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References from Gut-brain axis dysregulation in Parkinson's disease: Mechanisms linking microbiota to neuroinflammation and α-synuclein pathology. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Parkinson's disease
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Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: implications for pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment
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Parkinson's disease: mechanisms, translational models and management strategies
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Mitochondria and Parkinson's disease: clinical, molecular, and translational aspects
10.3233/jpd-201981 · 2021 · External reference
The hallmarks of Parkinson's disease
10.1111/febs.12335 · 2013 · External reference
The microbiota-gut-brain axis and neurodevelopmental disorders
10.1093/procel/pwad026 · 2023 · External reference
Signaling inflammation across the gut-brain axis
10.1126/science.abi6087 · 2021 · External reference
The role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders
10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105840 · 2021 · External reference
Feeding gut microbes to nourish the brain: unravelling the diet-microbiota-gut-brain axis
10.1038/s42255-024-01108-6 · 2024 · External reference
The microbiota-gut-brain axis
10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · 2019 · External reference
The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication
10.1038/s41575-019-0157-3 · 2019 · External reference
Fecal microbiota transplantation protects rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease mice via suppressing inflammation mediated by the lipopolysaccharide-TLR4 signaling pathway through the microbiota-gut-brain axis
10.1186/s40168-021-01107-9 · 2021 · External reference
Gut microbiome and Parkinson's disease: perspective on pathogenesis and treatment
10.1016/j.jare.2022.10.013 · 2023 · External reference
Brain-gut-microbiota axis in Parkinson's disease
10.3748/wjg.v21.i37.10609 · 2015 · External reference
The microbiome-gut-brain axis in Parkinson's disease - from basic research to the clinic
10.1038/s41582-022-00681-2 · 2022 · External reference
The gut-brain axis in early Parkinson's disease: from prodrome to prevention
10.1007/s00415-025-13138-5 · 2025 · External reference
Microbiota-brain-gut axis and neurodegenerative diseases
10.1007/s11910-017-0802-6 · 2017 · External reference
Novel compound FLZ alleviates rotenone-induced PD mouse model by suppressing TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway through microbiota-gut-brain axis
10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.020 · 2021 · External reference
Role of enteric glia and microbiota-gut-brain axis in Parkinson disease pathogenesis
10.1016/j.arr.2022.101812 · 2023 · External reference
Dysfunction of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative disease: the promise of therapeutic modulation with prebiotics, medicinal herbs, probiotics, and synbiotics
10.1177/2515690x20957225 · 2020 · External reference
The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems
2015 · External reference
Enteric nervous system and intestinal epithelial regulation of the gut-brain axis
10.1016/j.jaci.2022.07.015 · 2022 · External reference
Obesity and gut-microbiota-brain axis: a narrative review
10.1002/jcla.24420 · 2022 · External reference
Gut/brain axis and the microbiota
10.1172/jci76304 · 2015 · External reference
Microbiota-gut-brain axis: relationships among the vagus nerve, gut microbiota, obesity, and diabetes
10.1007/s00592-023-02088-x · 2023 · External reference
Enteric nervous system: sensory transduction, neural circuits and gastrointestinal motility
10.1038/s41575-020-0271-2 · 2020 · External reference
Synergistic modulation of the gut-brain-immune axis by a dual lactobacillus combination in a murine IBS model
10.4014/jmb.2507.07018 · 2025 · External reference
The gut-brain axis and cognitive control: a role for the vagus nerve
10.1016/j.semcdb.2023.02.004 · 2024 · External reference
Gut-associated lymphatic tissue in food-restricted rats: influence of refeeding and probiotic supplementation
10.3390/microorganisms11061411 · 2023 · External reference
Issues for patchy tissues: defining roles for gut-associated lymphoid tissue in neurodevelopment and disease
10.1007/s00702-022-02561-x · 2023 · External reference
The microbiota-gut-brain axis participates in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion by disrupting the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids
10.1186/s40168-022-01255-6 · 2022 · External reference
Probiotics modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis and improve memory deficits in aged SAMP8 mice
10.1016/j.apsb.2019.07.001 · 2020 · External reference
Short-chain fatty acids: microbial metabolites that alleviate stress-induced brain-gut axis alterations
10.1113/jp276431 · 2018 · External reference
Gut-brain axis: focus on gut metabolites short-chain fatty acids
10.12998/wjcc.v10.i6.1754 · 2022 · External reference
Gut microbiome, short-chain fatty acids, alpha-synuclein, neuroinflammation, and ROS/RNS: relevance to Parkinson's disease and therapeutic implications
10.1016/j.redox.2024.103092 · 2024 · External reference
Efficacy of probiotic supplements on brain-derived neurotrophic factor, inflammatory biomarkers, oxidative stress and cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's dementia: a 12-week randomized, double-blind active-controlled study
10.3390/nu16010016 · 2023 · External reference
