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References from Adult-administered chronic nicotine remodels nigral dopaminergic and pedunculopontine cholinergic physiology.. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Behavioral and neurochemical vulnerability during adolescence in mice: studies with nicotine
10.1038/sj.npp.1300366 · 2004 · External reference
Assessing nicotine dependence using an oral nicotine free-choice paradigm in mice
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107669 · 2019 · External reference
Characterization of functional subgroups among genetically identified cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus
10.1007/s00018-019-03025-4 · 2019 · External reference
Alteration of Mesopontine Cholinergic Function by the Lack of KCNQ4 Subunit
10.3389/fncel.2021.707789 · 2021 · External reference
Muscarinic Receptor Activation Preferentially Inhibits Rebound in Vulnerable Dopaminergic Neurons
10.1523/jneurosci.1443-24.2025 · 2025 · External reference
Action potential broadening in a presynaptic channelopathy
10.1038/ncomms12102 · 2016 · External reference
Daily intake of nicotine during cigarette smoking
10.1038/clpt.1984.67 · 1984 · External reference
Role of pedunculopontine cholinergic neurons in the vulnerability of nigral dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease
10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.11.004 · 2016 · External reference
History of falls in Parkinson disease is associated with reduced cholinergic activity
10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181c1ded6 · 2009 · External reference
The M-current contributes to high threshold membrane potential oscillations in a cell type-specific way in the pedunculopontine nucleus of mice
10.3389/fncel.2015.00121 · 2015 · External reference
Partial recovery of striatal nicotinic receptors in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned monkeys with chronic oral nicotine
10.1124/jpet.106.106997 · 2006 · External reference
Association between Parkinson’s Disease and Cigarette Smoking, Rural Living, Well-Water Consumption, Farming and Pesticide Use: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
10.1371/journal.pone.0151841 · 2016 · External reference
Nicotine Disrupts Top-Down Habenular Control Over Cholinergic Inputs to the Ventral Tegmental Area to Increase Motivational Valence of Food Rewards
2025 · External reference
Pedunculopontine Nucleus Degeneration Contributes to Both Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease
10.3389/fphar.2019.01494 · 2019 · External reference
“Rejuvenation” protects neurons in mouse models of Parkinson’s disease
10.1038/nature05865 · 2007 · External reference
Comparing tonic and phasic dendritic calcium in cholinergic pedunculopontine neurons and dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons
10.1111/ejn.16281 · 2024 · External reference
Pedunculopontine Nucleus Microstructure Predicts Postural and Gait Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease
10.1002/mds.28051 · 2020 · External reference
A major external source of cholinergic innervation of the striatum and nucleus accumbens originates in the brainstem
10.1523/jneurosci.5071-13.2014 · 2014 · External reference
Segregated cholinergic transmission modulates dopamine neurons integrated in distinct functional circuits
10.1038/nn.4335 · 2016 · External reference
Effects of scopolamine on dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra: role of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus
10.1002/syn.20650 · 2009 · External reference
Calcium entry and α-synuclein inclusions elevate dendritic mitochondrial oxidant stress in dopaminergic neurons
10.1523/jneurosci.5311-12.2013 · 2013 · External reference
Adolescent nicotine-induced dendrite remodeling in the nucleus accumbens is rapid, persistent, and D1-dopamine receptor dependent
10.1007/s00429-014-0897-3 · 2016 · External reference
Nicotine-induced and D1-receptor-dependent dendritic remodeling in a subset of dorsolateral striatum medium spiny neurons
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.036 · 2017 · External reference
Differential Control of Dopaminergic Excitability and Locomotion by Cholinergic Inputs in Mouse Substantia Nigra
10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.084 · 2017 · External reference
The Effects of NMDA Subunit Composition on Calcium Influx and Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity in Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons
10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002493 · 2012 · External reference
Functional Dissection of Basal Ganglia Inhibitory Inputs onto Substantia Nigra Dopaminergic Neurons
10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108156 · 2020 · External reference
Dopamine Inhibition Differentially Controls Excitability of Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neuron Subpopulations through T-Type Calcium Channels
10.1523/jneurosci.0117-17.2017 · 2017 · External reference
Inhibitory basal ganglia nuclei differentially innervate pedunculopontine nucleus subpopulations and evoke differential motor and valence behaviors
10.7554/elife.102308.3 · 2025 · External reference
