Research graph
References from When effort fails: Instances and reasons for effort-performance decoupling. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Comprehensive review on lactate metabolism in human health
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Choking under pressure: self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance
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Reconsidering the trade-off between speed and accuracy: the role of perceived goal progress velocity
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The feeling of effort during mental activity
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Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment: explication and age-related analysis of assimilative and accommodative strategies of coping
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Consolidation in human motor memory
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The intensity side of volition
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Sleep—a brain-state serving systems memory consolidation
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A new look at psychological climate and its relationship to job involvement, effort, and performance
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Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing
10.1038/s41583-018-0068-2 · 2018 · External reference
Aging gracefully: compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults
10.1006/nimg.2002.1280 · 2002 · External reference
The theory of effort minimization in physical activity
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2025 · External reference
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Unresolved reference
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The neural basis of the Weber–Fechner law: a logarithmic mental number line
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Cognitive performance and cognitive workload in multiple sclerosis: two different constructs of cognitive functioning?
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Neural correlates of cognitive fatigue: cortico-striatal circuitry and effort–reward imbalance
10.1017/s1355617713000684 · 2013 · External reference
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Unresolved reference
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Expectations of reward and efficacy guide cognitive control allocation
10.1038/s41467-021-21315-z · 2021 · External reference
The limits of exercise physiology: from performance to health
10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.018 · 2017 · External reference
Effort Mobilization when the Self is Involved: Some Lessons from the Cardiovascular System
10.1037/a0019742 · 2010 · External reference
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The effect of ego depletion or mental fatigue on subsequent physical endurance performance: a meta-analysis
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10.3758/cabn.10.2.252 · 2010 · External reference
Cognitive neuroscience of aging
10.1196/annals.1440.009 · 2008 · External reference
Control adjustment costs limit goal flexibility: Empirical evidence and a computational account
10.1037/rev0000576 · 2026 · External reference
Optimizing the use of information: Strategic control of activation of responses
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Attentional theories of choking under pressure revisited
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10.31234/osf.io/gm7zf_v1
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Intelligence and changes in regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate following learning
10.1016/0160-2896(92)90018-m · 1992 · External reference
Lactate: friend or foe
10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.10.018 · 2016 · External reference
Worry alters speed-accuracy tradeoffs but does not impair sustained attention
10.1016/j.brat.2020.103597 · 2020 · External reference
An integrated perspective of effort and perception of effort
10.1007/s40279-024-02055-8 · 2024 · External reference
Time course of performance changes and fatigue markers during intensified training in trained cyclists
2002 · External reference
Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning
10.1038/29528 · 1998 · External reference
From fear of falling to choking under pressure: a predictive processing perspective of disrupted motor control under anxiety
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105115 · 2023 · External reference
RPE and velocity relationships for the back squat, bench press, and deadlift in powerlifters
10.1519/jsc.0000000000001517 · 2017 · External reference
Individualized cognitive effort to failure does not affect subsequent strenuous physical performance
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10.1523/jneurosci.4003-11.2012 · 2012 · External reference
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10.1152/jn.00263.2016 · 2016 · External reference
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10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.009 · 2014 · External reference
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10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.007 · 2018 · External reference
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10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00218 · 2014 · External reference
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Pupil Size as a Window on Neural Substrates of Cognition
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10.1016/j.tics.2010.02.005 · 2010 · External reference
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10.1016/j.cogpsych.2019.101237 · 2019 · External reference
Neural dedifferentiation in the aging brain
10.1016/j.tics.2019.04.012 · 2019 · External reference
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10.1037/a0031048 · 2014 · External reference
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10.1093/brain/awx153 · 2017 · External reference
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10.1017/s0140525x12003196 · 2013 · External reference
