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References from The nature and pathogenesis of liver diseases associated with t follicular regulatory and T follicular helper cell subsets: A narrative review. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
The liver as an immunological organ
10.1002/hep.21060 · 2006 · External reference
Immune responses in the liver
10.1146/annurev-immunol-051116-052415 · 2018 · External reference
Immunological tolerance – the liver effect
10.1034/j.1600-0528.2002.017419.x · 2000 · External reference
The curious case of the 1960 Nobel prize to Burnet and Medawar
10.1111/imm.12558 · 2016 · External reference
Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3
10.1126/science.1079490 · 2003 · External reference
Organ-specific autoimmune diseases induced in mice by elimination of T cell subset. I. Evidence for the active participation of T cells in natural self-tolerance; deficit of a T cell subset as a possible cause of autoimmune disease
10.1084/jem.161.1.72 · 1985 · External reference
T follicular regulatory cells: choreographers of productive germinal center responses
10.3389/fimmu.2021.679909 · 2021 · External reference
A distinct subpopulation of CD25- T-follicular regulatory cells localizes in the germinal centers
10.1073/pnas.1705551114 · 2017 · External reference
Foxp3+ follicular regulatory T cells control T follicular helper cells and the germinal center response
10.1038/nm.2425 · 2011 · External reference
Follicular helper T cells
10.1146/annurev-immunol-041015-055605 · 2016 · External reference
The role of regulatory T cells and follicular T helper cells in HBV infection
10.3389/fimmu.2023.1169601 · 2023 · External reference
The function of T follicular helper cells in the autoimmune liver diseases
10.1155/2020/5679254 · 2020 · External reference
CTLA-4 interferes with the HBV-specific T cell immune response (review)
2018 · External reference
Toll like receptor 4 and hepatocellular carcinoma; a systematic review
10.1016/j.lfs.2017.04.025 · 2017 · External reference
The multiple molecular paths of antibody suppression by TFR cells
10.1111/ajt.14178 · 2017 · External reference
Current advances in follicular regulatory T-cell biology
10.1615/critrevimmunol.2022045746 · 2022 · External reference
Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) cells with dual Foxp3 and Bcl6 expression suppress germinal center reactions
10.1038/nm.2426 · 2011 · External reference
Regulation of the germinal center reaction by Foxp3+ follicular regulatory T cells
10.4049/jimmunol.1101328 · 2011 · External reference
T follicular regulatory cells and IL-10 promote food antigen–specific IgE
10.1172/jci132249 · 2020 · External reference
Follicular regulatory T cells can be specific for the immunizing antigen and derive from naive T cells
10.1038/ncomms10579 · 2016 · External reference
Regulatory T cells: mechanisms of suppression and impairment in autoimmune liver disease
10.1002/iub.1349 · 2015 · External reference
PD-1 suppresses human CD38+ circulating Tfr cells and regulates humoral immunity
10.1136/jitc-2024-010026 · 2025 · External reference
The receptor PD-1 controls follicular regulatory T cells in the lymph nodes and blood
10.1038/ni.2496 · 2013 · External reference
Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4
10.1016/1074-7613(95)90125-6 · 1995 · External reference
The coinhibitory receptor CTLA-4 controls B cell responses by modulating T follicular helper, T follicular regulatory and T regulatory cells
10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.005 · 2014 · External reference
Spatial distribution and function of T follicular regulatory cells in human lymph nodes
10.1084/jem.20171940 · 2018 · External reference
CTLA-4 regulates T follicular regulatory cell differentiation and participates in intestinal damage caused by spontaneous autoimmunity
10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.09.182 · 2018 · External reference
CTLA-4 controls follicular helper T-cell differentiation by regulating the strength of CD28 engagement
10.1073/pnas.1414576112 · 2015 · External reference
PD-1 controls follicular T helper cell positioning and function
10.1016/j.immuni.2018.06.012 · 2018 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Hypoxia-adenosinergic regulation of B cell responses
10.3389/fimmu.2024.1478506 · 2024 · External reference
Adenosine generation catalyzed by CD39 and CD73 expressed on regulatory T cells mediates immune suppression
10.1084/jem.20062512 · 2007 · External reference
Control of the germinal center by follicular regulatory T cells during infection
10.3389/fimmu.2018.02704 · 2018 · External reference
Suppression by TFR cells leads to durable and selective inhibition of B cell effector function
10.1038/ni.3578 · 2016 · External reference
Are follicular regulatory T cells involved in autoimmune diseases?
