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References from Enhancing strain hardening in heterostructured lightweight steels: B2 phase-amplified hetero-deformation induced effect. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Current state of Fe-Mn-Al-C low density steels
10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.05.002 · 2017 · External reference
A review of medium-Mn, low-density steels for transportation applications
10.1007/s11661-025-07775-8 · 2025 · External reference
Development of high-strength low-density steel for emerging lightweight electric vehicle technologies
10.1007/s11665-024-09260-6 · 2025 · External reference
Research status and development prospect of Fe–Mn–C–Al system low-density steels
10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.037 · 2023 · External reference
Low-density steels: complex metallurgy for automotive applications
10.1007/s11837-014-1084-y · 2014 · External reference
B2-strengthened Fe-Mn-Al-C-Ni steels as a promising environmentally friendly structural material: review and perspectives
2025 · External reference
Harnessing instability for work hardening in multi-principal element alloys
10.1038/s41563-024-01871-7 · 2024 · External reference
Simultaneously improved strength and ductility yet strain-hardenable 316L stainless steel by sigma phase and hetero-structuring
10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113058 · 2024 · External reference
Ultrahigh strength-high ductility 1 GPa low density austenitic steel with ordered precipitation strengthening phase and dynamic slip band refinement
10.1016/j.msea.2022.142829 · 2022 · External reference
On the deformation behavior of κ-carbide-free and κ-carbide-containing high-Mn light-weight steel
10.1016/j.actamat.2016.10.006 · 2017 · External reference
Non-coherent nano-precipitation weakens ductile refractory multi-principal element alloys
10.1016/j.msea.2024.147775 · 2025 · External reference
Designing duplex, ultrafine-grained Fe-Mn-Al-C steels by tuning phase transformation and recrystallization kinetics
10.1016/j.actamat.2017.09.026 · 2017 · External reference
Heterostructured materials
10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101019 · 2023 · External reference
Heterogeneous lamella structure unites ultrafine-grain strength with coarse-grain ductility
10.1073/pnas.1517193112 · 2015 · External reference
Heterogeneous materials: a new class of materials with unprecedented mechanical properties
10.1080/21663831.2017.1343208 · 2017 · External reference
Dynamically reinforced heterogeneous grain structure prolongs ductility in a medium-entropy alloy with gigapascal yield strength
10.1073/pnas.1807817115 · 2018 · External reference
High tensile ductility in a nanostructured metal
10.1038/nature01133 · 2002 · External reference
Achievement of high yield strength and strain hardening rate by forming fine ferrite and dislocation substructures in duplex lightweight steel
10.1016/j.msea.2017.08.030 · 2017 · External reference
Strong, ductile, and hierarchical hetero-lamellar-structured alloys through microstructural inheritance and refinement
10.1073/pnas.2409317121 · 2025 · External reference
Ultra-high strength and ductility of low-Mn lightweight steel achieved through a four-phase lamellar structure design
10.1080/21663831.2025.2482653 · 2025 · External reference
Enhanced strength-ductility synergy in stainless steel 316L through hierarchically tailored microstructure via laser-based repair deposition
10.1080/21663831.2024.2378732 · 2024 · External reference
Hierarchical ferrous medium entropy with heterogeneous precipitates embedded in core-shell grain structure for superior mechanical properties
10.1016/j.actamat.2024.120397 · 2024 · External reference
Ductile 2-GPa steels with hierarchical substructure
10.1126/science.add7857 · 2023 · External reference
Perspective on hetero-deformation induced (HDI) hardening and back stress
10.1080/21663831.2019.1616331 · 2019 · External reference
The role of layer strength ratio in enhancing strain hardening and achieving strength-ductility synergy in heterostructured materials
10.1016/j.actamat.2025.120928 · 2025 · External reference
Designing heterostructured materials
10.1038/s41563-025-02444-y · 2026 · External reference
Two-stage rolling and partial annealing enables heterogeneous structure and strength-ductility enhancement for austenitic stainless steel
10.1016/j.msea.2024.147006 · 2024 · External reference
Heterostructure enables new deformation mechanisms to enhance strength and work hardening
10.1080/21663831.2025.2531071 · 2025 · External reference
Novel ultra-high-strength (ferrite + austenite) duplex lightweight steels achieved by fine dislocation substructures (Taylor lattices), grain refinement, and partial recrystallization
10.1016/j.actamat.2015.06.024 · 2015 · External reference
Achieving ideal hetero-lamella structure for superior strength–ductility in a medium-entropy alloy via engineering initial grain size
10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121675 · 2026 · External reference
Achieving high ductility in a 1.4 GPa grade medium Mn lightweight TRIP/TWIP steel with hierarchical lamellar structure