Asymmetric pedunculopontine network connectivity in parkinsonian patients with freezing of gait
10.1093/brain/awt172 · 2013 · External reference
Pedunculopontine tegmental stimulation evokes striatal dopamine efflux by activation of acetylcholine and glutamate receptors in the midbrain and pons of the rat
10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02511.x · 2003 · External reference
Mechanisms involved in systemic nicotine-induced glutamatergic synaptic plasticity on dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area
10.1523/jneurosci.1943-10.2010 · 2010 · External reference
In vivo structural connectome of arousal and motor brainstem nuclei by 7 Tesla and 3 Tesla MRI
10.1002/hbm.25962 · 2022 · External reference
Smoking during pregnancy: postnatal effects on arousal and attentional brain systems
10.1016/j.neuro.2007.01.007 · 2007 · External reference
Submillisecond AMPA receptor-mediated signaling at a principal neuron-interneuron synapse
10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80339-6 · 1997 · External reference
Relative abundance of subunit mRNAs determines gating and Ca2+ permeability of AMPA receptors in principal neurons and interneurons in rat CNS
10.1016/0896-6273(95)90076-4 · 1995 · External reference
On Cell Loss and Selective Vulnerability of Neuronal Populations in Parkinson’s Disease
10.3389/fneur.2018.00455 · 2018 · External reference
Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels Ensure Action Potential Shape Fidelity in Distal Axons
10.1523/jneurosci.2765-20.2021 · 2021 · External reference
Selective neuronal vulnerability in Parkinson’s disease
10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.02.005 · 2020 · External reference
Muscarinic and nicotinic responses in the developing pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN)
10.1016/j.brainres.2006.10.046 · 2007 · External reference
Cholinergic projections to the substantia nigra from the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei
10.1016/0306-4522(89)90008-0 · 1989 · External reference
Morphology and electrophysiological properties of immunocytochemically identified rat dopamine neurons recorded in vitro
10.1523/jneurosci.09-10-03463.1989 · 1989 · External reference
Chronic continuous nicotine treatment causes decreased burst firing of nigral dopamine neurons in rats partially hemitransected at the meso-diencephalic junction
10.1016/0006-8993(91)90646-d · 1991 · External reference
Kv7/KCNQ/M and HCN/h, but not KCa2/SK channels, contribute to the somatic medium after-hyperpolarization and excitability control in CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells
10.1113/jphysiol.2005.086835 · 2005 · External reference
Population adaptation in efficient balanced networks
10.7554/elife.46926 · 2019 · External reference
Systemic isradipine treatment diminishes calcium-dependent mitochondrial oxidant stress
10.1172/jci95898 · 2018 · External reference
Robust pacemaking in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons
10.1523/jneurosci.2519-09.2009 · 2009 · External reference
Oxidant stress evoked by pacemaking in dopaminergic neurons is attenuated by DJ-1
10.1038/nature09536 · 2010 · External reference
Tonic firing rate controls dendritic Ca2+ signaling and synaptic gain in substantia nigra dopamine neurons
10.1523/jneurosci.3904-14.2015 · 2015 · External reference
A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson’s disease
10.1002/ana.10277 · 2002 · External reference
Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus neurons provide reward, sensorimotor, and alerting signals to midbrain dopamine neurons
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.002 · 2014 · External reference
Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus neurons provide reward, sensorimotor, and alerting signals to midbrain dopamine neurons
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.002 · 2014 · External reference
Control and plasticity of the presynaptic action potential waveform at small CNS nerve terminals
10.1016/j.neuron.2014.09.038 · 2014 · External reference
Differential Control of Axonal and Somatic Resting Potential by Voltage-Dependent Conductances in Cortical Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons
10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.016 · 2018 · External reference
Nicotine is neuroprotective when administered before but not after nigrostriatal damage in rats and monkeys
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06011.x · 2009 · External reference
Whole-brain mapping of monosynaptic inputs to midbrain cholinergic neurons
10.1038/s41598-021-88374-6 · 2021 · External reference
Distribution of Midbrain Cholinergic Axons in the Thalamus
10.1523/eneuro.0454-19.2019 · 2020 · External reference
The role of the GluR2 subunit in AMPA receptor function and synaptic plasticity
10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.001 · 2007 · External reference
The pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson’s disease, progressive supranuclear palsy and Alzheimer’s disease
10.1136/jnnp.51.4.540 · 1988 · External reference
Dopamine-sensitive neurons in the mesencephalic locomotor region control locomotion initiation, stop, and turns
10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114187 · 2024 · External reference