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10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009737 · 2021 · External reference
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10.1037/0003-066x.57.9.705 · 2002 · External reference
New directions in goal-setting theory
10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00449.x · 2006 · External reference
Overtraining effects on immunity and performance in athletes
10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-7-.x · 2000 · External reference
Base-rate and payoff effects in multidimensional perceptual categorization
10.1037/0278-7393.24.6.1459 · 1998 · External reference
Effort and its perception revisited: how physical-domain insights could lead toward a unified theory
10.3758/s13415-026-01411-7 · 2026 · External reference
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Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry
10.1002/wps.20311 · 2016 · External reference
Towards a definition of efforts
10.1037/mot0000066 · 2017 · External reference
Altitude and endurance performance in altitude natives versus lowlanders: insights from professional cycling
10.1249/mss.0000000000002890 · 2022 · External reference
Testing the mere effort account of the evaluation-performance relationship
10.1037/a0012878 · 2009 · External reference
Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine
10.1249/mss.0b013e318279a10a · 2013 · External reference
Evidence of a non-linear dose-response relationship between training load and stress markers in elite female futsal players
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Durability and repeatability of professional cyclists during a Grand Tour
10.1080/17461391.2021.1987528 · 2022 · External reference
Ramp exercise protocols for clinical and cardiopulmonary exercise testing
10.2165/00007256-200030010-00003 · 2000 · External reference
Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance
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Is the juice worth the squeeze? Learning the marginal value of mental effort over time
10.1037/xge0001208 · 2022 · External reference
Irrational time allocation in decision-making
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10.1152/jn.00370.2020 · 2020 · External reference
Optimizing effort: increased efficiency of motor memory with time away from practice
10.1152/jn.00638.2014 · 2015 · External reference
Age-related increased frontal activation in sentence comprehension reflects inefficiency, not compensation
10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2025.07.014 · 2025 · External reference
Origins and consequences of cognitive fatigue
10.1016/j.tics.2025.02.005 · 2025 · External reference
Cortical activity and network organization underlying physical and cognitive exertion in active young adult athletes: Implications for concussion
10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.233 · 2019 · External reference
Task-related effort - distinguishing boredom- and difficulty-related effort via electrodermal activity
10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115144 · 2026 · External reference
The effect of weekly set volume on strength gain: a meta-analysis
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Examining the alignment between subjective effort and objective force production
10.1371/journal.pone.0307994 · 2024 · External reference
Three decades of research on motivational intensity theory: what we have learned about effort and what we still don’t know
2016 · External reference
Principles of exercise physiology: responses to acute exercise and long-term adaptations to training
10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.10.007 · 2012 · External reference
Tonic heart rate: experiments on the effects of collative variables lead to a hypothesis about its motivational significance
10.1037/h0027630 · 1969 · External reference
Regulation of endogenous fat and carbohydrate metabolism in relation to exercise intensity and duration
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Looking at mental effort appraisals through a metacognitive lens: are they biased?
10.1007/s10648-020-09555-9 · 2020 · External reference
Associations between Borg’s rating of perceived exertion and physiological measures of exercise intensity
10.1007/s00421-012-2421-x · 2013 · External reference
Human thermoregulatory behavior during rest and exercise — A prospective review
10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.12.003 · 2010 · External reference
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Unresolved reference
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Gender differences in workload effect on coordination between breathing and cycling
10.1249/01.mss.0000053657.42138.3f · 2003 · External reference
Toward a rational and mechanistic account of mental effort
10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031526 · 2017 · External reference
The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function
10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.007 · 2013 · External reference
Decomposing the motivation to exert mental effort
10.1177/09637214211009510 · 2021 · External reference
Chronic fatigue syndrome
10.2165/00007256-200131030-00003 · 2001 · External reference
The relationship between performance and test-taking effort when measured with self-report or time-based instruments: a meta-analytic review
10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100335 · 2020 · External reference
Different functions of physical effort in physical activity and sports: a scoping review of the value of physical effort
10.1007/s11031-025-10123-3 · 2025 · External reference
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10.31234/osf.io/kbyhm · External reference
Effort in isometric muscular contractions related to force level and duration
10.3758/bf03210214 · 1970 · External reference
Central motor drive and perception of effort during fatigue in multiple sclerosis
10.1007/s00415-006-0159-2 · 2006 · External reference
The “Effort Elephant” in the room: what is effort, anyway?
