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References from Gravity-shaped plant architecture to enhance dense planting, lodging resistance and substance uptake and their applications in maize and other crop breeding. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Antigravitropic PIN polarization maintains non-vertical growth in lateral roots
10.1038/s41477-023-01478-x · 2023 · External reference
Molecular mechanisms of root gravitropism
10.1016/j.cub.2017.07.015 · 2017 · External reference
Genome-wide selection and genetic improvement during modern maize breeding
10.1038/s41588-020-0616-3 · 2020 · External reference
Creeping Stem 1 regulates directional auxin transport for lodging resistance in soybean
10.1111/pbi.14503 · 2025 · External reference
Local auxin biosynthesis regulates brace root angle and lodging resistance in maize
10.1111/nph.18733 · 2023 · External reference
Genetic structure and molecular mechanism underlying the stalk lodging traits in maize (Zea mays L.). Comput Struct
2022 · External reference
Impact of imposed root lodging on corn growth and yield
10.1002/agj2.20848 · 2021 · External reference
Genetic improvement for root growth angle to enhance crop production
10.1270/jsbbs.65.111 · 2015 · External reference
Photoperiod and gravistimulation-associated Tiller Angle Control 1 modulates dynamic changes in rice plant architecture
10.1007/s00122-023-04404-z · 2023 · External reference
Gravitropism in the starch excess mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana
10.3732/ajb.94.4.590 · 2007 · External reference
New insights into root gravitropic signaling
10.1093/jxb/eru515 · 2015 · External reference
Lateral relocation of auxin efflux regulator PIN3 mediates tropism in Arabidopsis
10.1038/415806a · 2002 · External reference
SCF(TIR1) (/AFB) auxin signaling for bending termination during shoot gravitropism
10.1104/pp.20.00212 · 2020 · External reference
Termination of shoot gravitropic responses by auxin Feedback on PIN3 polarity
10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.067 · 2016 · External reference
Mapping the functional roles of cap cells in the response of Arabidopsis primary roots to gravity
10.1104/pp.116.1.213 · 1998 · External reference
Positional effect of cell inactivation on root gravitropism using heavy-ion microbeams
10.1093/jexbot/53.369.683 · 2002 · External reference
The endodermis and shoot gravitropism
10.1016/s1360-1385(99)01376-x · 1999 · External reference
ZIP genes encode proteins involved in membrane trafficking of the TGN–PVC/vacuoles
10.1093/pcp/pcp137 · 2009 · External reference
Gravity sensing and signal transduction in vascular plant primary roots
10.3732/ajb.1200318 · 2013 · External reference
Amyloplast sedimentation and organelle daltation in living corn columella cells
10.1002/j.1537-2197.1986.tb09700.x · 1986 · External reference
Cytoplasmic calcium increases in response to changes in the gravity vector in hypocotyls and petioles of Arabidopsis seedlings
10.1104/pp.107.106450 · 2008 · External reference
Statolith sedimentation kinetics and force transduction to the cortical endoplasmic reticulum in gravity-sensing Arabidopsis columella cells
10.1105/tpc.108.065052 · 2009 · External reference
United in diversity: mechanosensitive ion channels in plants
10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114700 · 2015 · External reference
Mechanotransduction in gravisensing cells
10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.005 · 2003 · External reference
Both gravistimulation onset and removal trigger an increase of cytoplasmic free calcium in statocytes of roots grown in microgravity
10.1038/s41598-018-29788-7 · 2018 · External reference
How to activate a plant gravireceptor. Early mechanisms of gravity sensing studied in Characeanrhizoids during parabolic flights
10.1104/pp.105.068106 · 2005 · External reference
Inclination not force is sensed by plants during shoot gravitropism
10.1038/srep35431 · 2016 · External reference
A new scenario for gravity detection in plants: the position sensor hypothesis
10.1088/1478-3975/aa6876 · 2017 · External reference
Altered gravitropic response, amyloplast sedimentation and circumnutation in the Arabidopsis shoot gravitropism 5 mutant are associated with reduced starch levels
10.1007/s11103-008-9301-0 · 2008 · External reference
Structure of the SHR-SCR heterodimer bound to the BIRD/IDD transcriptional factor JKD
10.1038/nplants.2017.10 · 2017 · External reference
Auxin-mediated statolith production for root gravitropism
10.1111/nph.15932 · 2019 · External reference