10.3389/fimmu.2017.01790 · 2017 · External reference
Suppressive might of a few: T follicular regulatory cells impede auto-reactivity despite being outnumbered in the germinal centres
10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253704 · 2023 · External reference
Altered follicular regulatory T (Tfr)- and helper T (Tfh)-cell subsets are associated with autoantibody levels in microscopic polyangiitis patients
10.1002/eji.202049093 · 2021 · External reference
Dysregulated TFR and TFH cells correlate with B-cell differentiation and antibody production in autoimmune hepatitis
10.1111/jcmm.14997 · 2020 · External reference
TCF1 and LEF1 control Treg competitive survival and Tfr development to prevent autoimmune diseases
10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.061 · 2019 · External reference
10.1038/s41392-026-02910-2 · 2026 · Admitted local publication
10.1155/2016/1720827
10.1155/2016/1720827 · External reference
Correction: T follicular helper cells: linking cancer immunotherapy and immune-related adverse events
2021 · External reference
Immunology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections
10.1016/j.bpg.2008.11.015 · 2008 · External reference
The effect of inflammatory cytokines in alcoholic liver disease
10.1155/2013/495156 · 2013 · External reference
Alcohol's impact on the gut and liver
10.3390/nu13093170 · 2021 · External reference
Alcohol-induced liver injury in signalling pathways and curcumin's therapeutic potential
10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.10.005 · 2023 · External reference
A comprehensive review of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: its mechanistic development focusing on methylglyoxal and counterbalancing treatment strategies
10.3390/ijms26062394 · 2025 · External reference
Autoimmune biliary diseases: primary biliary cholangitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis
10.32074/1591-951x-245 · 2021 · External reference
Decoding the molecular and genomic landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma: biomarker discovery, classification frameworks, and therapeutic targeting
10.1038/s44355-025-00038-8 · 2025 · External reference
Regulatory T cell: a double-edged sword from metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis to hepatocellular carcinoma
10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105031 · 2024 · External reference
Macrophages in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis
10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.015 · 2016 · External reference
T-cell exhaustion in chronic hepatitis B infection: current knowledge and clinical significance
10.1038/cddis.2015.42 · 2015 · External reference
The multiple functions of B cells in chronic HBV infection
10.3389/fimmu.2020.582292 · 2020 · External reference
Role of Th1/Th2 cells and related cytokines in autoimmune hepatitis
10.5152/tjg.2017.17501 · 2017 · External reference
Regulatory T cell dysfunction in autoimmune diseases
10.3390/ijms25137171 · 2024 · External reference
10.1172/jci.insight.131277
10.1172/jci.insight.131277 · External reference
Follicular helper CD4 T cells (TFH )
10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101400 · 2011 · External reference
IL-10-producing Tfh cells accumulate with age and link inflammation with age-related immune suppression
10.1126/sciadv.abb0806 · 2020 · External reference
Differentiation, functions, and roles of T follicular regulatory cells in autoimmune diseases
10.1186/s41232-021-00164-9 · 2021 · External reference
Regulation of Treg cells by cytokine signaling and co-stimulatory molecules
10.3389/fimmu.2024.1387975 · 2024 · External reference
T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.011 · 2015 · External reference
IFNγ expression correlates with enhanced cytotoxicity in CD8+ T cells
10.3390/ijms26147024 · 2025 · External reference
Regulatory T cells in homeostasis and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential
10.1038/s41392-025-02326-4 · 2025 · External reference
Th17 cells transdifferentiate into regulatory T cells during resolution of inflammation
10.1038/nature14452 · 2015 · External reference
T follicular helper and T follicular regulatory cells have different TCR specificity
10.1038/ncomms15067 · 2017 · External reference
T follicular regulatory cells in mice and men
10.1111/imm.12774 · 2017 · External reference
Antigen-specific Treg cells in immunological tolerance: implications for allergic diseases
10.12688/f1000research.12650.1 · 2018 · External reference
Circulating T follicular regulatory and helper cells have memory-like properties
10.1172/jci76861 · 2014 · External reference
The regulatory-T-cell memory phenotype: what we know
10.3390/cells11101687 · 2022 · External reference
Investigating peripheral blood monocyte and T-cell subsets as non-invasive biomarkers for asymptomatic hepatic steatosis: results from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis
10.3389/fimmu.2024.1243526 · 2024 · External reference
