nu11092209 · 2019 · External reference
Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts
10.1056/nejmoa1800389 · 2018 · External reference
Long-term secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet and a low-fat diet (CORDIOPREV): a randomised controlled trial
10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00122-2 · 2022 · External reference
Three decades of the Mediterranean diet pyramid: a narrative review of its history, evolution, and advances
10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.04.036 · 2025 · External reference
Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of type 2 diabetes: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis
10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100562 · 2025 · External reference
Prevention of diabetes with Mediterranean diets: a subgroup analysis of a randomized trial
10.7326/m13-1725 · 2014 · External reference
Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report
10.2337/dci19-0014 · 2019 · External reference
Association of glycaemic index and glycaemic load with type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of mega cohorts of more than 100 000 participants
10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00344-3 · 2024 · External reference
Effect of low glycaemic index or load dietary patterns on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
2021 · External reference
European guidelines for obesity management in adults with a very low-calorie ketogenic diet: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1159/000515381 · 2021 · External reference
Low-carbohydrate versus balanced-carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk
2022 · External reference
10.1016/j.jacl.2019.08.003
10.1016/j.jacl.2019.08.003 · 2019 · External reference
Association of a low-carbohydrate high-fat diet with plasma lipid levels and cardiovascular risk
10.1016/j.jacadv.2024.100924 · 2024 · External reference
Effect of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on metabolomic indices and coronary heart disease in U.S. individuals
10.1016/j.jacc.2025.12.038 · 2026 · External reference
Dietary carbohydrate intake and mortality: a prospective cohort study and meta-analysis
10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30135-x · 2018 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2018 · External reference
Comprehensive care for patients with obesity: an Obesity Medicine Association position statement
2023 · External reference
Effects of intermittent energy restriction compared with those of continuous energy restriction on body composition and cardiometabolic risk markers - a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials in adults
10.1016/j.advnut.2023.10.003 · 2024 · External reference
Is isocaloric intermittent fasting superior to calorie restriction? A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs
10.1016/j.numecd.2024.103805 · 2025 · External reference
Intermittent fasting for adults with overweight or obesity
2026 · External reference
Comparison of different intermittent fasting patterns or different extents of calorie restriction for weight loss and metabolic improvement in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
10.1093/nutrit/nuaf056 · 2026 · External reference
Intermittent fasting and health outcomes: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials
10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102519 · 2024 · External reference
Intermittent fasting strategies and their effects on body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials
10.1136/bmj-2024-082007 · 2025 · External reference
Is fasting superior to continuous caloric restriction for weight loss and metabolic outcomes in obese adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
10.3390/nu16203533 · 2024 · External reference
GLP-1 receptor agonists and weight loss: a critical review of mechanisms
10.1111/obr.70148 · 2026 · External reference
GLP-1 receptor agonists
10.1056/nejmra2500106 · 2026 · External reference
Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes
10.1056/nejmoa2307563 · 2023 · External reference
Semaglutide in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity
10.1056/nejmoa2306963 · 2023 · External reference
Tirzepatide for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity
10.1056/nejmoa2410027 · 2025 · External reference
Tirzepatide for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea and obesity
10.1056/nejmoa2404881 · 2024 · External reference
Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity: a joint advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and the Obesity Society
10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.04.023 · 2025 · External reference
Combined associations of GLP-1 receptor agonists and a healthy lifestyle with cardiovascular outcomes among individuals with type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study
10.1016/s2213-8587(25)00395-x · 2026 · External reference
The role of lifestyle modification with second-generation anti-obesity medications: comparisons, questions, and clinical opportunities
10.1007/s13679-023-00534-z · 2023 · External reference
Nutritional considerations with antiobesity medications
10.1002/oby.24067 · 2024 · External reference
Nutrition strategies for next-generation incretin therapies: a systematic scoping review of the current evidence
10.1111/obr.70079 · 2026 · External reference
Integrating diet and physical activity when prescribing GLP-1s-lifestyle factors remain crucial
10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.1794 · 2025 · External reference
Food is medicine: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association
10.1161/cir.0000000000001182 · 2023 · External reference