SCF(TIR1/AFB) - auxin signalling regulates PIN vacuolar trafficking and auxin fluxes during root gravitropism
10.1038/emboj.2012.310 · 2013 · External reference
An Arabidopsis E3 ligase, SHOOT GRAVITROPISM9, modulates the interaction between statoliths and f-actin in gravity sensing
10.1105/tpc.110.079442 · 2011 · External reference
Disruption of the F-actin cytoskeleton limits statolith movement in Arabidopsis hypocotyls
10.1093/jxb/eri248 · 2005 · External reference
The role of Arabidopsis Actin-Related Protein 3 in amyloplast sedimentation and polar auxin transport in root gravitropism
10.1093/jxb/erw294 · 2016 · External reference
Involvement of the vacuoles of the endodermis in the early process of shoot gravitropism in Arabidopsis
10.1105/tpc.010216 · 2002 · External reference
Amyloplasts and vacuolar membrane dynamics in the living graviperceptive cell of the Arabidopsis inflorescence stem
10.1105/tpc.104.026138 · 2005 · External reference
The GRV2/RME-8 protein of Arabidopsis functions in the late endocytic pathway and is required for vacuolar membrane flow
10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03314.x · 2008 · External reference
Wortmannin-induced vacuole fusion enhances amyloplast dynamics in Arabidopsis zigzag1 hypocotyls
10.1093/jxb/erw418 · 2016 · External reference
A unique HEAT repeat-containing protein SHOOT GRAVITROPISM6 is involved in vacuolar membrane dynamics in gravity-sensing cells of Arabidopsis inflorescence stem
10.1093/pcp/pcu020 · 2014 · External reference
The mildew resistance locus O 4 interacts with CaM/CML and is involved in root gravity response
10.3390/ijms22115962 · 2021 · External reference
Maize LAZY1 mediates shoot gravitropism and inflorescence development through regulating auxin transport, auxin signaling, and light response
10.1104/pp.113.227314 · 2013 · External reference
Amyloplast sedimentation repolarizes LAZYs to achieve gravity sensing in plants
10.1016/j.cell.2023.09.014 · 2023 · External reference
LAZY1 controls rice shoot gravitropism through regulating polar auxin transport
10.1038/cr.2007.38 · 2007 · External reference
Cell polarity linked to gravity sensing is generated by LZY translocation from statoliths to the plasma membrane
10.1126/science.adh9978 · 2023 · External reference
Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade MKK7-MPK6 plays important roles in plant development and regulates shoot branching by phosphorylating PIN1 in Arabidopsis
10.1371/journal.pbio.1002550 · 2016 · External reference
The TOC complex: preprotein gateway to the chloroplast
10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.03.004 · 2010 · External reference
Polar recruitment of RLD by LAZY1-like protein during gravity signaling in root branch angle control
10.1038/s41467-019-13729-7 · 2020 · External reference
LAZY1-LIKE-mediated gravity signaling pathway in root gravitropic set-point angle control
10.1093/plphys/kiab219 · 2021 · External reference
The polarly localized D6 PROTEIN KINASE is required for efficient auxin transport in Arabidopsis thaliana
10.1242/dev.028365 · 2009 · External reference
Rapid translocation of NGR proteins driving polarization of PIN-activating D6 protein kinase during root gravitropism
10.7554/elife.91523 · 2024 · External reference
Gravity-induced PIN transcytosis for polarization of auxin fluxes in gravity-sensing root cells
10.1073/pnas.1013145107 · 2010 · External reference
Clathrin-mediated constitutive endocytosis of PIN auxin efflux carriers in Arabidopsis
10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.052 · 2007 · External reference
The retromer protein VPS29 links cell polarity and organ initiation in plants
10.1016/j.cell.2007.08.040 · 2007 · External reference
ARF GEF-dependent transcytosis and polar delivery of PIN auxin carriers in Arabidopsis
10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.021 · 2008 · External reference
Cellular and molecular requirements for polar PIN targeting and transcytosis in plants
10.1093/mp/ssn062 · 2008 · External reference
Partial loss-of-function alleles reveal a role for GNOM in auxin transport-related, post-embryonic development of Arabidopsis
10.1242/dev.00926 · 2024 · External reference
The Arabidopsis LAZY1 family plays a key role in gravity signaling within statocytes and in branch angle control of roots and shoots
10.1105/tpc.16.00575 · 2017 · External reference
BRXL4-LAZY1 interaction at the plasma membrane controls Arabidopsis branch angle and gravitropism
10.1111/tpj.16055 · 2023 · External reference