10.1177/17456916211064896 · 2022 · External reference
10.1123/ijspp.2021-0508
10.1123/ijspp.2021-0508 · External reference
Pupil dilation as an index of effort in cognitive control tasks: a review
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Unresolved reference
External reference
Unresolved reference
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Practice with sleep makes perfect: sleep-dependent motor skill learning
10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00746-8 · 2002 · External reference
Identifying physiological determinants of 800 m running performance using post-exercise blood lactate kinetics
10.1007/s00421-024-05504-4 · 2024 · External reference
The relationship between prescribed ratings of perceived exertion and force production in repeated isometric contractions
10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102657 · 2024 · External reference
Thermoregulation during Exercise in the Heat
10.2165/00007256-200737080-00002 · 2007 · External reference
The relationship between voluntary electromyogram, endurance time and intensity of effort in isometric handgrip exercise
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Cognitive effort: a neuroeconomic approach
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10.31234/osf.io/meh8j_v1
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Bored into depletion? Toward a tentative integration of perceived self-control exertion and boredom as guiding signals for goal-directed behavior
10.1177/1745691620921394 · 2020 · External reference
Effort and boredom shape our experience of time
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106375 · 2025 · External reference
On the specifics of valuing effort: a developmental and a formalized perspective on preferences for cognitive and physical effort
10.24072/pcjournal.444 · 2024 · External reference
Refining the prediction of effort: Brehm’s distinction between potential motivation and motivation intensity
10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00093.x · 2008 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2023 · External reference
Boredom proneness is associated with noisy decision-making, not risk-taking
10.1007/s00221-021-06098-5 · 2021 · External reference
How the motor system copes with aging: a quantitative meta-analysis of the effect of aging on motor function control
10.1038/s42003-022-03027-2 · 2022 · External reference
Non-linear relationship between O2 uptake and power output at high intensities of exercise in humans
10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020959 · 1995 · External reference
Understanding the burnout experience: recent research and its implications for psychiatry
10.1002/wps.20311 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Aging gracefully: compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults
10.1006/nimg.2002.1280 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The relationship between voluntary electromyogram, endurance time and intensity of effort in isometric handgrip exercise
10.1007/bf00240408 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Boredom proneness is associated with noisy decision-making, not risk-taking
10.1007/s00221-021-06098-5 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Central motor drive and perception of effort during fatigue in multiple sclerosis
10.1007/s00415-006-0159-2 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Associations between Borg’s rating of perceived exertion and physiological measures of exercise intensity
10.1007/s00421-012-2421-x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Identifying physiological determinants of 800 m running performance using post-exercise blood lactate kinetics
10.1007/s00421-024-05504-4 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Looking at mental effort appraisals through a metacognitive lens: are they biased?
10.1007/s10648-020-09555-9 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Worth the effort: the start and stick to desirable difficulties (S2D2) Framework
10.1007/s10648-023-09766-w · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Reconsidering the trade-off between speed and accuracy: the role of perceived goal progress velocity
10.1007/s10869-024-09995-y · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Energy demand and supply in human skeletal muscle
10.1007/s10974-017-9467-7 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Different functions of physical effort in physical activity and sports: a scoping review of the value of physical effort
10.1007/s11031-025-10123-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The effect of weekly set volume on strength gain: a meta-analysis
10.1007/s40279-017-0762-7 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
An integrated perspective of effort and perception of effort
10.1007/s40279-024-02055-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Intelligence and changes in regional cerebral glucose metabolic rate following learning
10.1016/0160-2896(92)90018-m · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Worry alters speed-accuracy tradeoffs but does not impair sustained attention
10.1016/j.brat.2020.103597 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The limits of exercise physiology: from performance to health
10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.018 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Perceiving effort as poor learning: the misinterpreted-effort hypothesis of how experienced effort and perceived learning relate to study strategy choice
10.1016/j.cogpsych.2019.101237 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The feeling of effort during mental activity
10.1016/j.concog.2018.05.013 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The relationship between performance and test-taking effort when measured with self-report or time-based instruments: a meta-analytic review
10.1016/j.edurev.2020.100335 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Cortical activity and network organization underlying physical and cognitive exertion in active young adult athletes: Implications for concussion
10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.233 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Comprehensive review on lactate metabolism in human health
10.1016/j.mito.2014.05.007 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Cognitive performance and cognitive workload in multiple sclerosis: two different constructs of cognitive functioning?