10.1016/j.msea.2022.144118 · 2022 · External reference
Improved back stress and synergetic strain hardening in coarse-grain/nanostructure laminates
10.1016/j.msea.2018.04.107 · 2018 · External reference
Achieving strength ductility synergy of multiple hetero-structured Fe–24Mn–10Al–1C duplex lightweight steel
10.1016/j.msea.2024.147651 · 2025 · External reference
Enhanced cryogenic mechanical properties of heterostructured CrCoNi multicomponent alloy: insights from in-situ neutron diffraction
10.1016/j.msea.2024.147374 · 2024 · External reference
A novel dual-heterogeneous-structure ultralight steel with high strength and large ductility
10.1016/j.actamat.2023.118925 · 2023 · External reference
Heterostructure optimization reshapes the strength-ductility synergy in a lightweight steel
10.1016/j.jmst.2025.07.028 · 2026 · External reference
Effect of Ni element on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Fe-Mn-Al-C-(Ni) austenitic lightweight steel
10.1007/s11665-025-12810-1 · 2026 · External reference
Ultrastrong lightweight compositionally complex steels via dual-nanoprecipitation
10.1126/sciadv.aba9543 · 2020 · External reference
Ultrastrong and ductile austenitic lightweight steel via ultra-fine grains and heterogeneous B2 precipitates
10.1016/j.msea.2022.144330 · 2022 · External reference
Physical and mechanical properties of the B2 compound NiAl
10.1179/imr.1993.38.4.193 · 1993 · External reference
Overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off dilemma in austenitic lightweight steel via stepwise controllable intragranular dual nanoprecipitation
10.1016/j.msea.2024.146773 · 2024 · External reference
Ultrastrong steel via minimal lattice misfit and high-density nanoprecipitation
10.1038/nature22032 · 2017 · External reference
Strain hardening mediated by coherent nanoprecipitates in ultrahigh-strength steels
10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116984 · 2021 · External reference
Brittle intermetallic compound makes ultrastrong low-density steel with large ductility
10.1038/nature14144 · 2015 · External reference
Bimodal grain-structure formation in a co–Cr-based superalloy during ultrahigh-homologous-temperature annealing without severe plastic deformation
10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.320 · 2019 · External reference
Strain-hardening resilience via the cooperation of geometrically necessary dislocations and deformation twins in a strong and ductile lightweight high-entropy steel
10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113212 · 2024 · External reference
Back stress strengthening and strain hardening in gradient structure
10.1080/21663831.2016.1153004 · 2016 · External reference
Mechanism of twinning induced plasticity in austenitic lightweight steel driven by compositional complexity
10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116814 · 2021 · External reference
High stress twinning in a compositionally complex steel of very high stacking fault energy
10.1038/s41467-022-31315-2 · 2022 · External reference
Shearing brittle intermetallics enhances cryogenic strength and ductility of steels
10.1126/science.ado2919 · 2024 · External reference
Strain partitioning enables excellent tensile ductility in precipitated heterogeneous high-entropy alloys with gigapascal yield strength
10.1016/j.ijplas.2021.103022 · 2021 · External reference
Extraordinary strain hardening by gradient structure
10.1073/pnas.1324069111 · 2014 · External reference
Achieving exceptional ductility in an ultra-high strength heterostructured lightweight steel through regulated microstructural engineering
10.1016/j.msea.2025.149572 · 2026 · External reference
Heterogeneous deformation behavior of hybrid manufactured high strength titanium alloy: coordinate deformation and stress concentration
10.1016/j.msea.2022.143467 · 2022 · External reference
Interface crack initiation due to nano-scale stress concentration
10.1016/j.msea.2010.04.002 · 2010 · External reference
Mechanical response of the constrained nanostructured layer in heterogeneous laminate
10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114310 · 2022 · External reference
Long-range internal stresses in cell and subgrain structures of copper during deformation at constant stress
10.1016/1359-6454(96)00104-8 · 1996 · External reference
Strain hardening in Fe–16Mn–10Al–0.86C–5Ni high specific strength steel
10.1016/j.actamat.2016.02.044 · 2016 · External reference
Mechanical properties of copper/bronze laminates: role of interfaces
10.1016/j.actamat.2016.06.023 · 2016 · External reference
Mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity— I. Theory
10.1016/s0022-5096(98)00103-3 · 1999 · External reference
Hetero-zone boundary affected region: a primary microstructural factor controlling extra work hardening in heterostructure
10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118395 · 2022 · External reference
Hetero-boundary-affected regions in Heterostructured materials
10.1007/s11837-023-05702-z · 2023 · External reference
The critical grain size for optimal strength–ductility synergy in CrCoNi medium entropy alloy
10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114808 · 2022 · External reference
