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References from A review on radiological properties of fused deposition modelling material for three-dimensional printing in proton and light ion beam therapy. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
A review of 3D printing utilisation in radiotherapy in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland
10.1016/j.ejmp.2023.103143 · 2023 · External reference
Three-dimensional printing in radiation oncology: A systematic review of the literature
10.1002/acm2.12907 · 2020 · External reference
A Systematic Review on 3D-Printed Imaging and Dosimetry Phantoms in Radiation Therapy
10.1177/1533033819870208 · 2019 · External reference
FDM-based 3D printing of polymer and associated composite: A review on mechanical properties, defects and treatments
10.3390/polym12071529 · 2020 · External reference
Comparing cost and print time estimates for six commercially-available 3D printers obtained through slicing software for clinically relevant anatomical models
10.1186/s41205-020-00091-4 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2026 · External reference
Logistics of three-dimensional printing
10.1016/j.acra.2017.08.003 · 2018 · External reference
Modification of 3D printable polymer filaments for radiation shielding applications
10.3390/polym15071700 · 2023 · External reference
Characterization of commercial and custom-made printing filament materials for computed tomography imaging of radiological phantoms
10.3390/technologies12080139 · 2024 · External reference
Personalized 3D-printed anthropomorphic phantoms for dosimetry in charged particle fields
10.1088/1361-6560/ac3047 · 2021 · External reference
A customizable anthropomorphic phantom for dosimetric verification of 3D-printed lung, tissue, and bone density materials
10.1002/mp.15364 · 2022 · External reference
Development of a 3D printed anthropomorphic lung phantom for image quality assessment in CT
10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.11.015 · 2019 · External reference
An abdominal phantom with anthropomorphic organ motion and multimodal imaging contrast for MR-guided radiotherapy
10.1088/1361-6560/ac4ef8 · 2022 · External reference
A phantom to simulate organ motion and its effect on dose distribution in carbon ion therapy for pancreatic cancer
10.1088/1361-6560/ad0902 · 2023 · External reference
Dose assessment in moving targets and organs at risk during carbon ion therapy for pancreatic cancer with respiratory gating
2025 · External reference
10.1088/978-0-7503-1370-4
10.1088/978-0-7503-1370-4 · 2016 · External reference
Development of optimised tissue-equivalent materials for proton therapy
10.1088/1361-6560/acb637 · 2023 · External reference
Personalized 3D-printed anthropomorphic whole-body phantom irradiated by protons, photons, and neutrons
10.1088/2057-1976/ac4d04 · 2022 · External reference
Fabrication and characterization of a multimodal 3D printed mouse phantom for ionoacoustic quality assurance in image-guided pre-clinical proton radiation research
10.1088/1361-6560/ac9031 · 2022 · External reference
Design, development and characterization of pregnant anthropomorphic phantoms for fetal dose measurements in proton therapy
10.1088/1361-6560/ae6967 · 2026 · External reference
3D-printable lung phantom for distal falloff verification of proton Bragg peak
10.1002/acm2.12706 · 2019 · External reference
Recent advances on the development of phantoms using 3D printing for imaging with CT, MRI, PET, SPECT, and ultrasound
10.1002/mp.13058 · 2018 · External reference
Characterizing 3D printing in the fabrication of variable density phantoms for quality assurance of radiotherapy
10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.09.013 · 2016 · External reference
Characterisation of 3D-printable thermoplastics to be used as tissue-equivalent materials in photon and proton beam radiotherapy end-to-end quality assurance devices
10.1088/2057-1976/ad6f95 · 2024 · External reference
The calibration of CT Hounsfield units for radiotherapy treatment planning
10.1088/0031-9155/41/1/009 · 1996 · External reference
Relative electron density calibration of CT scanners for radiotherapy treatment planning
10.1259/bjr.72.860.10624344 · 1999 · External reference
Evaluation of Hounsfield numbers and electron density for a CT simulator and their importance for radiotherapy treatments
2025 · External reference
Should radiologists care about kV? Phantom and clinical study of effects of kV on hemoperitoneum HU in the setting of splenic injuries
10.1007/s10140-019-01738-4 · 2020 · External reference
The effects of CT x-ray tube voltage and current variations on the relative electron density (RED) and CT number conversion curves
2020 · External reference
Relation between carbon ion ranges and x-ray CT numbers
10.1118/1.1357455 · 2001 · External reference
Optimization of the stopping-power-ratio to Hounsfield-value calibration curve in proton and heavy ion therapy
10.1016/j.zemedi.2014.11.001 · 2015 · External reference
Commissioning of a relative stopping power to Hounsfield unit calibration curve for a Mevion proton radiation treatment unit
10.1063/1.4954148 · 2016 · External reference
Evaluation of CT calibration curves from stoichiometric and tissue substitute methods according to tissue characteristics