Cholinergic mesencephalic neurons are involved in gait and postural disorders in Parkinson disease
10.1172/jci42642 · 2010 · External reference
Nicotine partially protects against paraquat-induced nigrostriatal damage in mice; link to alpha6beta2* nAChRs
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04177.x · 2007 · External reference
Characterization of M-current in ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons
10.1152/jn.00574.2005 · 2006 · External reference
Axonal mechanisms mediating γ-aminobutyric acid receptor type A (GABA-A) inhibition of striatal dopamine release
10.7554/elife.55729 · 2020 · External reference
Nicotine use in schizophrenia: the self medication hypotheses
10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.02.006 · 2005 · External reference
Lesions of the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus block the rewarding effects and reveal the aversive effects of nicotine in the ventral tegmental area
10.1523/jneurosci.22-19-08653.2002 · 2002 · External reference
Pedunculopontine nucleus in the squirrel monkey: cholinergic and glutamatergic projections to the substantia nigra
10.1002/cne.903440205 · 1994 · External reference
Acetylcholine-dopamine interactions in the pathophysiology and treatment of CNS disorders
10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00142.x · 2010 · External reference
Oscillations in pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson’s disease and its relationship with deep brain stimulation
10.3389/fncir.2015.00047 · 2015 · External reference
Association between cigarette smoking and Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis
10.1016/j.archger.2015.08.004 · 2015 · External reference
An inhibitory brainstem input to dopamine neurons encodes nicotine aversion
10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.003 · 2022 · External reference
The laterodorsal tegmentum is essential for burst firing of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons
10.1073/pnas.0510715103 · 2006 · External reference
Nicotinic modulation of glutamate receptor function at nerve terminal level: a fine-tuning of synaptic signals
10.3389/fphar.2015.00089 · 2015 · External reference
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
10.3389/fnana.2011.00022 · 2011 · External reference
Differential contribution of Ih to the integration of excitatory synaptic inputs in substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area dopaminergic neurons
10.1111/ejn.13066 · 2015 · External reference
Advanced CUBIC tissue clearing for whole-organ cell profiling
10.1038/s41596-019-0240-9 · 2019 · External reference
Dual-component miniature excitatory synaptic currents in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons
10.1152/jn.1992.68.1.16 · 1992 · External reference
Periadolescent nicotine administration produces enduring changes in dendritic morphology of medium spiny neurons from nucleus accumbens
10.1016/j.neulet.2005.05.041 · 2005 · External reference
Substantia nigra cell death from kainic acid or folic acid injections into the pontine tegmentum
10.1016/0006-8993(84)91433-1 · 1984 · External reference
Rethinking the Pedunculopontine Nucleus: From Cellular Organization to Function
10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.027 · 2017 · External reference
TARP subtypes differentially and dose-dependently control synaptic AMPA receptor gating
10.1016/j.neuron.2007.08.022 · 2007 · External reference
Sex Differences in the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor System of Rodents: Impacts on Nicotine and Alcohol Reward Behaviors
10.3389/fnins.2021.745783 · 2021 · External reference
Subregion and sex differences in ethanol activation of cholinergic and glutamatergic cells in the mesopontine tegmentum
10.1038/s41598-023-50526-1 · 2024 · External reference
Chronic nicotine cell specifically upregulates functional alpha 4* nicotinic receptors: basis for both tolerance in midbrain and enhanced long-term potentiation in perforant path
10.1523/jneurosci.2199-07.2007 · 2007 · External reference
Distribution of pontomesencephalic cholinergic neurons projecting to substantia nigra differs significantly from those projecting to ventral tegmental area
10.1523/jneurosci.15-09-05859.1995 · 1995 · External reference
Transdermal Nicotine Treatment and Progression of Early Parkinson’s Disease
10.1056/evidoa2200311 · 2023 · External reference
Sex Differences in Midbrain Dopamine D2-Type Receptor Availability and Association with Nicotine Dependence
10.1038/npp.2016.105 · 2016 · External reference
The pedunculopontine nucleus and Parkinson’s disease
10.1093/brain/123.9.1767 · 2000 · External reference
Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus controls conditioned responses of midbrain dopamine neurons in behaving rats
10.1523/jneurosci.0277-05.2005 · 2005 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations in mice after chronic oral nicotine administration and challenge doses
10.1016/0928-0987(93)90013-z · 1993 · External reference
Deficits in cholinergic neurotransmission and their clinical correlates in Parkinson’s disease
10.1038/npjparkd.2016.1 · 2016 · External reference
Decoding brain state transitions in the pedunculopontine nucleus: cooperative phasic and tonic mechanisms