The optimum grain size for strength-ductility combination in metals
10.1016/j.ijplas.2023.103574 · 2023 · External reference
Effect of B2 morphology on the mechanical properties of B2-strengthened lightweight steels
10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.02.013 · 2019 · External reference
Precipitation behavior of B2 and κ-carbide during aging and its effect on mechanical properties in Al-containing high strength steel
10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111291 · 2021 · External reference
Improvement of strength – ductility balance of B2-strengthened lightweight steel
10.1016/j.actamat.2020.03.022 · 2020 · External reference
Enhancing strength-ductility balance in Fe-Mn-Al-C-Ni austenitic low-density steel via intragranular dual-nanoprecipitation
10.1016/j.jmst.2024.02.056 · 2024 · External reference
Optimizing strength-ductility synergy in lightweight steel via heterogeneous design: discontinuous fibrous ferrite
10.1080/21663831.2024.2406913 · 2024 · External reference
Improvement of the yield strength of Fe-11Mn-xAl-yC medium-Mn lightweight steels by tuning partial recrystallization and intra-granular κ-carbide strengthening
10.1016/j.msea.2021.142553 · 2022 · External reference
Effect of grain interior and grain boundary κ-carbides on the strain hardening behavior of medium-Mn lightweight steels
10.1016/j.msea.2023.144861 · 2023 · External reference
Synergetic strengthening from dynamic slip band-grain boundary interaction in a low-density FeMnAlC steel
10.1016/j.msea.2022.144498 · 2023 · External reference
Ultra-high strength medium-Mn lightweight steel by dislocation slip band refinement and suppressed intergranular κ-carbide with Cr addition
10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112042 · 2022 · External reference
Effect of cu and solid solution temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-Mn-Al-C low-density steels
10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.03.077 · 2022 · External reference
A review of medium-Mn, low-density steels for transportation applications
10.1007/s11661-025-07775-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Development of high-strength low-density steel for emerging lightweight electric vehicle technologies
10.1007/s11665-024-09260-6 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effect of Ni element on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Fe-Mn-Al-C-(Ni) austenitic lightweight steel
10.1007/s11665-025-12810-1 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Low-density steels: complex metallurgy for automotive applications
10.1007/s11837-014-1084-y · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Hetero-boundary-affected regions in Heterostructured materials
10.1007/s11837-023-05702-z · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Long-range internal stresses in cell and subgrain structures of copper during deformation at constant stress
10.1016/1359-6454(96)00104-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Novel ultra-high-strength (ferrite + austenite) duplex lightweight steels achieved by fine dislocation substructures (Taylor lattices), grain refinement, and partial recrystallization
10.1016/j.actamat.2015.06.024 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Strain hardening in Fe–16Mn–10Al–0.86C–5Ni high specific strength steel
10.1016/j.actamat.2016.02.044 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Mechanical properties of copper/bronze laminates: role of interfaces
10.1016/j.actamat.2016.06.023 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
On the deformation behavior of κ-carbide-free and κ-carbide-containing high-Mn light-weight steel
10.1016/j.actamat.2016.10.006 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Designing duplex, ultrafine-grained Fe-Mn-Al-C steels by tuning phase transformation and recrystallization kinetics
10.1016/j.actamat.2017.09.026 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Improvement of strength – ductility balance of B2-strengthened lightweight steel
10.1016/j.actamat.2020.03.022 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Mechanism of twinning induced plasticity in austenitic lightweight steel driven by compositional complexity
10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116814 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Strain hardening mediated by coherent nanoprecipitates in ultrahigh-strength steels
10.1016/j.actamat.2021.116984 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Hetero-zone boundary affected region: a primary microstructural factor controlling extra work hardening in heterostructure
10.1016/j.actamat.2022.118395 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A novel dual-heterogeneous-structure ultralight steel with high strength and large ductility
10.1016/j.actamat.2023.118925 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Hierarchical ferrous medium entropy with heterogeneous precipitates embedded in core-shell grain structure for superior mechanical properties
10.1016/j.actamat.2024.120397 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The role of layer strength ratio in enhancing strain hardening and achieving strength-ductility synergy in heterostructured materials
