Research graph
References from Title: Maternal circulating cytokine and chemokine levels during pregnancy and risk of autism spectrum disorder in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Translational opportunities in the prenatal immune environment: Promises and limitations of the maternal immune activation model
10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104864 · 2020 · External reference
The contribution of environmental exposure to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder
10.1007/s00018-018-2988-4 · 2019 · External reference
The role of inflammatory cytokines as key modulators of neurogenesis
10.1016/j.tins.2014.12.006 · 2015 · External reference
Maternal Levels of Cytokines in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring
10.3389/fpubh.2022.917563 · 2022 · External reference
Maternal Immune Activation and Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Rodents to Nonhuman and Human Primates
10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.10.020 · 2017 · External reference
Mid-gestation cytokine profiles in mothers of children affected by autism spectrum disorder: a case-control study
10.1038/s41598-021-01662-z · 2021 · External reference
Maternal Mid-Gestation Cytokine Dysregulation in Mothers of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
10.1007/s10803-021-05271-7 · 2022 · External reference
Interleukin 1α: a comprehensive review on the role of IL-1α in the pathogenesis and treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102763 · 2021 · External reference
Maternal mid-gestational and child cord blood immune signatures are strongly associated with offspring risk of ASD
10.1038/s41380-021-01415-4 · 2022 · External reference
Interleukin-10: a pleiotropic regulator in pregnancy
10.1111/aji.12329 · 2015 · External reference
The maternal interleukin-17a pathway in mice promotes autism-like phenotypes in offspring
10.1126/science.aad0314 · 2016 · External reference
Microglia regulate the number of neural precursor cells in the developing cerebral cortex
10.1523/jneurosci.3441-12.2013 · 2013 · External reference
Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses
10.1002/9781119536604.ch10 · 2019 · External reference
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · 1997 · External reference
Maternal immune activation: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorders
10.1126/science.aag3194 · 2016 · External reference
Placental mediated mechanisms of perinatal brain injury: Evolving inflammation and exosomes
10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113914 · 2022 · External reference
Maternal Immune Activation and Autism in Offspring: What Is the Evidence for Causation?
10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.11.009 · 2025 · External reference
IL-1 family cytokines in inflammation and immunity
10.1038/s41423-025-01358-8 · 2025 · External reference
Increased midgestational IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-5 in women bearing a child with autism: A case-control study
10.1186/2040-2392-2-13 · 2011 · External reference
Placental omics and neuropsychiatric outcomes: A systematic review of longitudinal human studies
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106433 · 2025 · External reference
Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with autism
10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76 · 2011 · External reference
Maternal immune activation and neuroinflammation in human neurodevelopmental disorders
10.1038/s41582-021-00530-8 · 2021 · External reference
Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis
10.1002/sim.1186 · 2002 · External reference
The relationship of amniotic fluid cytokines and preterm delivery, amniotic fluid infection, histologic chorioamnionitis, and chorioamnion infection
1993 · External reference
Activation of the maternal immune system induces endocrine changes in the placenta via IL-6
10.1016/j.bbi.2010.12.017 · 2011 · External reference
Placental regulation of maternal-fetal interactions and brain development
10.1002/dneu.22045 · 2012 · External reference
Covidence
10.1080/15424065.2025.2547027 · 2025 · External reference
Autism with intellectual disability is associated with increased levels of maternal cytokines and chemokines during gestation
10.1038/mp.2016.77 · 2017 · External reference
Exploring potential impacts of pregnancy-related maternal immune activation and extracellular vesicles on immune alterations observed in autism spectrum disorder
10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15593 · 2023 · External reference
The Interleukin-1α Precursor is Biologically Active and is Likely a Key Alarmin in the IL-1 Family of Cytokines
10.3389/fimmu.2013.00391 · 2013 · External reference
IL-5- and eosinophil-mediated inflammation: from discovery to therapy
10.1093/intimm/dxp102 · 2009 · External reference
Autism spectrum disorder
10.1038/s41572-019-0138-4 · 2020 · External reference
Systemic maternal inflammation promotes ASD via IL-6 and IFN-γ
10.1042/bsr20220713 · 2022 · External reference
The Immune System, Cytokines, and Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder
10.1007/s12264-017-0103-8 · 2017 · External reference
The Role of the Immune System in Autism Spectrum Disorder
10.1038/npp.2016.158 · 2017 · External reference
The unique immunological and microbial aspects of pregnancy
10.1038/nri.2017.64 · 2017 · External reference
The immune system in pregnancy: a unique complexity
10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00836.x · 2010 · External reference
Microglial Activation and Increased Microglial Density Observed in the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Autism
10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.05.024 · 2010 · External reference
The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4 · 2021 · External reference
Maternal inflammation and oxidative stress during pregnancy in relation to early childhood neurodevelopment
10.1016/j.bbi.2026.106514 · 2026 · External reference
Evidence that intra-amniotic infections are often the result of an ascending invasion – a molecular microbiological study
10.1515/jpm-2019-0297 · 2019 · External reference
Genetic Heterogeneity Between the Three Components of the Autism Spectrum: A Twin Study
10.1097/01.chi.0000215325.13058.9d · 2006 · External reference
Maternal immune activation in neurodevelopmental disorders
10.1002/dvdy.24612 · 2018 · External reference
Chapter35 - Environmental risk factors for neurodevelopmental disorders: Evidence from twin studies
2022 · External reference
Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in EpidemiologyA Proposal for Reporting
10.1001/jama.283.15.2008 · 2000 · External reference
CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11/CXCR3 axis for immune activation – A target for novel cancer therapy
10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.11.007 · 2018 · External reference
Chorioamnionitis and risk of long-term neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: a population-based cohort study
10.1016/j.ajog.2022.03.028 · 2022 · External reference
Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range
10.1186/1471-2288-14-135 · 2014 · External reference
Maternal Inflammatory Proteins in Pregnancy and Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Age 10 Years
10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.0122 · 2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Maternal immune activation and role of placenta in the prenatal programming of neurodevelopmental disorders
10.1042/ns20220064 · 2023 · External reference
The placental interleukin-6 signaling controls fetal brain development and behavior
10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.007 · 2017 · External reference
Interferons and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Pregnancy and Fetal Development
10.1016/j.immuni.2018.07.017 · 2018 · External reference
The Role of Maternal Immune Activation in the Pathogenesis of Autism: A Review of the Evidence, Proposed Mechanisms and Implications for Treatment
10.3390/ijms222111516 · 2021 · External reference
Global prevalence of autism: A systematic review update
10.1002/aur.2696 · 2022 · External reference
Placental inflammation, oxidative stress, and fetal outcomes in maternal obesity
10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.002 · 2024 · External reference
Maternal C-reactive protein and cytokine levels during pregnancy and the risk of selected neuropsychiatric disorders in offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.09.002 · 2018 · External reference
Autism spectrum disorder: advances in diagnosis and evaluation
10.1136/bmj.k1674 · 2018 · External reference