Light modulates the gravitropic responses through organ-specific PIFs and HY5 regulation of LAZY4 expression in Arabidopsis
10.1073/pnas.2005871117 · 2020 · External reference
Gravitropism of Arabidopsis thaliana roots requires the polarization of PIN2 toward the root tip in meristematic cortical cells
10.1105/tpc.110.075317 · 2010 · External reference
Polarization of PIN3-dependent auxin transport for hypocotyl gravitropic response in Arabidopsis thaliana
10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04636.x · 2011 · External reference
A detailed expression map of the PIN1 auxin transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana root
10.1186/s12870-015-0685-0 · 2016 · External reference
Root gravitropism and root hair development constitute coupled developmental responses regulated by auxin homeostasis in the Arabidopsis root apex
10.1111/nph.12092 · 2013 · External reference
Auxin transport during root gravitropism: transporters and techniques
10.1111/plb.12030 · 2014 · External reference
Genetic screen for factors mediating PIN polarization in gravistimulated Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls
10.1111/tpj.14301 · 2019 · External reference
Localization of the auxin permease AUX1 suggests two functionally distinct hormone transport pathways operate in the Arabidopsis root apex
10.1101/gad.210501 · 2001 · External reference
Arabidopsis AUX1 gene: a permease-like regulator of root gravitropism
10.1126/science.273.5277.948 · 1996 · External reference
AUX1 acts upstream of PIN2 in regulating root gravitropism
10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.11.056 · 2018 · External reference
The Arabidopsis concentration-dependent influx/efflux transporter ABCB4 regulates cellular auxin levels in the root epidermis
10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04818.x · 2012 · External reference
Arabidopsis ABCB21 is a facultative auxin importer/exporter regulated by cytoplasmic auxin concentration
10.1093/pcp/pcs149 · 2012 · External reference
GOLVEN secretory peptides regulate auxin carrier turnover during plant gravitropic responses
10.1016/j.devcel.2012.02.002 · 2012 · External reference
10.1038/ncomms9822
10.1038/ncomms9822 · External reference
Auxin biodynamics and its integral role in enhancing plant resilience to environmental cues
10.1111/ppl.70165 · 2025 · External reference
10.1093/jxb/ert241
10.1093/jxb/ert241 · External reference
RCN1-regulated phosphatase activity and EIN2 modulate hypocotyl gravitropism by a mechanism that does not require ethylene signaling
10.1104/pp.106.083212 · 2006 · External reference
Ethylene regulates auxin-mediated root gravitropic machinery and controls root angle in cereal crops
10.1093/plphys/kiae134 · 2024 · External reference
Mechanosensing antagonizes ethylene signaling to promote root gravitropism in rice
10.1038/s41467-025-59047-z · 2025 · External reference
Cytokinins influence root gravitropism via differential regulation of auxin transporter expression and localization in Arabidopsis
10.1111/nph.14049 · 2016 · External reference
Cholodny-Went revisited: a role for jasmonate in gravitropism of rice coleoptiles
10.1007/s00425-005-0001-6 · 2005 · External reference
Hypocotyl growth orientation in blue light is determined by phytochrome A inhibition of gravitropism and phototropin promotion of phototropism
10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02256.x · 2004 · External reference
Jasmonic acid coordinates with light, glucose and auxin signalling in regulating branching angle of Arabidopsis lateral roots
10.1111/pce.14290 · 2022 · External reference
Brassinosteroid signaling delimits root gravitropism via sorting of the Arabidopsis PIN2 auxin transporter
10.1038/s41467-019-13543-1 · 2019 · External reference
Gibberellin regulates PIN-FORMED abundance and is required for auxin transport-dependent growth and development in Arabidopsis thaliana
10.1105/tpc.111.086355 · 2011 · External reference
Abscisic acid is a negative regulator of root gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana
10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.080 · 2009 · External reference
Strigolactones regulate rice tiller angle by attenuating shoot gravitropism through inhibiting auxin biosynthesis
10.1073/pnas.1411859111 · 2014 · External reference
Transgressive segregation of tiller angle in rice caused by complementary gene action
10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183x003800010002x · 1998 · External reference
The ZmCLA4 gene in the qLA4-1 QTL controls leaf angle in maize (Zea mays L.)