10.1016/j.actamat.2025.120928 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Achieving ideal hetero-lamella structure for superior strength–ductility in a medium-entropy alloy via engineering initial grain size
10.1016/j.actamat.2025.121675 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Strain partitioning enables excellent tensile ductility in precipitated heterogeneous high-entropy alloys with gigapascal yield strength
10.1016/j.ijplas.2021.103022 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The optimum grain size for strength-ductility combination in metals
10.1016/j.ijplas.2023.103574 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Bimodal grain-structure formation in a co–Cr-based superalloy during ultrahigh-homologous-temperature annealing without severe plastic deformation
10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.12.320 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effect of cu and solid solution temperature on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-Mn-Al-C low-density steels
10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.03.077 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Research status and development prospect of Fe–Mn–C–Al system low-density steels
10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.06.037 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Enhancing strength-ductility balance in Fe-Mn-Al-C-Ni austenitic low-density steel via intragranular dual-nanoprecipitation
10.1016/j.jmst.2024.02.056 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Heterostructure optimization reshapes the strength-ductility synergy in a lightweight steel
10.1016/j.jmst.2025.07.028 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Precipitation behavior of B2 and κ-carbide during aging and its effect on mechanical properties in Al-containing high strength steel
10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111291 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Ultra-high strength medium-Mn lightweight steel by dislocation slip band refinement and suppressed intergranular κ-carbide with Cr addition
10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112042 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Simultaneously improved strength and ductility yet strain-hardenable 316L stainless steel by sigma phase and hetero-structuring
10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113058 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Strain-hardening resilience via the cooperation of geometrically necessary dislocations and deformation twins in a strong and ductile lightweight high-entropy steel
10.1016/j.matdes.2024.113212 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Interface crack initiation due to nano-scale stress concentration
10.1016/j.msea.2010.04.002 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Achievement of high yield strength and strain hardening rate by forming fine ferrite and dislocation substructures in duplex lightweight steel
10.1016/j.msea.2017.08.030 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Improved back stress and synergetic strain hardening in coarse-grain/nanostructure laminates
10.1016/j.msea.2018.04.107 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Improvement of the yield strength of Fe-11Mn-xAl-yC medium-Mn lightweight steels by tuning partial recrystallization and intra-granular κ-carbide strengthening
10.1016/j.msea.2021.142553 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Ultrahigh strength-high ductility 1 GPa low density austenitic steel with ordered precipitation strengthening phase and dynamic slip band refinement
10.1016/j.msea.2022.142829 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Heterogeneous deformation behavior of hybrid manufactured high strength titanium alloy: coordinate deformation and stress concentration
10.1016/j.msea.2022.143467 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Achieving high ductility in a 1.4 GPa grade medium Mn lightweight TRIP/TWIP steel with hierarchical lamellar structure
10.1016/j.msea.2022.144118 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Ultrastrong and ductile austenitic lightweight steel via ultra-fine grains and heterogeneous B2 precipitates
10.1016/j.msea.2022.144330 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Synergetic strengthening from dynamic slip band-grain boundary interaction in a low-density FeMnAlC steel
10.1016/j.msea.2022.144498 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effect of grain interior and grain boundary κ-carbides on the strain hardening behavior of medium-Mn lightweight steels
10.1016/j.msea.2023.144861 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Overcoming the strength-ductility trade-off dilemma in austenitic lightweight steel via stepwise controllable intragranular dual nanoprecipitation
10.1016/j.msea.2024.146773 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Two-stage rolling and partial annealing enables heterogeneous structure and strength-ductility enhancement for austenitic stainless steel