Peripheral immune cells in NAFLD patients: a spyhole to disease progression
10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103768 · 2022 · External reference
NAFLD: mechanisms, treatments, and biomarkers
10.3390/biom12060824 · 2022 · External reference
Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
10.1093/qjmed/hcp158 · 2010 · External reference
Recent evaluation about inflammatory mechanisms in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
2023 · External reference
Association of inflammatory cytokines with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
10.3389/fimmu.2022.880298 · 2022 · External reference
Comprehensive analysis of NAFLD and the therapeutic target identified
2021 · External reference
Kupffer Cells
10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.08.014 · 2020 · External reference
Role of the inflammasome in liver disease
10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-032521-102529 · 2022 · External reference
Investigation of the hepatitis-B vaccine's immune response in a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model
10.3390/vaccines12080934 · 2024 · External reference
Metabolic control of TFH cells and humoral immunity by phosphatidylethanolamine
10.1038/s41586-021-03692-z · 2021 · External reference
Comprehensive analysis of NAFLD and the therapeutic target identified
10.3389/fcell.2021.704704 · 2021 · External reference
From hepatitis a to E: a critical review of viral hepatitis
10.3748/wjg.v27.i16.1691 · 2021 · External reference
Vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus in the WHO African region: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/s2214-109x(24)00506-0 · 2025 · External reference
Viral Hepatitis B: clinical and epidemiological characteristics
10.1101/cshperspect.a024935 · 2014 · External reference
Virus coinfection and superinfection
10.1101/cshperspect.a021550 · 2014 · External reference
Hepatitis B virus as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma: there is still much work to do
10.1016/j.livres.2024.05.004 · 2024 · External reference
Immune-mediated liver injury in Hepatitis B virus infection
10.4110/in.2015.15.4.191 · 2015 · External reference
CXCR5+ CD4+ T cell subsets and their relationship to immune dysfunction in chronic hepatitis B-associated liver cirrhosis
10.1111/jgh.14866 · 2020 · External reference
Increased circulating T follicular helper cells induced via IL-12/21 in patients with acute on chronic Hepatitis B liver failure
10.3389/fimmu.2021.641362 · 2021 · External reference
IL-27 supports germinal center function by enhancing IL-21 production and the function of T follicular helper cells
10.1084/jem.20100064 · 2010 · External reference
Immune response and treatment targets of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: innate and adaptive immunity
10.3389/fcimb.2023.1206720 · 2023 · External reference
Circulating regulatory Tfh cells are enriched in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection and induce the differentiation of regulatory B cells
10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.02.031 · 2018 · External reference
Circulating T follicular helper cells are associated with rapid virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients undergoing peginterferon therapy
10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.005 · 2016 · External reference
Interaction between Galectin-9/TIM-3 pathway and follicular helper CD4+ T cells contributes to viral persistence in chronic hepatitis C
10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.134 · 2017 · External reference
Alcohol-associated liver disease-global epidemiology
10.1097/hep.0000000000000899 · 2024 · External reference
Alcohol-associated liver disease
10.1172/jci176345 · 2024 · External reference
Recent insights into the role of immune cells in alcoholic liver disease
2019 · External reference
Levels of circulating follicular helper T cells, T helper 1 cells, and the prognostic significance of soluble form of CD40 ligand on survival in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis
10.1016/j.livres.2018.02.001 · 2018 · External reference
Recent insights into the role of immune cells in alcoholic liver disease
2019 · External reference
Immune cells in alcohol-related liver disease
10.1016/j.livres.2022.01.001 · 2022 · External reference
Synergistic effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus culture supernatant and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice
2019 · External reference
Autoantibodies in the follow-up of autoimmune hepatitis
10.1016/j.jtauto.2026.100369 · 2026 · External reference
The role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in autoimmune disease pathogenesis and therapy development
2024 · External reference
Profiling of circulating T follicular helper and T peripheral helper cell subsets in patients with primary biliary cholangitis
2026 · External reference
Increased numbers of circulating ICOS+ follicular helper T and CD38+ plasma cells in patients with newly diagnosed primary biliary cirrhosis
