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References from Sex-dependent protective effects of microglial tumor necrosis factor on post-stroke inflammation and myelin injury. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
WikiPathways 2024: next generation pathway database
10.1093/nar/gkad960 · 2024 · External reference
TNFα promotes proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination
10.1038/nn738 · 2001 · External reference
Gene ontology: tool for the unification of biology
10.1038/75556 · 2000 · External reference
Intrinsic TNFR2 signaling in T regulatory cells provides protection in CNS autoimmunity
10.1073/pnas.1807499115 · 2018 · External reference
Distinct modes of TNF signaling through its two receptors in health and disease
10.1002/jlb.2mr0120-510r · 2020 · External reference
Current advances in ischemic stroke research and therapies
10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.09.012 · 2020 · External reference
Microglia regulate cortical remyelination via TNFR1-dependent phenotypic polarization
10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114894 · 2024 · External reference
Inhibition of soluble tumour necrosis factor is therapeutic in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and promotes axon preservation and remyelination
10.1093/brain/awr199 · 2011 · External reference
Sex differences in stroke: challenges and opportunities
10.1177/0271678x18793324 · 2018 · External reference
Neuroprotection in acute stroke: targeting excitotoxicity, oxidative and nitrosative stress, and inflammation
10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00114-9 · 2016 · External reference
Prolonged myelin deficits contribute to neuron loss and functional impairments after ischaemic stroke
10.1093/brain/awae029 · 2024 · External reference
Systemically administered anti-TNF therapy ameliorates functional outcomes after focal cerebral ischemia
10.1186/s12974-014-0203-6 · 2014 · External reference
Conditional ablation of myeloid TNF increases lesion volume after experimental stroke in mice, possibly via altered ERK1/2 signaling
10.1038/srep29291 · 2016 · External reference
Characterization of the TNF and IL-1 systems in human brain and blood after ischemic stroke
10.1186/s40478-020-00957-y · 2020 · External reference
Sex, hormones and cerebrovascular function: from development to disorder
10.1186/s12987-023-00496-3 · 2024 · External reference
TNFR2 signaling regulates the immunomodulatory function of oligodendrocyte precursor cells
10.3390/cells10071785 · 2021 · External reference
TNFR2 signaling in oligodendrocyte precursor cells suppresses their immune-inflammatory function and detrimental microglia activation in CNS demyelinating disease
10.1016/j.bbi.2024.09.002 · 2025 · External reference
Cell-type–restricted anti-cytokine therapy: TNF inhibition from one pathogenic source
10.1073/pnas.1520175113 · 2016 · External reference
Conditional ablation of myeloid TNF improves functional outcome and decreases lesion size after spinal cord injury in mice
10.3390/cells9112407 · 2020 · External reference
World stroke organization: global stroke fact sheet 2025
10.1177/17474930241308142 · 2025 · External reference
Opposing functions of microglial and macrophagic TNFR2 in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.083 · 2017 · External reference
Analysis of brain and blood single-cell transcriptomics in acute and subacute phases after experimental stroke
10.1038/s41590-023-01711-x · 2024 · External reference
Microglia and macrophages are the major source of tumor necrosis factor in permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice
10.1097/00004647-200001000-00009 · 2000 · External reference
Distinct and nonredundant in vivo functions of TNF produced by T cells and macrophages/neutrophils
2005 · External reference
Integrating spatial and single-cell transcriptomics to characterize the molecular and cellular architecture of the ischemic mouse brain
10.1126/scitranslmed.adg1323 · 2024 · External reference
A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hyperalgesia
10.1016/0304-3959(88)90026-7 · 1988 · External reference
CellMarker 2.0: an updated database of manually curated cell markers in human/mouse and web tools based on scRNA-seq data
10.1093/nar/gkac947 · 2023 · External reference
The immunology of stroke and dementia
10.1016/j.immuni.2024.12.008 · 2025 · External reference
Therapeutic inhibition of soluble brain TNF promotes remyelination by increasing myelin phagocytosis by microglia
10.1172/jci.insight.87455 · 2017 · External reference
Microglia regulation of central nervous system myelin health and regeneration
2023 · External reference
OligoCalc: an online oligonucleotide properties calculator
10.1093/nar/gkm234 · 2007 · External reference
Multicolor fate mapping of microglia reveals polyclonal proliferation, heterogeneity, and cell-cell interactions after ischemic stroke in mice
10.1038/s41467-025-63949-3 · 2025 · External reference
G:profiler—interoperable web service for functional enrichment analysis and gene identifier mapping (2023 update)
10.1093/nar/gkad347 · 2023 · External reference
The role of TNF-α in ischemic stroke
10.3390/ijms27031424 · 2026 · External reference
Enrichr: a comprehensive gene set enrichment analysis web server 2016 update
10.1093/nar/gkw377 · 2016 · External reference
The impact of cytokines in neuroinflammation-mediated stroke
10.1016/j.cytogfr.2024.06.002 · 2024 · External reference
A quantitative study of microglial-macrophage synthesis of tumor necrosis factor during acute and late focal cerebral ischemia in mice
10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600014 · 2005 · External reference
Microglia protect neurons against ischemia by synthesis of tumor necrosis factor
10.1523/jneurosci.5505-08.2009 · 2009 · External reference
Inflammatory cytokines in experimental and human stroke
10.1038/jcbfm.2012.88 · 2012 · External reference
Post-stroke inflammation—target or tool for therapy?
