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References from ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Suspected Diaphragm Dysfunction. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Imaging of the diaphragm: anatomy and function
10.1148/rg.322115127 · 2012 · External reference
Diaphragmatic dysfunction
10.1016/j.pulmoe.2018.10.008 · 2019 · External reference
Unexplained diaphragmatic paralysis: a harbinger of malignant disease?
10.1016/s0022-5223(19)38936-6 · 1982 · External reference
Imaging the diaphragm
10.1016/j.thorsurg.2009.08.008 · 2009 · External reference
Diaphragm dysfunction: diagnostic approaches and management strategies
10.3390/jcm5120113 · 2016 · External reference
Phrenic nerve palsy secondary to parsonage-turner syndrome: a diagnosis commonly overlooked
10.1007/s00408-016-9972-2 · 2017 · External reference
Characteristics and outcomes of children with congenital heart disease needing diaphragm plication
10.1017/s1047951119002671 · 2020 · External reference
Diaphragm dysfunction after cardiac surgery
10.21470/1678-9741-2023-0239 · 2025 · External reference
ACR Appropriateness Criteria® hernia
10.1016/j.jacr.2022.09.016 · 2022 · External reference
An evaluation of diaphragmatic movement by M-mode sonography as a predictor of pulmonary dysfunction after upper abdominal surgery
10.1213/ane.0b013e3181d5e4d8 · 2010 · External reference
Characteristics of the paralysed diaphragm studied by M-mode ultrasonography
10.1111/cpf.12549 · 2019 · External reference
Diaphragm and phrenic nerve ultrasound in COVID-19 patients and beyond: imaging technique, findings, and clinical applications
10.1002/jum.15706 · 2022 · External reference
Diaphragmatic ultrasound in adults: image acquisition and interpretation
2025 · External reference
Two-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the diaphragm: quantitative values in normal subjects
10.1002/mus.23702 · 2013 · External reference
Ultrasound imaging for diaphragm function in a population of healthy infants: a short observational report
10.3390/diagnostics13061095 · 2023 · External reference
Crus atrophy: accuracy of computed tomography in diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis
10.1097/rti.0000000000000276 · 2017 · External reference
Diaphragmatic movement in newborn infants
10.1016/s0022-3476(88)80187-2 · 1988 · External reference
Monitoring recovery from diaphragm paralysis with ultrasound
10.1378/chest.07-2200 · 2008 · External reference
M-mode sonography of diaphragmatic motion: description of technique and experience in 278 pediatric patients
10.1007/s00247-005-1433-7 · 2005 · External reference
Ultrasonographic diagnostic criterion for severe diaphragmatic dysfunction after cardiac surgery
10.1378/chest.08-1531 · 2009 · External reference
Unilateral diaphragmatic dysfunction following thoracic outlet surgery diagnosed by point-of-care ultrasound
10.1080/20009666.2021.1915550 · 2021 · External reference
Bedside ultrasound for the diagnosis of abnormal diaphragmatic motion in children after heart surgery
10.1097/pcc.0000000000001015 · 2017 · External reference
Diagnosis of abnormal diaphragm motion after cardiothoracic surgery: ultrasound performed by a cardiac intensivist vs. fluoroscopy
10.1111/j.1747-0803.2010.00431.x · 2010 · External reference
Diaphragmatic thickness ratio (inspiratory/expiratory) as a diagnostic method of diaphragmatic palsy associated with interescalene block
2018 · External reference
Incidence of hemi-diaphragmatic paresis after ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical plexus block: a prospective observational study
10.1007/s00540-020-02770-2 · 2020 · External reference
Ultrasound in the diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis after operation for congenital heart disease
10.1136/hrt.64.1.20 · 1990 · External reference
Diaphragmatic paralysis in children: a review of 11 cases
10.1002/ppul.1950180311 · 1994 · External reference
Diaphragmatic paralysis after cardiac surgery in children: incidence, prognosis and surgical management
10.1007/s00383-006-1663-2 · 2006 · External reference
Diaphragmatic paralysis among very low birth weight infants following ligation for patent ductus arteriosus
10.1007/s00431-012-1787-4 · 2012 · External reference
Postoperative diaphragmatic paralysis after cardiac surgery in children: incidence, diagnosis and surgical management
10.3760/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.20131173 · 2013 · External reference
Ultrasound for diaphragmatic dysfunction in postoperative cardiac children
10.1017/s1047951116000718 · 2017 · External reference
The advantage of early plication in children diagnosed with diaphragm paresis
10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.05.109 · 2017 · External reference
Predictors for plication performance following diaphragmatic paralysis in children
10.1002/ppul.24539 · 2020 · External reference
Diaphragm paralysis after pediatric cardiac surgery: an STS congenital heart surgery database study
10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.05.175 · 2021 · External reference
Outcome analysis of a conservative approach to diaphragmatic paralysis following congenital cardiac surgery in neonates and infants: a bicentric retrospective study
10.1093/icvts/ivab123 · 2021 · External reference
Diaphragmatic dysfunction is associated with postoperative pulmonary complications and phrenic nerve paresis in patients undergoing thoracic surgery
10.1007/s00540-024-03325-5 · 2024 · External reference
Impact of diaphragm paralysis and its surgical interventions on outcomes after the staged Fontan procedure
2025 · External reference
Paralysis of the diaphragm
1975 · External reference
Paralysis of the phrenic nerve as a risk factor for suboptimal Fontan hemodynamics
10.1016/j.ejcts.2004.12.044 · 2005 · External reference
Fluoroscopic position of the second-generation cryoballoon during ablation in the right superior pulmonary vein as a predictor of phrenic nerve injury
