References

Infiltrating monocytes trigger EAE progression, but do not contribute to the resident microglia pool

10.1038/nn.2887 · 2011 · External reference

Microglia promote remyelination independent of their role in clearing myelin debris

10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113574 · 2023 · External reference

New insights on the role of lipid metabolism in the metabolic reprogramming of macrophages

10.3389/fimmu.2019.02993 · 2019 · External reference

Deciphering the heterogeneity of myeloid cells during neuroinflammation in the single-cell era

10.1111/bpa.12910 · 2020 · External reference

Role of chemokine CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 in neurodegenerative diseases

10.1007/s12272-013-0161-z · 2013 · External reference

Monocyte/macrophage differentiation in early multiple sclerosis lesions

10.1002/ana.410380514 · 1995 · External reference

Molecular and cellular neuroinflammatory status of mouse brain after systemic lipopolysaccharide challenge: importance of CCR2/CCL2 signaling

10.1186/1742-2094-11-132 · 2014 · External reference

PPAR-gamma dependent and independent effects on macrophage gene expression in lipid metabolism and inflammation

10.1038/83336 · 2001 · External reference

A neurodegeneration-specific gene-expression signature of acutely isolated microglia from an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model

10.1016/j.celrep.2013.06.018 · 2013 · External reference

The origin, function and fate of CNS-associated macrophages in health and disease

10.1007/s00401-023-02676-9 · 2024 · External reference

Disease-associated microglia: a universal immune sensor of neurodegeneration

10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.003 · 2018 · External reference

Signaling pathways in Parkinson’s disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions

10.1038/s41392-023-01353-3 · 2023 · External reference

Ccr2 deficiency impairs microglial accumulation and accelerates progression of Alzheimer-like disease

10.1038/nm1555 · 2007 · External reference

ALS-associated TDP-43 aggregates drive innate and adaptive immune cell activation

10.1016/j.isci.2025.112648 · 2025 · External reference

Longitudinal influence of microglial activation and amyloid on neuronal function in Alzheimer’s disease

10.1093/brain/awv288 · 2015 · External reference

Pathogenesis and therapeutic applications of microglia receptors in Alzheimer’s disease

2025 · External reference

Monocyte-derived macrophages contribute to chitinase dysregulation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

10.3389/fneur.2021.629332 · 2021 · External reference

Fate mapping analysis reveals that adult microglia derive from primitive macrophages

10.1126/science.1194637 · 2010 · External reference

Origin, fate and dynamics of macrophages at central nervous system interfaces

10.1038/ni.3423 · 2016 · External reference

CD36-mediated uptake of myelin debris by macrophages and microglia reduces neuroinflammation

10.1186/s12974-020-01899-x · 2020 · External reference

The major histocompatibility complex participates in Parkinson’s disease

10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107168 · 2024 · External reference

Engineering blood-brain barrier microphysiological systems to model Alzheimer’s disease monocyte penetration and infiltration

10.1039/d5bm00204d · 2025 · External reference

Peripheral monocyte entry is required for alpha-synuclein induced inflammation and neurodegeneration in a model of Parkinson’s disease

10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.11.010 · 2018 · External reference

Mechanisms of mononuclear phagocyte recruitment in Alzheimer’s disease

10.2174/187152710791011982 · 2010 · External reference

Monocyte-secreted Wnt reduces the efficiency of central nervous system remyelination

10.1371/journal.pbio.3003073 · 2025 · External reference

Potential caveats of putative microglia-specific markers for assessment of age-related cerebrovascular neuroinflammation

10.1186/s12974-020-02019-5 · 2020 · External reference

Complement and microglia mediate early synapse loss in Alzheimer mouse models

10.1126/science.aad8373 · 2016 · External reference

Clearance and transport of amyloid beta by peripheral monocytes correlate with Alzheimer’s disease progression

10.1038/s41467-024-52396-1 · 2024 · External reference

TREM2 deficiency aggravates NLRP3 inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in MPTP-induced Parkinson’s disease mice and LPS-induced BV2 cells

10.1007/s12035-023-03713-0 · 2024 · External reference

Dwellers and trespassers: mononuclear phagocytes at the borders of the central nervous system

2020 · External reference

Single-cell profiling identifies myeloid cell subsets with distinct fates during neuroinflammation

10.1126/science.aat7554 · 2019 · External reference

A unique microglia type associated with restricting development of Alzheimer’s disease

10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.018 · 2017 · External reference

Neurofilaments as biomarkers in neurological disorders

10.1038/s41582-018-0058-z · 2018 · External reference

More than microglia: myeloid cells and biomarkers in neurodegeneration

10.3389/fnins.2024.1499458 · 2024 · External reference

The TREM2-APOE pathway drives the transcriptional phenotype of dysfunctional microglia in neurodegenerative diseases

10.1016/j.immuni.2017.08.008 · 2017 · External reference

Cell type mapping reveals tissue niches and interactions in multiple sclerosis

10.1038/s41593-024-01796-z · 2024 · External reference

Monocytes release cystatin F dimer to associate with amyloid beta and aggravate amyloid pathology and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease

10.1186/s12974-024-03119-2 · 2024 · External reference

Peripheral immune function and Alzheimer’s disease: a living systematic review and critical appraisal

10.1038/s41380-023-02355-x · 2024 · External reference

Neuronal STING activation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

2024 · External reference

Unravelling cell type-specific responses to Parkinson’s disease at single-cell resolution

10.1186/s13024-023-00699-0 · 2024 · External reference

Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of mouse and human microglia at single-cell resolution

10.1038/s41586-019-0924-x · 2019 · External reference

Single-cell transcriptomic analysis of Alzheimer’s disease

10.1038/s41586-019-1195-2 · 2019 · External reference

Single-cell multiregion dissection of Alzheimer’s disease

10.1038/s41586-024-07606-7 · 2024 · External reference

Exosomes in alpha-synucleinopathies: propagators of pathology or potential candidates for nanotherapeutics?