10.3389/fncir.2015.00068 · 2015 · External reference
Acetylcholine as a neuromodulator: cholinergic signaling shapes nervous system function and behavior
10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.036 · 2012 · External reference
Acetylcholine receptors containing the beta2 subunit are involved in the reinforcing properties of nicotine
10.1038/34413 · 1998 · External reference
Parkinson disease
10.1038/nrdp.2017.13 · 2017 · External reference
Nicotine and Parkinson’s disease: implications for therapy
10.1002/mds.21900 · 2008 · External reference
Chronic oral nicotine treatment protects against striatal degeneration in MPTP-treated primates
10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04078.x · 2006 · External reference
Chronic hyperactivation of midbrain dopamine neurons causes preferential dopamine neuron degeneration
2025 · External reference
Loss of cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus in Parkinson’s disease is related to disability of the patients
10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.01.006 · 2008 · External reference
Pooled analysis of tobacco use and risk of Parkinson disease
10.1001/archneur.64.7.990 · 2007 · External reference
Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus of the rat: cytoarchitecture, cytochemistry, and some extrapyramidal connections of the mesopontine tegmentum
10.1002/cne.902590403 · 1987 · External reference
Remodeling of synaptic AMPA receptor subtype alters the probability and pattern of action potential firing
10.1523/jneurosci.2608-10.2011 · 2011 · External reference
Normal and pathological neuronal distribution of the human mesencephalic locomotor region
10.1002/mds.27578 · 2019 · External reference
Stereological analysis of cholinergic neurons within bilateral pedunculopontine nuclei in health and when affected by Parkinson’s disease
10.1111/bpa.70011 · 2025 · External reference
DREADD Activation of Pedunculopontine Cholinergic Neurons Reverses Motor Deficits and Restores Striatal Dopamine Signaling in Parkinsonian Rats
10.1007/s13311-019-00830-4 · 2020 · External reference
Neuroprotection by nicotine in mouse primary cortical cultures involves activation of calcineurin and L-type calcium channel inactivation
10.1523/jneurosci.23-31-10093.2003 · 2003 · External reference
Inhibition of L-Type Ca2+ Channels by TRPC1-STIM1 Complex Is Essential for the Protection of Dopaminergic Neurons
10.1523/jneurosci.3010-16.2017 · 2017 · External reference
Whole-brain imaging with single-cell resolution using chemical cocktails and computational analysis
10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.042 · 2014 · External reference
Modulation of AMPA receptor mediated current by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in layer I neurons of rat prefrontal cortex
10.1038/srep14099 · 2015 · External reference
Alpha oscillations in the pedunculopontine nucleus correlate with gait performance in parkinsonism
10.1093/brain/awr315 · 2012 · External reference
Can nicotine be used medicinally in Parkinson’s disease?
10.1586/ecp.11.27 · 2011 · External reference
Neuroprotection of midbrain dopamine neurons by nicotine is gated by cytoplasmic Ca2+
10.1096/fj.11-182824 · 2011 · External reference
Long-Term Inactivation of Sodium Channels as a Mechanism of Adaptation in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons
10.1523/jneurosci.1914-21.2022 · 2022 · External reference
Ca(V)1.3-driven SK channel activation regulates pacemaking and spike frequency adaptation in mouse chromaffin cells
10.1523/jneurosci.3715-12.2012 · 2012 · External reference
Spike frequency adaptation is developmentally regulated in substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.07.017 · 2011 · External reference
Sex differences in the nicotinic acetylcholine and dopamine receptor systems underlying tobacco smoking addiction
10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.04.004 · 2018 · External reference
Voluntary oral nicotine intake in mice down-regulates GluR2 but does not modulate depression-like behaviors
10.1016/j.neulet.2008.01.021 · 2008 · External reference
Nicotine aversion is mediated by GABAergic interpeduncular nucleus inputs to laterodorsal tegmentum
10.1038/s41467-018-04654-2 · 2018 · External reference
Cholinergic Mesopontine Signals Govern Locomotion and Reward through Dissociable Midbrain Pathways
10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.028 · 2016 · External reference
Chronic nicotine selectively enhances alpha4beta2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway
10.1523/jneurosci.2939-09.2009 · 2009 · External reference
Neural circuits and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors mediate the cholinergic regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and nicotine dependence
10.1038/s41401-019-0299-4 · 2020 · External reference
Relative sparing in Parkinson’s disease of substantia nigra dopamine neurons containing calbindin-D28K
10.1016/0006-8993(90)91236-a · 1990 · External reference
CHRNA5 gene variation affects the response of VTA dopaminergic neurons during chronic nicotine exposure and withdrawal
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109547 · 2023 · External reference