10.1093/europace/euv362 · 2016 · External reference
Persistence of phrenic nerve palsy following 28-mm cryoballoon ablation: a four-year single center experience
10.1111/pace.12636 · 2015 · External reference
New onset of phrenic nerve palsy after laser-assisted transvenous lead extraction: a single-centre experience
10.1093/europace/euy044 · 2018 · External reference
Incidence of phrenic neuropathy after isolated lung transplantation. The Loyola University Lung Transplant Group
1995 · External reference
Hemidiaphragmatic paralysis increases postoperative morbidity after a modified Fontan operation
10.1067/mtc.2001.118506 · 2001 · External reference
Early diagnosis of diaphragm palsy after pediatric cardiac surgery and outcome after diaphragm plication—a single-center experience
10.4103/apc.apc_171_19 · 2021 · External reference
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging in unilateral diaphragm eventration: knowledge improvement before and after plication
10.21037/jtd.2019.07.79 · 2019 · External reference
Four-dimensional CT of the diaphragm in children: initial experience
10.3348/kjr.2018.19.1.111 · 2018 · External reference
Hemidiaphragm paralysis: CT diagnosis
10.1097/00005382-199422000-00009 · 1994 · External reference
Diaphragm breathing movement measurement using ultrasound and radiographic imaging: a concurrent validity
2014 · External reference
Noninvasive prediction of twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure: insights from spirometry, diaphragm ultrasound, and phrenic nerve stimulation studies
10.1159/000501171 · 2019 · External reference
Poor Correlation between diaphragm ultrasound and invasive gold standard technique derived respiratory muscle strength assessment in patients after hospitalisation for COVID-19
2025 · External reference
Ultrasound as diagnostic tool in diaphragm dysfunction: a prospective construct validity study
10.1016/j.rmed.2025.108083 · 2025 · External reference
Comparison of ultrasound with fluoroscopy in the assessment of suspected hemidiaphragmatic movement abnormality
10.1016/s0009-9260(05)82987-3 · 1995 · External reference
Identifying decreased diaphragmatic mobility and diaphragm thickening in interstitial lung disease: the utility of ultrasound imaging
10.1590/s1806-37562015000000266 · 2016 · External reference
Diaphragm thickening assessed by ultrasonography is lower than healthy adults in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
10.1111/crj.13161 · 2020 · External reference
Ultrasound shear wave elastography for evaluation of diaphragm stiffness in patients with stable COPD: a pilot trial
10.1002/jum.15655 · 2021 · External reference
Characteristics of respiratory muscle involvement in myotonic dystrophy type 1
10.1016/j.nmd.2019.10.011 · 2020 · External reference
Ultrasound for assessment of diaphragm in ALS
10.1016/j.clinph.2015.03.024 · 2016 · External reference
Phrenic nerve stimulation is more sensitive than ultrasound measurement of diaphragm thickness in assessing early ALS progression
10.1016/j.neucli.2016.08.001 · 2017 · External reference
Paradoxical thinning of the diaphragm on ultrasound is a risk factor for requiring non-invasive ventilation in patients with neuromuscular diaphragmatic dysfunction
10.1002/mus.28194 · 2024 · External reference
Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic ultrasound in the diagnosis of phrenic neuropathy
10.1212/wnl.0000000000000841 · 2014 · External reference
Ultrasonographic diaphragm thickness correlates with compound muscle action potential amplitude and forced vital capacity
10.1002/mus.24902 · 2016 · External reference
Differentiating diaphragmatic paralysis and eventration
10.1016/j.acra.2007.01.027 · 2007 · External reference
Chest radiography cannot predict diaphragm function
10.1016/j.rmed.2004.04.016 · 2005 · External reference
Certain movements measured on inspiration-expiration chest radiographs correlated with pulmonary function studies
10.1016/s0009-9260(72)80132-6 · 1972 · External reference
Diaphragm movements and the diagnosis of diaphragmatic paralysis
10.1016/s0009-9260(66)80128-9 · 1966 · External reference
Diaphragm morphology assessed by computed tomography in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
10.1513/annalsats.202007-865oc · 2021 · External reference
Late-onset Pompe disease (LOPD): correlations between respiratory muscles CT and MRI features and pulmonary function
10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.06.023 · 2013 · External reference
Phrenic nerve dysfunction secondary to cervical neuroforaminal stenosis: a literature review
10.1016/j.wneu.2022.09.009 · 2022 · External reference
Association between diaphragmatic paralysis and ipsilateral cervical spondylosis on MRI
10.1007/s00408-019-00271-y · 2019 · External reference
Diaphragmatic motion: fast gradient-recalled-echo MR imaging in healthy subjects
10.1148/radiology.194.3.7862995 · 1995 · External reference
Dynamic echo-planar MR imaging of the diaphragm for a 3D dynamic analysis
10.1007/s00330-004-2482-2 · 2005 · External reference
Imaging respiratory muscle quality and function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
10.1007/s00415-019-09481-z · 2019 · External reference
Airflow limitation is accompanied by diaphragm dysfunction
10.33549/physiolres.933064 · 2016 · External reference
MRI-assessed diaphragmatic function can predict frequent acute exacerbation of COPD: a prospective observational study based on telehealth-based monitoring system
10.1186/s12890-022-02254-x · 2022 · External reference
Demonstrating the effect of theophylline treatment on diaphragmatic movement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients by MR-fluoroscopy
10.1016/s0720-048x(03)00210-9 · 2004 · External reference
Measuring sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation
2022 · External reference