10.1016/j.msea.2024.147006 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Enhanced cryogenic mechanical properties of heterostructured CrCoNi multicomponent alloy: insights from in-situ neutron diffraction
10.1016/j.msea.2024.147374 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Achieving strength ductility synergy of multiple hetero-structured Fe–24Mn–10Al–1C duplex lightweight steel
10.1016/j.msea.2024.147651 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Non-coherent nano-precipitation weakens ductile refractory multi-principal element alloys
10.1016/j.msea.2024.147775 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Achieving exceptional ductility in an ultra-high strength heterostructured lightweight steel through regulated microstructural engineering
10.1016/j.msea.2025.149572 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Current state of Fe-Mn-Al-C low density steels
10.1016/j.pmatsci.2017.05.002 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Heterostructured materials
10.1016/j.pmatsci.2022.101019 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effect of B2 morphology on the mechanical properties of B2-strengthened lightweight steels
10.1016/j.scriptamat.2019.02.013 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Mechanical response of the constrained nanostructured layer in heterogeneous laminate
10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114310 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The critical grain size for optimal strength–ductility synergy in CrCoNi medium entropy alloy
10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114808 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity— I. Theory
10.1016/s0022-5096(98)00103-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
High tensile ductility in a nanostructured metal
10.1038/nature01133 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Brittle intermetallic compound makes ultrastrong low-density steel with large ductility
10.1038/nature14144 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Ultrastrong steel via minimal lattice misfit and high-density nanoprecipitation
10.1038/nature22032 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
High stress twinning in a compositionally complex steel of very high stacking fault energy
10.1038/s41467-022-31315-2 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Harnessing instability for work hardening in multi-principal element alloys
10.1038/s41563-024-01871-7 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Designing heterostructured materials
10.1038/s41563-025-02444-y · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Extraordinary strain hardening by gradient structure
10.1073/pnas.1324069111 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Heterogeneous lamella structure unites ultrafine-grain strength with coarse-grain ductility
10.1073/pnas.1517193112 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Dynamically reinforced heterogeneous grain structure prolongs ductility in a medium-entropy alloy with gigapascal yield strength
10.1073/pnas.1807817115 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Strong, ductile, and hierarchical hetero-lamellar-structured alloys through microstructural inheritance and refinement
10.1073/pnas.2409317121 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Back stress strengthening and strain hardening in gradient structure
10.1080/21663831.2016.1153004 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Heterogeneous materials: a new class of materials with unprecedented mechanical properties
10.1080/21663831.2017.1343208 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Perspective on hetero-deformation induced (HDI) hardening and back stress
10.1080/21663831.2019.1616331 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Enhanced strength-ductility synergy in stainless steel 316L through hierarchically tailored microstructure via laser-based repair deposition
10.1080/21663831.2024.2378732 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Optimizing strength-ductility synergy in lightweight steel via heterogeneous design: discontinuous fibrous ferrite
10.1080/21663831.2024.2406913 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Ultra-high strength and ductility of low-Mn lightweight steel achieved through a four-phase lamellar structure design
10.1080/21663831.2025.2482653 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Heterostructure enables new deformation mechanisms to enhance strength and work hardening
10.1080/21663831.2025.2531071 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Ultrastrong lightweight compositionally complex steels via dual-nanoprecipitation
10.1126/sciadv.aba9543 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Ductile 2-GPa steels with hierarchical substructure
10.1126/science.add7857 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Shearing brittle intermetallics enhances cryogenic strength and ductility of steels
10.1126/science.ado2919 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Physical and mechanical properties of the B2 compound NiAl
10.1179/imr.1993.38.4.193 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