10.1007/s00401-018-1930-z · 2019 · External reference
Sex differences in treatment response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tumour necrosis factor inhibitor: a cohort study from the DANBIO registry
10.1080/03009742.2025.2471713 · 2025 · External reference
Changing genes, cells and networks to reprogram the brain after stroke
10.1038/s41593-025-01981-8 · 2025 · External reference
Genetic ablation of soluble tumor necrosis factor with preservation of membrane tumor necrosis factor is associated with neuroprotection after focal cerebral ischemia
10.1177/0271678x15610339 · 2016 · External reference
Oligodendroglial TNFR2 mediates membrane TNF-dependent repair in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by promoting oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination
10.1523/jneurosci.0211-16.2016 · 2016 · External reference
Oligodendrocytes modulate the immune-inflammatory response in EAE via TNFR2 signaling
10.1016/j.bbi.2019.11.017 · 2020 · External reference
TNF signaling inhibition in the CNS: implications for normal brain function and neurodegenerative disease
10.1186/1742-2094-5-45 · 2008 · External reference
Notification strategy and predictors of outcome in stroke ineligible for reperfusion therapies
10.3389/fneur.2019.01060 · 2019 · External reference
Sex-specific roles of neuronal TNFR1 in synaptic remodeling and stroke recovery
10.1016/j.mcn.2026.104090 · 2026 · External reference
Microglia contributes to remyelination in cerebral but not spinal cord ischemia
10.1002/glia.24068 · 2021 · External reference
A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT–PCR
10.1093/nar/29.9.e45 · 2001 · External reference
Role of microglia in stroke
10.1002/glia.24501 · 2024 · External reference
TNF and its receptors in the CNS: the essential, the desirable and the deleterious effects
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.06.038 · 2015 · External reference
Dynamics of microglia activation in the ischemic brain: implications for myelin repair and functional recovery
10.3389/fncel.2022.950819 · 2022 · External reference
TNF production and release from microglia via extracellular vesicles: impact on brain functions
10.3390/cells9102145 · 2020 · External reference
Microglial vesicles improve post-stroke recovery by preventing immune cell senescence and favoring oligodendrogenesis
10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.12.009 · 2021 · External reference
Montelukast improves disease outcome in SOD1 G93A female mice by counteracting oligodendrocyte dysfunction and aberrant glial reactivity
10.1111/bph.16408 · 2024 · External reference
Microglial TNFR2 signaling regulates the inflammatory response after CNS injury in a sex-specific fashion
10.1016/j.bbi.2023.12.025 · 2024 · External reference
Microglia-derived extracellular vesicles enhance oligodendrocyte maturation by transcriptionally regulating mitochondrial molecular pathways
10.1007/s10571-025-01612-7 · 2025 · External reference
TNFR2 signaling shapes the sex-specific remyelinating properties of microglia after experimental stroke
10.1016/j.neurot.2025.e00745 · 2025 · External reference
Effects of pretreatment with PACAP on the infarct size and functional outcome in rat permanent focal cerebral ischemia
10.1016/s0196-9781(02)00262-0 · 2002 · External reference
The impact of sex and gender on stroke
10.1161/circresaha.121.319915 · 2022 · External reference
Sex differences in the inflammatory response to stroke
10.1007/s00281-022-00969-x · 2023 · External reference
Systemic inhibition of soluble TNF significantly changes glial cell populations leading to improved myelin integrity and better functional outcome after experimental stroke
10.1016/j.biopha.2025.118334 · 2025 · External reference
Sex differences in poststroke inflammation: a focus on microglia across the lifespan
10.1161/strokeaha.122.039138 · 2022 · External reference
Sex-specific features of microglia from adult mice
10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.048 · 2018 · External reference
Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation of microglia in health and disease
10.1016/j.molmed.2018.11.004 · 2019 · External reference
Topical administration of a soluble TNF inhibitor reduces infarct volume after focal cerebral ischemia in mice
2019 · External reference
TNF deficiency causes alterations in the spatial organization of neurogenic zones and alters the number of microglia and neurons in the cerebral cortex
10.1016/j.bbi.2019.08.195 · 2019 · External reference