10.1093/jxb/eru271 · 2014 · External reference
Molecular basis of plant architecture
10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092902 · 2008 · External reference
HSFA2D-LAZY6-LAZY1 module regulates shoot gravitropism and tiller angle in rice
10.1111/nph.70237 · 2025 · External reference
LAZY3 interacts with LAZY2 to regulate tiller angle by modulating shoot gravity perception in rice
10.1111/pbi.14031 · 2023 · External reference
LAZY2 controls rice tiller angle through regulating starch biosynthesis in gravity-sensing cells
10.1111/nph.17426 · 2021 · External reference
Rice ONAC106 inhibits leaf senescence and increases salt tolerance and tiller angle
10.1093/pcp/pcv144 · 2015 · External reference
Mutant lpa1 analysis of ZmLPA1 gene regulates maize leaf-angle development through the auxin pathway
10.3390/ijms23094886 · 2022 · External reference
Rice actin binding protein RMD controls crown root angle in response to external phosphate
10.1038/s41467-018-04710-x · 2018 · External reference
OsBRXL4 regulates shoot gravitropism and rice tiller angle through affecting LAZY1 nuclear localization
10.1016/j.molp.2019.05.014 · 2019 · External reference
Rice domestication- associated transcription factor PROSTRATE GROWTH 1 controls plant and panicle architecture by regulating the expression of LAZY1 and OsGIGANTEA, respectively
10.1016/j.molp.2023.08.011 · 2023 · External reference
PROG1 acts upstream of LAZY1 to regulate rice tiller angle as a repressor
10.1016/j.cj.2022.11.008 · 2023 · External reference
A core regulatory pathway controlling rice tiller angle mediated by the LAZY1-dependent asymmetric distribution of auxin
10.1105/tpc.18.00063 · 2018 · External reference
Comprehensive analysis of WUSCEL-related homeobox gene family in ramie (Boehmeria nivea) indicates its potential role in adventitious root development
2023 · External reference
OsHOX1 and OsHOX28 redundantly shape rice tiller angle by reducing HSFA2D expression and auxin content
10.1104/pp.20.00536 · 2020 · External reference
OsmiR167a-targeted auxin response factors modulate tiller angle via fine-tuning auxin distribution in rice
10.1111/pbi.13360 · 2020 · External reference
LAZY5 acts in an LAZY1-independent pathway to regulate rice tiller angle
10.1111/pbi.70211 · 2025 · External reference
BTA2 regulates tiller angle and the shoot gravity response through controlling auxin content and distribution in rice
10.1111/jipb.13726 · 2024 · External reference
TAC4 controls tiller angle by regulating the endogenous auxin content and distribution in rice
10.1111/pbi.13440 · 2021 · External reference
LATA1, a RING E3 ligase, modulates the tiller angle by affecting auxin asymmetric distribution and content in rice
10.1111/tpj.16948 · 2024 · External reference
LAZY4 acts additively with the starch– statolith-dependent gravity-sensing pathway to regulate shoot gravitropism and tiller angle in rice
10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100943 · 2024 · External reference
LARGE ROOT ANGLE1, encoding OsPIN2, is involved in root system architecture in rice
10.1093/jxb/erx427 · 2018 · External reference
A root system architecture regulator modulates OsPIN2 polar localization in rice
10.1038/s41467-024-55324-5 · 2025 · External reference
Root angle modifications by the DRO1 homolog improve rice yields in saline paddy fields
10.1073/pnas.2005911117 · 2020 · External reference
Switching the direction of stem gravitropism by altering two amino acids in AtLAZY1
10.1104/pp.19.01144 · 2020 · External reference
Candidate loci for leaf angle in maize revealed by a combination of genome-wide association study and meta-analysis
10.3389/fgene.2022.1004211 · 2022 · External reference
Genome-wide association studies of leaf angle in maize
10.1007/s11032-021-01241-0 · 2021 · External reference
Identification of quantitative trait loci for related traits of stalk lodging resistance using genome-wide association studies in maize (Zea mays L.)
