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References from Centrally administered SGLT2 inhibitor improves gut barrier function through the brain orexin, AMPK, dopamine D2 signaling and the vagal pathway in rats. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans
10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318427 · 2019 · External reference
SGLT2 inhibition--a novel strategy for diabetes treatment
10.1038/nrd3180 · 2010 · External reference
Quantitative PCR tissue expression profiling of the human SGLT2 gene and related family members
10.1007/s13300-010-0006-4 · 2010 · External reference
Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 is expressed in choroid plexus epithelial cells and ependymal cells in human and mouse brains
10.1111/neup.12665 · 2020 · External reference
The hypocretins: hypothalamus-specific peptides with neuroexcitatory activity
10.1073/pnas.95.1.322 · 1998 · External reference
The hypocretin-orexin system regulates cocaine self-administration via actions on the mesolimbic dopamine system
10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.07065.x · 2010 · External reference
Centrally administered GLP-1 analogue improves intestinal barrier function through the brain orexin and the vagal pathway in rats
10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148371 · 2023 · External reference
Brain AMPK signaling improves intestinal barrier function through brain orexin and the vagal pathway in rats
10.1016/j.neulet.2025.138208 · 2025 · External reference
Ghrelin acts in the brain to block colonic hyperpermeability in response to lipopolysaccharide through the vagus nerve
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108116 · 2020 · External reference
Activation of central adenosine A2B receptors mediate brain ghrelin-induced improvement of intestinal barrier function through the vagus nerve in rats
10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113708 · 2021 · External reference
Brain histamine improves colonic hyperpermeability through the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, adenosine A2B receptors and vagus nerve in rats
10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116201 · 2024 · External reference
β-Hydroxybutyrate modulates intestinal barrier function and visceral sensitivity via a brain AMPK-orexin pathway recruiting histamine H1 receptors, basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, adenosine A2B receptors, and vagal output in rats
10.1016/j.bcp.2026.117946 · 2026 · External reference
Mucosal permeability and mast cells as targets for functional gastrointestinal disorders
10.1016/j.coph.2018.08.011 · 2018 · External reference
Changes in colonic mucosal permeability in mouse colitis induced with dextran sulfate sodium
10.1538/expanim.48.137 · 1999 · External reference
Evans blue permeation of intestinal mucosa in the rat
10.3109/00365529409090435 · 1994 · External reference
Heart Failure: a Punch from the Gut
10.1007/s11897-024-00648-y · 2024 · External reference
Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Events in Type 2 Diabetes
10.1056/nejmoa1611925 · 2017 · External reference
Dapagliflozin Activates Neurons in the Central Nervous System and Regulates Cardiovascular Activity by Inhibiting SGLT-2 in Mice
10.2147/dmso.s258593 · 2020 · External reference
Imipramine improves visceral sensation and gut barrier in rat models of irritable bowel syndrome
10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173565 · 2020 · External reference
Irisin prevents visceral hypersensitivity and colonic hyperpermeability in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome
10.1016/j.peptides.2025.171394 · 2025 · External reference
L-Carnitine Improves Visceral Hypersensitivity and Colonic Hyperpermeability in a Rat Model of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
10.1111/nmo.70389 · 2026 · External reference
Glucagon-like peptide-1 analog, liraglutide, improves visceral sensation and gut permeability in rats
10.1111/jgh.13808 · 2018 · External reference
Lovastatin inhibits visceral allodynia and increased colonic permeability induced by lipopolysaccharide or repeated water avoidance stress in rats
10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.10.056 · 2018 · External reference
Altered colonic sensory and barrier functions by CRF: roles of TLR4 and IL-1
10.1530/joe-18-0441 · 2018 · External reference
Butyrate inhibits visceral allodynia and colonic hyperpermeability in rat models of irritable bowel syndrome
10.1038/s41598-019-56132-4 · 2019 · External reference
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate improves visceral sensation and gut barrier in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome
10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.03.037 · 2019 · External reference
Losartan improves visceral sensation and gut barrier in a rat model of irritable bowel syndrome
10.1111/nmo.13819 · 2020 · External reference
Intracisternal injection of apolipoprotein A-IV inhibits gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated conscious rats
10.1016/0016-5085(94)90833-8 · 1994 · External reference
Oxytocin acts centrally in the brain to improve leaky gut through the vagus nerve and a cannabinoid signaling in rats
10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113914 · 2022 · External reference
Brain orexin improves intestinal barrier function via the vagal cholinergic pathway
10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134592 · 2020 · External reference
Expression of Na+-D-glucose cotransporter SGLT2 in rodents is kidney-specific and exhibits sex and species differences
10.1152/ajpcell.00450.2011 · 2012 · External reference
Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior
10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80949-6 · 1998 · External reference
Brain regulation of gastric acid secretion by peptides
10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb16163.x · 1990 · External reference
SGLT inhibitors in management of diabetes
10.1016/s2213-8587(13)70050-0 · 2013 · External reference
Stimulation of gastric acid secretion by centrally administered orexin-A in conscious rats
10.1006/bbrc.1998.9994 · 1999 · External reference
Central administration of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors increases food intake involving adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in the lateral hypothalamus in healthy rats
10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-002104 · 2021 · External reference
Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 inhibits leaky gut by enhancing mucosal integrity
10.1371/journal.pone.0001308 · 2007 · External reference
SGLT2 mediates glucose reabsorption in the early proximal tubule
10.1681/asn.2010030246 · 2011 · External reference
Localizations of Na(+)-D-glucose cotransporters SGLT1 and SGLT2 in human kidney and of SGLT1 in human small intestine, liver, lung, and heart
10.1007/s00424-014-1619-7 · 2015 · External reference
Altered Expression of D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptors in Vagal Neurons Innervating the Gastric Muscularis Externa in a Parkinson's Disease Rat Model
2016 · External reference
Dapagliflozin and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
10.1056/nejmoa1812389 · 2019 · External reference
SGLT2 Inhibitors: Physiology and Pharmacology
10.34067/kid.0002772021 · 2021 · External reference
Functional expression of SGLTs in rat brain
10.1152/ajpcell.00296.2010 · 2010 · External reference
Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes
10.1056/nejmoa1504720 · 2015 · External reference