A systematic review of “Food Is Medicine” randomized controlled trials for noncommunicable disease in the United States: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
10.1161/cir.0000000000001343 · 2025 · External reference
DASH-patterned groceries and effects on blood pressure: the GoFresh randomized clinical trial
10.1001/jama.2025.21112 · 2026 · External reference
Food supplementation in patients hospitalized for heart failure: a randomized clinical trial
10.1001/jamacardio.2026.0435 · 2026 · External reference
Feasibility of an indigenous Food Is Medicine program for patients with heart failure in rural Navajo Nation
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.56117 · 2026 · External reference
Medicaid nutrition supports associated with reductions in hospitalizations and ED visits in Massachusetts, 2020-23
10.1377/hlthaff.2024.01409 · 2025 · External reference
Association of national expansion of insurance coverage of medically tailored meals with estimated hospitalizations and health care expenditures in the US
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36898 · 2022 · External reference
Medicaid spending and health-related social needs in the North Carolina Healthy Opportunities Pilots Program
10.1001/jama.2025.1042 · 2025 · External reference
The effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy in prevention and treatment of chronic disease: a position paper of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
10.1016/j.jand.2025.10.010 · 2026 · External reference
Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: the role of medical nutrition therapy and registered dietitian nutritionists in the prevention and treatment of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
10.1016/j.jand.2017.11.021 · 2018 · External reference
Artificial intelligence in nutrition and dietetics: a comprehensive review of current research
10.3390/healthcare13202579 · 2025 · External reference
Expert analysis: how do the 2025-2030 dietary guidelines for Americans measure up for cardiovascular health?
2026 · External reference
Federal dietary guidance upended
10.1001/jamahealthforum.2026.0677 · 2026 · External reference
The 2025-2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
10.1001/jama.2026.0283 · 2026 · External reference
The 2025-2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans - progress, pitfalls, and the path forward
10.1056/nejmp2600579 · 2026 · External reference
Dietary evidence and the 2025-2030 US guidelines
10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00104-2 · 2026 · External reference
New Dietary Guidelines for Americans: a recipe for poorer health
10.1016/s0140-6736(26)00300-4 · 2026 · External reference
The new Dietary Guidelines for Americans: when national nutritional policy outpaces the evidence
10.1016/j.ajpc.2026.101440 · 2026 · External reference
When nutrition science is ignored: potential public health cost of the 2025 Dietary Guidelines
10.1001/jama.2026.0832 · 2026 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Evaluation of dietary protein and amino acid requirements: a systematic review
10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.04.017 · 2025 · External reference
Examining widely held propositions on human dietary protein needs and benefits: a critical review of the science that shapes both the data and our understanding of an essential macronutrient
2026 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Perspective on the health effects of unsaturated fatty acids and commonly consumed plant oils high in unsaturated fat
10.1017/s0007114524002459 · 2024 · External reference
Plasma n6 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and risk for total and cause-specific mortality: a prospective observational study from the UK Biobank
10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.08.020 · 2024 · External reference
Regular-fat and low-fat dairy foods and cardiovascular diseases: perspectives for future dietary recommendations
10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.03.009 · 2025 · External reference
Intake of dairy products and associations with major atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies
10.1038/s41598-020-79708-x · 2021 · External reference
Dairy fat and risk of cardiovascular disease in 3 cohorts of US adults
10.3945/ajcn.116.134460 · 2016 · External reference
Associations of dairy intake with risk of mortality in women and men: three prospective cohort studies
2019 · External reference
Applications of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning in nutrition: a systematic review
10.3390/nu16071073 · 2024 · External reference
Perspective: are large, simple trials the solution for nutrition research?
10.1093/advances/nmy030 · 2018 · External reference
Precision nutrition for cardiometabolic diseases
10.1038/s41591-025-03669-9 · 2025 · External reference
Advancing precision nutrition: bridging mechanistic insight and clinical implementation
10.1038/s41574-025-01141-9 · 2025 · External reference
Dietary strategies and nutritional management in patients receiving GLP-1 and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists as adjuncts to lifestyle interventions: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials
10.1111/dom.70779 · 2026 · External reference
Medical nutrition in the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) era: protein strategies, micronutrient monitoring, and lean mass preservation
10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.103305 · 2026 · External reference
Nutrition and culinary education in Food Is Medicine interventions: a scoping review
10.1016/j.jand.2026.156322 · 2026 · External reference
“Food Is Medicine” strategies for nutrition security and cardiometabolic health equity: JACC state-of-the-art review
10.1016/j.jacc.2023.12.023 · 2024 · External reference