10.1007/s10620-014-3372-3 · 2015 · External reference
Current understanding of primary biliary cholangitis
10.3350/cmh.2020.0028 · 2021 · External reference
Follicular T helper cell signatures in primary biliary cholangitis and primary Sclerosing cholangitis
10.1002/hep4.1226 · 2018 · External reference
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 promotes intrahepatic chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5+ lymphocyte homing and aberrant B-cell immune responses in primary biliary cirrhosis
10.1002/hep.27725 · 2015 · External reference
Dysregulation of circulating Tfr/Tfh ratio in primary biliary cholangitis
2017 · External reference
Identification of a novel PDC-E2 epitope in primary biliary cholangitis: application for engineered Treg therapy
2024 · External reference
Introduction to the special issue: the Immunopeptidome
10.1016/j.smim.2023.101798 · 2023 · External reference
The gut–liver axis in drug-induced liver injury (DILI): interplay between gut microbiota, intestinal barrier, and immune system
10.1016/j.apsb.2026.04.014 · 2026 · External reference
Selection for liver transplantation
10.1002/cld.218 · 2013 · External reference
Immune-mediated drug-induced liver injury: immunogenetics and experimental models
10.3390/ijms22094557 · 2021 · External reference
Induction of peripheral blood T follicular helper cells expressing ICOS correlates with antibody response to hepatitis B vaccination
10.1002/jmv.25585 · 2020 · External reference
HBV coinfection with HCV alters circulating Tfh cell distribution and impairs HCV neutralizing antibody responses
10.1111/jvh.13106 · 2019 · External reference
HCV-associated exosomes promote myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion via inhibiting miR-124 to regulate T follicular cell differentiation and function
10.1038/s41421-018-0052-z · 2018 · External reference
Follicular T helper cell signatures in primary biliary cholangitis and primary Sclerosing cholangitis
10.1002/hep4.1226 · 2018 · External reference
Comprehensive analysis of immune signatures in primary biliary cholangitis and autoimmune hepatitis
10.1093/jleuko/qiae085 · 2024 · External reference
Dysregulation of circulating Tfr/Tfh ratio in primary biliary cholangitis
10.1111/sji.12616 · 2017 · External reference
Treatment with a JAK1/2 inhibitor ameliorates murine autoimmune cholangitis induced by IFN overexpression
10.1038/s41423-022-00904-y · 2022 · External reference
The interplay of type I and type II interferons in murine autoimmune cholangitis as a basis for sex-biased autoimmunity
10.1002/hep.29524 · 2018 · External reference
Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 promotes intrahepatic chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 5+ lymphocyte homing and aberrant B-cell immune responses in primary biliary cirrhosis
10.1002/hep.27725 · 2015 · External reference
Profiling of circulating T follicular helper and T peripheral helper cell subsets in patients with primary biliary cholangitis
10.1016/j.imlet.2025.107100 · 2026 · External reference
Increased numbers of circulating ICOS+ follicular helper T and CD38+ plasma cells in patients with newly diagnosed primary biliary cirrhosis
10.1007/s10620-014-3372-3 · 2015 · External reference
Circulating follicular helper T cells presented distinctively different responses toward bacterial antigens in primary biliary cholangitis
10.1016/j.intimp.2017.08.004 · 2017 · External reference
CXCR5+ CD4+ T follicular helper cells participate in the pathogenesis of primary biliary cirrhosis
10.1002/hep.27306 · 2015 · External reference
Synergistic effects of lactobacillus rhamnosus culture supernatant and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the development of alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice
2019 · External reference
Bioinformatic-based mechanism identification of E2F1-related ceRNA and E2F1 immunoassays in hepatocellular carcinoma
10.21037/jgo-22-674 · 2022 · External reference
Overexpression of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2T induces radiotherapy resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma by enriching regulatory T cells in the tumor microenvironment
2024 · External reference
Identification of hub genes and their correlation with immune infiltration cells in hepatocellular carcinoma based on GEO and TCGA databases
2021 · External reference
Tfr-Tfh index: a new predicator for recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma patients with HBV infection after curative resection
10.1016/j.cca.2020.10.017 · 2020 · External reference
PD-1 suppresses human CD38+ circulating Tfr cells and regulates humoral immunity
10.1136/jitc-2024-010026 · 2025 · External reference
Investigation of the Hepatitis-B vaccine's immune response in a non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model
10.3390/vaccines12080934 · 2024 · External reference
Comprehensive analysis of NAFLD and the therapeutic target identified
10.3389/fcell.2021.704704 · 2021 · External reference
