Research graph
References from NEMO (IKKγ) citrullination in microglia promotes neuroinflammation in the post-ischemic brain. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
PAD, a growing family of citrullinating enzymes: genes, features and involvement in disease
10.1002/bies.10357 · 2003 · External reference
Insights into peptidylarginine deiminase expression and citrullination pathways
10.1016/j.tcb.2022.01.014 · 2022 · External reference
PAD4 regulates proliferation of multipotent haematopoietic cells by controlling c-myc expression
10.1038/ncomms2862 · 2013 · External reference
Reciprocal regulation of Th2 and Th17 cells by PAD2-mediated citrullination
10.1172/jci.insight.129687 · 2019 · External reference
PAD4 mediated histone hypercitrullination induces heterochromatin decondensation and chromatin unfolding to form neutrophil extracellular trap-like structures
10.3389/fimmu.2012.00307 · 2012 · External reference
Blocking peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 confers neuroprotective effect in the post-ischemic brain through both NETosis-dependent and -independent mechanisms
10.1186/s40478-025-01951-y · 2025 · External reference
Citrullination: a posttranslational modification in health and disease
10.1016/j.biocel.2006.03.008 · 2006 · External reference
The inhibition of antithrombin by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 may contribute to pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis
10.1093/rheumatology/keh473 · 2005 · External reference
Release of active peptidyl arginine deiminases by neutrophils can explain production of extracellular citrullinated autoantigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial fluid
10.1002/art.39313 · 2015 · External reference
Citrullinated myelin induces microglial TNFalpha and inhibits endogenous repair in the cuprizone model of demyelination
10.1186/s12974-021-02360-3 · 2021 · External reference
PAD2-Mediated citrullination contributes to efficient oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination
10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.108 · 2019 · External reference
Increased expression of PAD2 after repeated intracerebroventricular infusions of soluble Abeta(25-35) in the Alzheimer’s disease model rat brain: effect of memantine
10.2478/s11658-009-0029-x · 2009 · External reference
Potential role for PAD2 in gene regulation in breast cancer cells
10.1371/journal.pone.0041242 · 2012 · External reference
Citrullination of histone H3 drives IL-6 production by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in MGUS and multiple myeloma
10.1038/leu.2016.187 · 2017 · External reference
B-cell specific Moloney leukemia virus insert site 1 and peptidyl arginine deiminase IV positively regulate carcinogenesis and progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
10.3892/ol.2017.6001 · 2017 · External reference
The rheumatoid arthritis-associated citrullinome
10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.03.002 · 2018 · External reference
Inhibitors of protein arginine deiminases and their efficacy in animal models of multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.006 · 2017 · External reference
Inhibition of peptidyl arginine deiminase-4 protects against myocardial infarction induced cardiac dysfunction
10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106055 · 2020 · External reference
Peptidylarginine deiminases: novel drug targets for prevention of neuronal damage following hypoxic ischemic insult (HI) in neonates
10.1111/jnc.12744 · 2014 · External reference
Specific expression of PAD4 and citrullinated proteins in lung cancer is not associated with anti-CCP antibody production
10.1093/intimm/dxr026 · 2011 · External reference
PAD2 dysregulation and aberrant protein citrullination feature prominently in reactive astrogliosis and myelin protein aggregation in sporadic ALS
10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106414 · 2024 · External reference
Protein deimination in the rat brain after kainate administration: citrulline-containing proteins as a novel marker of neurodegeneration
10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01735-3 · 2001 · External reference
Peptidyl arginine deiminase-4 exacerbates ischemic AKI by finding NEMO
10.1152/ajprenal.00089.2019 · 2019 · External reference
Peptidyl arginine deiminase-4-deficient mice are protected against kidney and liver injury after renal ischemia and reperfusion
10.1152/ajprenal.00254.2016 · 2016 · External reference
Renal proximal tubular NEMO plays a critical role in ischemic acute kidney injury
10.1172/jci.insight.139246 · 2020 · External reference
HMGB1 induces hepcidin upregulation in astrocytes and causes an acute iron surge and subsequent ferroptosis in the postischemic brain
10.1038/s12276-023-01111-z · 2023 · External reference
Alarmin HMGB1 induces systemic and brain inflammatory exacerbation in post-stroke infection rat model
10.1038/s41419-018-0438-8 · 2018 · External reference