10.1016/j.msard.2019.101505 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
From fear of falling to choking under pressure: a predictive processing perspective of disrupted motor control under anxiety
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105115 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effort and boredom shape our experience of time
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106375 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Age-related increased frontal activation in sentence comprehension reflects inefficiency, not compensation
10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2025.07.014 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function
10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.007 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Sleep—a brain-state serving systems memory consolidation
10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.005 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The effect of ego depletion or mental fatigue on subsequent physical endurance performance: a meta-analysis
10.1016/j.peh.2019.100150 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Human thermoregulatory behavior during rest and exercise — A prospective review
10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.12.003 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Task-related effort - distinguishing boredom- and difficulty-related effort via electrodermal activity
10.1016/j.physbeh.2025.115144 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Principles of exercise physiology: responses to acute exercise and long-term adaptations to training
10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.10.007 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Lactate: friend or foe
10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.10.018 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The relationship between prescribed ratings of perceived exertion and force production in repeated isometric contractions
10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102657 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Scaling laws in cognitive sciences
10.1016/j.tics.2010.02.005 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Why self-control seems (but may not be) limited
10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.009 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Diffusion decision model: current issues and history
10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.007 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The effort paradox: effort is both costly and valued
10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.007 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Neural dedifferentiation in the aging brain
10.1016/j.tics.2019.04.012 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Pupil Size as a Window on Neural Substrates of Cognition
10.1016/j.tics.2020.03.005 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Origins and consequences of cognitive fatigue
10.1016/j.tics.2025.02.005 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Practice with sleep makes perfect: sleep-dependent motor skill learning
10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00746-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The neural basis of the Weber–Fechner law: a logarithmic mental number line
10.1016/s1364-6613(03)00055-x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance
10.1017/s0140525x12003196 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Neural correlates of cognitive fatigue: cortico-striatal circuitry and effort–reward imbalance
10.1017/s1355617713000684 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The intensity side of volition
10.1026/1612-5010/a000323 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Cardiac pre-ejection period to index motivation and effort mobilization in cognitive studies: a critical narrative review
10.1027/0269-8803/a000332 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: a 35-year odyssey
10.1037/0003-066x.57.9.705 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A new look at psychological climate and its relationship to job involvement, effort, and performance
10.1037/0021-9010.81.4.358 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Choking under pressure: self-consciousness and paradoxical effects of incentives on skillful performance
10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.610 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Conflict monitoring and cognitive control
10.1037/0033-295x.108.3.624 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention
10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.1 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance
10.1037/0033-295x.91.3.328 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement
10.1037/0096-3445.121.3.262 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Optimizing the use of information: Strategic control of activation of responses
10.1037/0096-3445.121.4.480 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Base-rate and payoff effects in multidimensional perceptual categorization
10.1037/0278-7393.24.6.1459 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Tenacious goal pursuit and flexible goal adjustment: explication and age-related analysis of assimilative and accommodative strategies of coping
10.1037/0882-7974.5.1.58 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Testing the mere effort account of the evaluation-performance relationship
10.1037/a0012878 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effort Mobilization when the Self is Involved: Some Lessons from the Cardiovascular System
10.1037/a0019742 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A labor/leisure tradeoff in cognitive control
10.1037/a0031048 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Tonic heart rate: experiments on the effects of collative variables lead to a hypothesis about its motivational significance
10.1037/h0027630 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Towards a definition of efforts
10.1037/mot0000066 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Control adjustment costs limit goal flexibility: Empirical evidence and a computational account
10.1037/rev0000576 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Is the juice worth the squeeze? Learning the marginal value of mental effort over time
10.1037/xge0001208 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning
10.1038/29528 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Consolidation in human motor memory
10.1038/382252a0 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The eighty five percent rule for optimal learning
10.1038/s41467-019-12552-4 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Expectations of reward and efficacy guide cognitive control allocation
10.1038/s41467-021-21315-z · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing
10.1038/s41583-018-0068-2 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
How the motor system copes with aging: a quantitative meta-analysis of the effect of aging on motor function control
10.1038/s42003-022-03027-2 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Prediction of human errors by maladaptive changes in event-related brain networks
10.1073/pnas.0708965105 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A theory of the acquisition of speed-skill*
10.1080/00140135908930419 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Durability and repeatability of professional cyclists during a Grand Tour
10.1080/17461391.2021.1987528 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The fatigue conundrum
10.1093/brain/awx153 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Overtraining effects on immunity and performance in athletes
10.1111/j.1440-1711.2000.t01-7-.x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
New directions in goal-setting theory
10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00449.x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Neurocognitive aging and the compensation hypothesis
10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00570.x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Refining the prediction of effort: Brehm’s distinction between potential motivation and motivation intensity
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