Akkermansia muciniphila improve cognitive dysfunction by regulating BDNF and serotonin pathway in gut-liver-brain axis
10.1186/s40168-024-01924-8 · 2024 · External reference
Gamma-aminobutyric acid as a potential postbiotic mediator in the gut-brain axis
10.1038/s41538-024-00253-2 · 2024 · External reference
High GABA-producing Lactococcus lactis ZFM559 and its derived GABA alleviate chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression via the "microbiota-brain" axis
10.1039/d5fo02582f · 2025 · External reference
Gut bless you: the microbiota-gut-brain axis in irritable bowel syndrome
10.3748/wjg.v28.i4.412 · 2022 · External reference
Brain-gut-microbiota axis in depression: a historical overview and future directions
10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.02.004 · 2022 · External reference
Pain regulation by gut microbiota: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential
10.1016/j.bja.2019.07.026 · 2019 · External reference
Postprandial symptoms in disorders of gut-brain interaction and their potential as a treatment target
10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331833 · 2024 · External reference
Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation
10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.011 · 2014 · External reference
The liver-brain-gut neural arc maintains the Treg cell niche in the gut
10.1038/s41586-020-2425-3 · 2020 · External reference
Microbiota-gut-brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases
10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1 · 2024 · External reference
Microbiota-gut-brain axis: interplay between microbiota, barrier function and lymphatic system
10.1080/19490976.2024.2387800 · 2024 · External reference
Gut microbiota-driven metabolic alterations reveal gut-brain communication in Alzheimer's disease model mice
10.1080/19490976.2024.2302310 · 2024 · External reference
The curious case of Prevotella copri
10.1080/19490976.2023.2249152 · 2023 · External reference
Gut bacterial profiles in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review, CNS Neurosci
2023 · External reference
Changes in gut microbiome following acupuncture and moxibustion in patients with Parkinson disease: protocol for a single-group, prospective, observational study
10.2196/76551 · 2025 · External reference
Gut bacteria selectively promoted by dietary fibers alleviate type 2 diabetes
10.1126/science.aao5774 · 2018 · External reference
A critical perspective on the supplementation of Akkermansia muciniphila: benefits and harms
2023 · External reference
Intestinal infection triggers Parkinson's disease-like symptoms in Pink1-/- mice
10.1038/s41586-019-1405-y · 2019 · External reference
Genetically modified E. Coli secreting melanin (E.melanin) activates the astrocytic PSAP-GPR37L1 pathway and mitigates the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease
10.1186/s12951-024-02955-x · 2024 · External reference
Lysosome-targeted theranostics: integration of real-time fluorescence imaging and controlled drug delivery via Zn(II)-Schiff base complexes
10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2025.113015 · 2025 · External reference
The link between increased Desulfovibrio and disease severity in Parkinson's disease
10.1007/s00253-023-12489-1 · 2023 · External reference
Gut microbiota are related to Parkinson's disease and clinical phenotype
10.1002/mds.26069 · 2015 · External reference
Lactobacillus plantarum DP189 reduces α-SYN aggravation in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice via regulating oxidative damage, inflammation, and gut microbiota disorder
10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07711 · 2022 · External reference
Medical management and prevention of motor complications in Parkinson's disease
10.1007/s13311-020-00889-4 · 2020 · External reference
LRRK2 and Parkinson's disease: from genetics to targeted therapy
10.1002/acn3.51776 · 2023 · External reference
The cell biology of LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease
10.1128/mcb.00660-20 · 2021 · External reference
LRRK2 in Parkinson's disease: upstream regulation and therapeutic targeting
10.1016/j.molmed.2024.07.003 · 2024 · External reference
LRRK2 inhibition by BIIB122 in healthy participants and patients with Parkinson's disease
10.1002/mds.29297 · 2023 · External reference
Mechanisms of selective autophagy and mitophagy: implications for neurodegenerative diseases
10.1016/j.nbd.2018.07.015 · 2019 · External reference
The roles of PINK1, parkin, and mitochondrial fidelity in Parkinson's disease
10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.007 · 2015 · External reference
α-Synuclein antisense oligonucleotides as a disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson's disease
10.1172/jci.insight.135633 · 2021 · External reference
Functional dendrimer nanogels for DNA delivery and gene therapy of tumors
2025 · External reference
Probiotics for constipation and gut microbiota in Parkinson's disease
10.1016/j.parkreldis.2022.08.022 · 2022 · External reference
Brain-first vs. body-first Parkinson's disease: an update on recent evidence
10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106101 · 2024 · External reference
REM sleep behavior disorder: update on diagnosis and management
10.1055/s-0043-1777111 · 2023 · External reference
REM sleep behavior disorder in Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies
10.1002/mds.27018 · 2017 · External reference
REM sleep behavior disorder portends poor prognosis in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review
10.1016/j.jocn.2017.09.019 · 2018 · External reference
Does REM sleep behavior disorder change in the progression of Parkinson's disease?