Intravenous administration of human umbilical cord blood reduces behavioral deficits after stroke in rats
10.1161/hs1101.098367 · 2001 · External reference
HMGB1, a novel cytokine-like mediator linking acute neuronal death and delayed neuroinflammation in the postischemic brain
10.1523/jneurosci.3815-05.2006 · 2006 · External reference
Selective inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by a peptide that blocks the interaction of NEMO with the IkappaB kinase complex
10.1126/science.289.5484.1550 · 2000 · External reference
Use of cell permeable NBD peptides for suppression of inflammation
10.1136/ard.2006.058438 · 2006 · External reference
Glial cells express multiple ATP binding cassette proteins which are involved in ATP release
10.1097/00001756-200210070-00019 · 2002 · External reference
Robust neuroprotection by NEMO (IKKgamma)-binding domain peptide via anti-inflammatory effects in the post-ischemic brain
10.5607/en25020 · 2025 · External reference
Structure of a NEMO/IKK-associating domain reveals architecture of the interaction site
10.1016/j.str.2008.02.012 · 2008 · External reference
Comprehensive experimental and computational analysis of binding energy hot spots at the NF-kappaB essential modulator/IKKbeta protein-protein interface
10.1021/ja400914z · 2013 · External reference
The IKK-binding domain of NEMO is an irregular coiled coil with a dynamic binding interface
10.1038/s41598-019-39588-2 · 2019 · External reference
PAD4 silencing inhibits inflammation whilst promoting trophoblast cell invasion and migration by inactivating the NEMO/NF-kappaB pathway
10.3892/etm.2022.11505 · 2022 · External reference
Citrullination of NF-kappaB p65 promotes its nuclear localization and TLR-induced expression of IL-1beta and TNFalpha
10.1126/sciimmunol.aal3062 · 2017 · External reference
Citrullination of NF-kappaB p65 by PAD2 as a novel therapeutic target for modulating macrophage polarization in acute lung injury
2025 · External reference
The major synovial targets of the rheumatoid arthritis-specific antifilaggrin autoantibodies are deiminated forms of the alpha- and beta-chains of fibrin
10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.4177 · 2001 · External reference
Identification of citrullinated alpha-enolase as a candidate autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis
10.1186/ar1845 · 2005 · External reference
Mutation and citrullination modifies vimentin to a novel autoantigen for rheumatoid arthritis
10.1002/art.22817 · 2007 · External reference
Neuronal PAD4 expression and protein citrullination: possible role in production of autoantibodies associated with neurodegenerative disease
10.1016/j.jaut.2012.03.004 · 2012 · External reference
Role of specific autoantibodies in neurodegenerative diseases: pathogenic antibodies or promising biomarkers for diagnosis
10.3390/antib12040081 · 2023 · External reference
Peptidylarginine deiminase inhibition prevents diabetes development in NOD mice
10.2337/db20-0421 · 2021 · External reference
Autoantigen discovery in the hair loss disorder, alopecia areata: implication of post-translational modifications
10.3389/fimmu.2022.890027 · 2022 · External reference
Peptidylarginine deiminases 2 and 4 modulate innate and adaptive immune responses in TLR-7-dependent lupus
10.1172/jci.insight.124729 · 2018 · External reference
Targeting STING oligomerization with small-molecule inhibitors
10.1073/pnas.2305420120 · 2023 · External reference
Structural basis for Ca(2+)-induced activation of human PAD4
10.1038/nsmb799 · 2004 · External reference
Structural basis for histone N-terminal recognition by human peptidylarginine deiminase 4
10.1073/pnas.0509639103 · 2006 · External reference
Calcium ion influx in microglial cells: physiological and therapeutic significance
10.1002/jnr.23344 · 2014 · External reference
Extracellular ATP and neurodegeneration
2003 · External reference
Microglia release ATP by exocytosis
10.1002/glia.22517 · 2013 · External reference
Novel insights into the cellular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of NF-kappaB essential modulator binding domain peptides
10.1074/jbc.m109.099895 · 2010 · External reference
Adenosine triphosphate accumulated following cerebral ischemia induces neutrophil extracellular trap formation
10.3390/ijms21207668 · 2020 · External reference
The role of microglial P2X7: modulation of cell death and cytokine release
10.1186/s12974-017-0904-8 · 2017 · External reference
A central role for P2X7 receptors in human microglia
10.1186/s12974-018-1353-8 · 2018 · External reference
Mutation and citrullination modifies vimentin to a novel autoantigen for rheumatoid arthritis
10.1002/art.22817 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Release of active peptidyl arginine deiminases by neutrophils can explain production of extracellular citrullinated autoantigens in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial fluid
10.1002/art.39313 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