10.3390/biom12070957 · 2022 · External reference

Microglial metabolic reprogramming: emerging insights and therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases

10.1007/s10571-023-01376-y · 2023 · External reference

Monocyte-derived cells invade brain parenchyma and amyloid plaques in human Alzheimer’s disease hippocampus

10.1186/s40478-023-01530-z · 2023 · External reference

Improving reproducibility of differentially expressed genes in single-cell transcriptomic studies of neurodegenerative diseases through meta-analysis

10.1038/s41467-025-62579-z · 2025 · External reference

Changes in CD163+, CD11b+, and CCR2+ peripheral monocytes relate to Parkinson’s disease and cognition

10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.005 · 2022 · External reference

Protective roles for myeloid cells in neuroinflammation

10.1111/sji.12963 · 2020 · External reference

Microglia states and nomenclature: a field at its crossroads

10.1016/j.neuron.2022.10.020 · 2022 · External reference

FABP7 is increased in progressive multiple sclerosis and induces a pro-inflammatory phenotype in monocytes through a glycolytic switch

10.1038/s41467-025-60747-9 · 2025 · External reference

Multiple sclerosis: microglia, monocytes, and macrophage-mediated demyelination

2021 · External reference

Microglia biology: one century of evolving concepts

10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.053 · 2019 · External reference

Peripheral single-cell immune characteristics contribute to the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies

10.1111/cns.70204 · 2025 · External reference

10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.008

10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.008 · External reference

A polarizing question: do M1 and M2 microglia exist?

10.1038/nn.4338 · 2016 · External reference

Multiple sclerosis

10.1056/nejmra1401483 · 2018 · External reference

Blood immunophenotyping of multiple sclerosis patients at diagnosis identifies a classical monocyte subset associated to disease evolution

2024 · External reference

Mapping microglia states in the human brain through the integration of high-dimensional techniques

10.1038/s41593-019-0532-y · 2019 · External reference

Human monocytes plasticity in neurodegeneration

10.3390/biomedicines9070717 · 2021 · External reference

Tissue transglutaminase contributes to myelin phagocytosis in interleukin-4-treated human monocyte-derived macrophages

10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155024 · 2020 · External reference

Nurr1: a vital participant in the TLR4-NF-kB signal pathway stimulated by alpha-synuclein in BV-2 cells

10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.008 · 2019 · External reference

JAK inhibition ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by blocking GM-CSF-driven inflammatory signature of monocytes

10.1016/j.apsb.2023.07.026 · 2023 · External reference

Dual ontogeny of disease-associated microglia and disease inflammatory macrophages in aging and neurodegeneration

10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.004 · 2022 · External reference

Bone marrow-derived microglia play a critical role in restricting senile plaque formation in Alzheimer’s disease

10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.022 · 2006 · External reference

NLRP3 inflammasome in neurological diseases, from functions to therapies

10.3389/fncel.2017.00063 · 2017 · External reference

Infiltrating peripheral monocyte TREM-1 mediates dopaminergic neuron injury in substantia nigra of Parkinson’s disease model mice

10.1038/s41419-025-07333-5 · 2025 · External reference

Microglia and monocytes in inflammatory CNS disease: integrating phenotype and function

10.1007/s00401-021-02384-2 · 2022 · External reference

sTREM2 cerebrospinal fluid levels are a potential biomarker for microglia activity in early-stage Alzheimer’s disease and associate with neuronal injury markers

10.15252/emmm.201506123 · 2016 · External reference

Unraveling the complex role of microglia in Alzheimer’s disease: amyloid beta metabolism and plaque formation

10.1186/s41232-025-00383-4 · 2025 · External reference

Understanding monocyte-driven neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease using human cortical organoid microphysiological systems

10.1126/sciadv.adu2708 · 2025 · External reference

Monocyte-derived macrophages drive neurological tissue damage through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species

2026 · External reference

The classical complement pathway mediates microglia-dependent remodeling of spinal motor circuits during development and in SMA

10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.013 · 2019 · External reference

Association of peripheral immune activation with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578290 · 2024 · External reference

Integrating transcriptomic datasets across neurological disease identifies unique myeloid subpopulations driving disease-specific signatures

10.1002/glia.24314 · 2023 · External reference

FOXP3+ macrophage-derived amphiregulin promotes white matter repair of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

10.1096/fj.202500075rr · 2025 · External reference

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals peripheral immunological features in Parkinson’s disease

10.1038/s41531-024-00790-3 · 2024 · External reference

Differential roles of microglia and monocytes in the inflamed central nervous system

10.1084/jem.20132477 · 2014 · External reference

Peripheral monocyte-derived cells counter amyloid plaque pathogenesis in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease

10.1172/jci152565 · 2022 · External reference

TREM2, microglia, and neurodegenerative diseases

10.1016/j.molmed.2017.03.008 · 2017 · External reference

TDP-43 triggers mitochondrial DNA release via mPTP to activate cGAS-STING in ALS

10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.020 · 2020 · External reference

The blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer’s disease

10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.007 · 2017 · External reference

Crosstalk between metabolism and epigenetics during macrophage polarization

10.1186/s13072-025-00575-9 · 2025 · External reference

Infiltration by monocytes of the central nervous system and its role in multiple sclerosis: reflections on therapeutic strategies

10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01508 · 2025 · External reference