10.1186/s12863-022-01091-5 · 2022 · External reference
Mapping quantitative trait loci and predicting candidate genes for leaf angle in maize
10.1371/journal.pone.0245129 · 2021 · External reference
Genome-wide association study and genomic selection of brace root traits related to lodging resistance in maize
10.1038/s41598-024-83230-9 · 2024 · External reference
Genome-wide association study for stalk lodging resistance related traits in maize (Zea mays L.)
10.1186/s12864-023-09917-x · 2024 · External reference
The 2020 derecho revealed limited overlap between maize genes associated with root lodging and root system architecture
10.1093/plphys/kiad194 · 2023 · External reference
TBtools-II: A “one for all, all for one” bioinformatics platform for biological big-data mining
10.1016/j.molp.2023.09.010 · 2023 · External reference
Association mapping across numerous traits reveals patterns of functional variation in maize
10.1371/journal.pgen.1004845 · 2014 · External reference
Molecular evolution of the TAC1 gene from rice (Oryza sativa L.)
10.1016/j.jgg.2012.07.011 · 2012 · External reference
TAC1, a major quantitative trait locus controlling tiller angle in rice
10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03284.x · 2007 · External reference
Multiple brace root phenotypes promote anchorage and limit root lodging in maize
10.1111/pce.14289 · 2022 · External reference
Effects of pruning of roots growing at various angles on pushing resistance of rice cultivars
10.1626/jcs.73.1 · 2004 · External reference
Eco-physiological study of root lodging tolerance in direct-seeded rice cultivars
1997 · External reference
Root morphology of maize and its relationship to root lodging
10.1111/j.1439-037x.1992.tb00987.x · 1992 · External reference
Root architecture and plant productivity
10.1104/pp.109.1.7 · 1995 · External reference
Root system architecture: opportunities and constraints for genetic improvement of crops
10.1016/j.tplants.2007.08.012 · 2007 · External reference
Study on yield loss of summer maize due to lodging at the big flare stage and grain filling stage
2015 · External reference
Research progress on reduced lodging of high-yield and-density maize
10.1016/s2095-3119(17)61785-4 · 2017 · External reference
Deep rooting conferred by DEEPER ROOTING 1 enhances rice yield in paddy fields
10.1038/srep05563 · 2014 · External reference
Maize root growth angles become steeper under low N conditions
10.1016/j.fcr.2012.09.010 · 2013 · External reference
Topsoil foraging—an architectural adaptation of plants to low phosphorus availability
10.1023/a:1013324727040 · 2001 · External reference
Root phenes for enhanced soil exploration and phosphorus acquisition: tools for future crops
10.1104/pp.111.175414 · 2011 · External reference
Low phosphate alters lateral root setpoint angle and gravitropism
10.3732/ajb.1200285 · 2013 · External reference
High temperature attenuates the gravitropism of inflorescence stems by inducing SHOOT GRAVITROPISM 5 alternative splicing in Arabidopsis
10.1111/nph.13602 · 2016 · External reference
Adaptive thermal control of stem gravitropism through alternative RNA splicing in Arabidopsis
10.1080/15592324.2015.1093715 · 2015 · External reference
Gravitropism and mechanical signaling in plants
10.3732/ajb.1200408 · 2013 · External reference
Calcium-triggered apoplastic ROS bursts balance gravity and mechanical signals for soil navigation
10.1126/science.adu8197 · 2026 · External reference
Actin turnover-mediated gravity response in maize root apices: gravitropism of decapped roots implicates gravisensing outside of the root cap
10.4161/psb.1.2.2432 · 2006 · External reference
Extraterrestrial agriculture: plant cultivation in space
2024 · External reference
Exploring plant responses to altered gravity for advancing space agriculture
2025 · External reference
Biological culture module for plant research from seed-to-seed on the Chinese Space Station
2024 · External reference
Mapping plant cell-type-specific responses to environmental stresses
10.1016/j.tplants.2026.03.003 · 2026 · External reference
Development of a haploid-inducer mediated genome editing system for accelerating maize breeding
10.1016/j.molp.2019.03.006 · 2019 · External reference
10.1038/s41588-026-02522-0
10.1038/s41588-026-02522-0 · External reference