10.1016/j.sleep.2019.12.013 · 2020 · External reference
CSF and blood biomarkers for Parkinson's disease
10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30024-9 · 2019 · External reference
Liquid biopsy and minimal residual disease – latest advances and implications for cure
10.1038/s41571-019-0187-3 · 2019 · External reference
α-Synuclein misfolding and aggregation: implications in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis
10.1016/j.bbapap.2019.03.001 · 2019 · External reference
α-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease and advances in detection
10.1016/j.cca.2022.02.006 · 2022 · External reference
α-Synuclein in Parkinson's disease, Cold
2012 · External reference
The role of α-synuclein oligomers in Parkinson's disease
10.3390/ijms21228645 · 2020 · External reference
Targeting α-synuclein for treatment of Parkinson's disease: mechanistic and therapeutic considerations
10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00006-x · 2015 · External reference
Gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00007-1 · 2015 · External reference
Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson's disease
10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.018 · 2016 · External reference
Gastric alpha-synuclein immunoreactive inclusions in Meissner's and Auerbach's plexuses in cases staged for Parkinson's disease-related brain pathology
10.1016/j.neulet.2005.11.012 · 2006 · External reference
Age-dependent alpha-synuclein accumulation and aggregation in the colon of a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease
10.1186/s40035-018-0118-8 · 2018 · External reference
The appendix in Parkinson's disease: from vestigial remnant to vital organ?
10.3233/jpd-191703 · 2019 · External reference
The vermiform appendix impacts the risk of developing Parkinson's disease
10.1126/scitranslmed.aar5280 · 2018 · External reference
Oxidative stress in the aging substantia nigra and the etiology of Parkinson's disease
10.1111/acel.13031 · 2019 · External reference
Neuroimaging correlates of substantia nigra hyperechogenicity in Parkinson's disease
10.3233/jpd-213000 · 2022 · External reference
Sprayed aqueous microdroplets for spontaneous synthesis of functional microgels
2025 · External reference
Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease
10.1038/s41577-022-00684-6 · 2022 · External reference
Single-cell sequencing of human midbrain reveals glial activation and a Parkinson-specific neuronal state
10.1093/brain/awab446 · 2022 · External reference
Neurodegeneration by α-synuclein-specific T cells in AAV-A53T-α-synuclein Parkinson's disease mice
10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.007 · 2022 · External reference
Preventing Parkinson disease by vagotomy: fact or fiction?
10.1212/wnl.0000000000003969 · 2017 · External reference
Gut-induced alpha-Synuclein and Tau propagation initiate Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease co-pathology and behavior impairments
10.1016/j.neuron.2024.08.003 · 2024 · External reference
Parkinson's disease from the gut
10.1016/j.brainres.2018.01.010 · 2018 · External reference
Co-transplantation of autologous Treg cells in a cell therapy for Parkinson's disease
10.1038/s41586-023-06300-4 · 2023 · External reference
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation alleviates motor impairment in Parkinson's disease: association with peripheral inflammatory regulatory T-cells and SYT6
10.1186/s13024-024-00770-4 · 2024 · External reference
Asiaticoside exerts neuroprotection through targeting NLRP3 inflammasome activation
10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155494 · 2024 · External reference
The reciprocal interactions between microglia and T cells in Parkinson's disease: a double-edged sword
10.1186/s12974-023-02723-y · 2023 · External reference
Emerging insights between gut microbiome dysbiosis and Parkinson's disease: pathogenic and clinical relevance
10.1016/j.arr.2022.101759 · 2022 · External reference
Efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with Parkinson's disease: clinical trial results from a randomized, placebo-controlled design
10.1080/19490976.2023.2284247 · 2023 · External reference
Lipopolysaccharide-induced model of neuroinflammation: mechanisms of action, research application and future directions for its use
2022 · External reference
Parkin regulates microglial NLRP3 and represses neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease
10.1111/acel.13834 · 2023 · External reference
Colonic bacterial composition in Parkinson's disease
10.1002/mds.26307 · 2015 · External reference
Chronic stress-induced gut dysfunction exacerbates Parkinson's disease phenotype and pathology in a rotenone-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease
10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.012 · 2020 · External reference
Paraquat exposure induces Parkinsonism by altering lipid profile and evoking neuroinflammation in the midbrain
10.1016/j.envint.2022.107512 · 2022 · External reference
The endotoxin hypothesis of Parkinson's disease
10.1002/mds.29432 · 2023 · External reference
Bile acids and neurological disease
10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108311 · 2022 · External reference
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in Parkinson's disease
10.1002/mds.29450 · 2023 · External reference
The effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on Parkinson's disease, a mechanistic review of the recent evidence
10.1007/s11011-025-01542-9 · 2025 · External reference