PAD, a growing family of citrullinating enzymes: genes, features and involvement in disease
10.1002/bies.10357 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Microglia release ATP by exocytosis
10.1002/glia.22517 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Calcium ion influx in microglial cells: physiological and therapeutic significance
10.1002/jnr.23344 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Citrullination: a posttranslational modification in health and disease
10.1016/j.biocel.2006.03.008 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Inhibitors of protein arginine deiminases and their efficacy in animal models of multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.bmc.2017.03.006 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
PAD2-Mediated citrullination contributes to efficient oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination
10.1016/j.celrep.2019.03.108 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The rheumatoid arthritis-associated citrullinome
10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.03.002 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Inhibition of peptidyl arginine deiminase-4 protects against myocardial infarction induced cardiac dysfunction
10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106055 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Neuronal PAD4 expression and protein citrullination: possible role in production of autoantibodies associated with neurodegenerative disease
10.1016/j.jaut.2012.03.004 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
PAD2 dysregulation and aberrant protein citrullination feature prominently in reactive astrogliosis and myelin protein aggregation in sporadic ALS
10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106414 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Structure of a NEMO/IKK-associating domain reveals architecture of the interaction site
10.1016/j.str.2008.02.012 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Insights into peptidylarginine deiminase expression and citrullination pathways
10.1016/j.tcb.2022.01.014 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Protein deimination in the rat brain after kainate administration: citrulline-containing proteins as a novel marker of neurodegeneration
10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01735-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Comprehensive experimental and computational analysis of binding energy hot spots at the NF-kappaB essential modulator/IKKbeta protein-protein interface
10.1021/ja400914z · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Citrullination of histone H3 drives IL-6 production by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in MGUS and multiple myeloma
10.1038/leu.2016.187 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
PAD4 regulates proliferation of multipotent haematopoietic cells by controlling c-myc expression
10.1038/ncomms2862 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Structural basis for Ca(2+)-induced activation of human PAD4
10.1038/nsmb799 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
HMGB1 induces hepcidin upregulation in astrocytes and causes an acute iron surge and subsequent ferroptosis in the postischemic brain
10.1038/s12276-023-01111-z · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Alarmin HMGB1 induces systemic and brain inflammatory exacerbation in post-stroke infection rat model
10.1038/s41419-018-0438-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The IKK-binding domain of NEMO is an irregular coiled coil with a dynamic binding interface
10.1038/s41598-019-39588-2 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Structural basis for histone N-terminal recognition by human peptidylarginine deiminase 4
10.1073/pnas.0509639103 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Targeting STING oligomerization with small-molecule inhibitors
10.1073/pnas.2305420120 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Novel insights into the cellular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of NF-kappaB essential modulator binding domain peptides
10.1074/jbc.m109.099895 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Specific expression of PAD4 and citrullinated proteins in lung cancer is not associated with anti-CCP antibody production
10.1093/intimm/dxr026 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The inhibition of antithrombin by peptidylarginine deiminase 4 may contribute to pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis
10.1093/rheumatology/keh473 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Glial cells express multiple ATP binding cassette proteins which are involved in ATP release
10.1097/00001756-200210070-00019 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Peptidylarginine deiminases: novel drug targets for prevention of neuronal damage following hypoxic ischemic insult (HI) in neonates