Tryptophan metabolism in central nervous system diseases: pathophysiology and potential therapeutic strategies
10.14336/ad.2022.0916 · 2023 · External reference
Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM405 against rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease mice via regulating gut microbiota and branched-chain amino acids biosynthesis
10.3390/nu15071737 · 2023 · External reference
Gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide signaling in neuronal health and disease
10.1016/j.bcp.2017.11.019 · 2018 · External reference
Cholecystokinin and glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues regulate intestinal tight junction, inflammation, dopaminergic neurons and α-synuclein accumulation in the colon of two Parkinson's disease mouse models
10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175029 · 2022 · External reference
A longitudinal study on α-synuclein in plasma neuronal exosomes as a biomarker for Parkinson's disease development and progression
10.1111/ene.14208 · 2020 · External reference
Inflammasomes in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases
10.15252/emmm.201810248 · 2019 · External reference
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) processing pathway
2010 · External reference
Interaction of RAGE with α-synuclein fibrils mediates inflammatory response of microglia
10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111401 · 2022 · External reference
Short chain fatty acids and gut microbiota differ between patients with Parkinson's disease and age-matched controls
10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.08.019 · 2016 · External reference
α-Synuclein orchestrates Th17 responses as antigen and adjuvant in Parkinson's disease
10.1186/s12974-025-03359-w · 2025 · External reference
The role of the immune system in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis: a focus on Th17 cells - a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578484 · 2025 · External reference
Excitatory amino acid transporter supports inflammatory macrophage responses
10.1016/j.scib.2024.03.055 · 2024 · External reference
Isobutyrate confers resistance to inflammatory bowel disease through host-microbiota interactions in pigs
2025 · External reference
Violet phosphorus nanosheet: a biocompatible and stable platform for stimuli-responsive multimodal cancer phototherapy
2023 · External reference
Next-generation Nanomaterial-based phototherapeutic strategies for tumor: from NIR responsiveness to smart activation
10.1080/17435889.2025.2532357 · 2025 · External reference
Intestinal permeability, gut-bacterial dysbiosis, and behavioral markers of alcohol-dependence severity
10.1073/pnas.1415174111 · 2014 · External reference
Targeting cytokines, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and damage-associated molecular patterns in sepsis via blood purification
10.3390/ijms22168882 · 2021 · External reference
Damage-associated molecular patterns in inflammatory diseases
10.4110/in.2018.18.e27 · 2018 · External reference
Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease medications have distinct signatures of the gut microbiome
10.1002/mds.26942 · 2017 · External reference
Disease, drugs and dysbiosis: understanding microbial signatures in metabolic disease and medical interventions
10.3390/microorganisms8091381 · 2020 · External reference
Mediterranean diet adherence, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease risk: a systematic review
10.1016/j.jns.2022.120166 · 2022 · External reference
Gut microbiome dysbiosis across early Parkinson's disease, REM sleep behavior disorder and their first-degree relatives
10.1038/s41467-023-38248-4 · 2023 · External reference
Safety and efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation in patients with mild to moderate Parkinson's disease (GUT-PARFECT): a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 2 trial
10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102563 · 2024 · External reference
α-Synuclein-containing erythrocytic extracellular vesicles: essential contributors to hyperactivation of monocytes in Parkinson's disease
10.1186/s12974-022-02413-1 · 2022 · External reference
Comprehensive proteomics of CSF, plasma, and urine identify DDC and other biomarkers of early Parkinson's disease
10.1007/s00401-024-02706-0 · 2024 · External reference
Large-scale proteomic analyses of incident Parkinson's disease reveal new pathophysiological insights and potential biomarkers
10.1038/s43587-025-00818-0 · 2025 · External reference
Correlation between the peripheral neuropathy and levels of hs-CRP, IL-1β and IL-6 in senile Parkinson's disease patients
10.14715/cmb/2023.69.4.19 · 2023 · External reference
Mitochondria-targeted high-load sound-sensitive micelles for sonodynamic therapy to treat triple-negative breast cancer and inhibit metastasis
10.1016/j.msec.2021.112054 · 2021 · External reference
Gut microbial molecules in behavioural and neurodegenerative conditions
10.1038/s41583-020-00381-0 · 2020 · External reference
Rifaximin modulates TRH and TRH-like peptide expression throughout the brain and peripheral tissues of male rats
10.1186/s12868-022-00694-z · 2022 · External reference
High resolution 16S rRNA gene Next Generation Sequencing study of brain areas associated with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease
10.3389/fnagi.2022.1026260 · 2022 · External reference
Parkinson's disease-related proteins PINK1 and parkin repress mitochondrial antigen presentation
10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.039 · 2016 · External reference