10.1111/jnc.12744 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Selective inhibition of NF-kappaB activation by a peptide that blocks the interaction of NEMO with the IkappaB kinase complex
10.1126/science.289.5484.1550 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Citrullination of NF-kappaB p65 promotes its nuclear localization and TLR-induced expression of IL-1beta and TNFalpha
10.1126/sciimmunol.aal3062 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Use of cell permeable NBD peptides for suppression of inflammation
10.1136/ard.2006.058438 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Peptidyl arginine deiminase-4 exacerbates ischemic AKI by finding NEMO
10.1152/ajprenal.00089.2019 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Peptidyl arginine deiminase-4-deficient mice are protected against kidney and liver injury after renal ischemia and reperfusion
10.1152/ajprenal.00254.2016 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Intravenous administration of human umbilical cord blood reduces behavioral deficits after stroke in rats
10.1161/hs1101.098367 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Peptidylarginine deiminases 2 and 4 modulate innate and adaptive immune responses in TLR-7-dependent lupus
10.1172/jci.insight.124729 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Reciprocal regulation of Th2 and Th17 cells by PAD2-mediated citrullination
10.1172/jci.insight.129687 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Renal proximal tubular NEMO plays a critical role in ischemic acute kidney injury
10.1172/jci.insight.139246 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Identification of citrullinated alpha-enolase as a candidate autoantigen in rheumatoid arthritis
10.1186/ar1845 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The role of microglial P2X7: modulation of cell death and cytokine release
10.1186/s12974-017-0904-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A central role for P2X7 receptors in human microglia
10.1186/s12974-018-1353-8 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Citrullinated myelin induces microglial TNFalpha and inhibits endogenous repair in the cuprizone model of demyelination
10.1186/s12974-021-02360-3 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Blocking peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 confers neuroprotective effect in the post-ischemic brain through both NETosis-dependent and -independent mechanisms
10.1186/s40478-025-01951-y · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Potential role for PAD2 in gene regulation in breast cancer cells
10.1371/journal.pone.0041242 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
HMGB1, a novel cytokine-like mediator linking acute neuronal death and delayed neuroinflammation in the postischemic brain
10.1523/jneurosci.3815-05.2006 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Peptidylarginine deiminase inhibition prevents diabetes development in NOD mice
10.2337/db20-0421 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Increased expression of PAD2 after repeated intracerebroventricular infusions of soluble Abeta(25-35) in the Alzheimer’s disease model rat brain: effect of memantine
10.2478/s11658-009-0029-x · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
PAD4 mediated histone hypercitrullination induces heterochromatin decondensation and chromatin unfolding to form neutrophil extracellular trap-like structures
10.3389/fimmu.2012.00307 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Autoantigen discovery in the hair loss disorder, alopecia areata: implication of post-translational modifications
10.3389/fimmu.2022.890027 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Role of specific autoantibodies in neurodegenerative diseases: pathogenic antibodies or promising biomarkers for diagnosis
10.3390/antib12040081 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Adenosine triphosphate accumulated following cerebral ischemia induces neutrophil extracellular trap formation
10.3390/ijms21207668 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
PAD4 silencing inhibits inflammation whilst promoting trophoblast cell invasion and migration by inactivating the NEMO/NF-kappaB pathway
10.3892/etm.2022.11505 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
B-cell specific Moloney leukemia virus insert site 1 and peptidyl arginine deiminase IV positively regulate carcinogenesis and progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
10.3892/ol.2017.6001 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The major synovial targets of the rheumatoid arthritis-specific antifilaggrin autoantibodies are deiminated forms of the alpha- and beta-chains of fibrin
10.4049/jimmunol.166.6.4177 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Robust neuroprotection by NEMO (IKKgamma)-binding domain peptide via anti-inflammatory effects in the post-ischemic brain
10.5607/en25020 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