10.1051/radiopro/2019011 · 2019 · External reference
An electron density calibration phantom for CT-based treatment planning computers
10.1118/1.596862 · 1992 · External reference
Evaluation of relative electron densities calculated by CT numbers in different techniques of dual-energy CT
2022 · External reference
Scanning protocol influence on relative electron Density-CT number calibrations and radiotherapy dose calculation for a Halcyon Linac
10.1016/j.radphyschem.2025.112760 · 2025 · External reference
Consensus guide on CT-based prediction of stopping-power ratio using a Hounsfield look-up table for proton therapy
10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109675 · 2023 · External reference
Ion stopping powers and CT numbers
10.1016/j.meddos.2009.05.004 · 2010 · External reference
The precision of proton range calculations in proton radiotherapy treatment planning: experimental verification of the relation between CT-HU and proton stopping power
10.1088/0031-9155/43/6/016 · 1998 · External reference
Relative stopping power measurements to aid in the design of anthropomorphic phantoms for proton radiotherapy
10.1120/jacmp.v15i2.4523 · 2014 · External reference
Improved accuracy of relative electron density and proton stopping power ratio through CycleGAN machine learning
10.1088/1361-6560/ac6725 · 2022 · External reference
Dual-energy CT evaluation of 3D printed materials for radiotherapy applications
10.1088/1361-6560/acaf4a · 2023 · External reference
Dosimetric characterization of 3D printed bolus at different infill percentage for external photon beam radiotherapy
10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.06.004 · 2017 · External reference
Radiological properties of 3D printed materials in kilovoltage and megavoltage photon beams
10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.05.051 · 2017 · External reference
A new anthropomorphic pediatric spine phantom for proton therapy clinical trial credentialing
10.14338/ijpt-17-00024.1 · 2018 · External reference
A comprehensive review of emerging additive manufacturing (3D printing technology): Methods, materials, applications, challenges, trends and future potential
10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.059 · 2022 · External reference
A comprehensive review of advancements in additive manufacturing for 3D printed medical components using diverse materials
10.1007/s43939-025-00349-w · 2025 · External reference
Advancements and limitations in 3D printing materials and technologies: A critical review
10.3390/polym15112519 · 2023 · External reference
A review of 3D printing technology for medical applications
10.1016/j.eng.2018.07.021 · 2018 · External reference
Current state and outlook in medical 3D printing and the role of radiology
10.1055/a-2436-7185 · 2025 · External reference
Three-dimensional printing CT-derived objects with controllable radiopacity
10.1002/acm2.12278 · 2018 · External reference
Tissue equivalence of 3D printing materials with respect to attenuation and absorption of X-rays used for diagnostic and interventional imaging
10.1002/mp.15987 · 2022 · External reference
Commercial filament testing for use in 3D printed phantoms
10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108906 · 2020 · External reference
Assessment of 11 available materials with custom three-dimensional-printing patterns for the simulation of muscle, fat, and lung hounsfield units in patient-specific phantoms
2018 · External reference
Characterization and evaluation methods of fused deposition modeling and stereolithography additive manufacturing for clinical linear accelerator photon and electron radiotherapy applications
10.1016/j.ejmp.2025.104904 · 2025 · External reference
Characterization of tissue equivalent materials using 3D printing for patient-specific DQA in radiation therapy
10.3390/app12199768 · 2022 · External reference
Computed tomography tissue equivalence of 3D printing materials
10.1016/j.radi.2022.02.008 · 2022 · External reference
Fabrication of a pediatric torso phantom with multiple tissues represented using a dual nozzle thermoplastic 3D printer
10.1002/acm2.13064 · 2020 · External reference
A radiographic analysis of common 3D print materials and assessment of their fidelity within vertebral models
2022 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2020 · External reference
Dosimetric characteristics of 3D-printed and epoxy-based materials for particle therapy phantoms
10.3389/fphy.2024.1323788 · 2024 · External reference
Validation of polylactic acid polymer as soft tissue substitutive in radiotherapy
10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109726 · 2021 · External reference
PLA as a suitable 3D printing thermoplastic for use in external beam radiotherapy
10.1007/s13246-019-00818-6 · 2019 · External reference
Radiological evaluation of the effects of printing parameters on 3D printed cylindrical LW-PLA samples: Preliminary results
2021 · External reference
Not all 3D-printed bolus is created equal: Variation between 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) bolus samples sourced from external manufacturers
10.1002/jmrs.591 · 2022 · External reference
3D printed patient-specific thorax phantom with realistic heterogenous bone radiopacity using filament printer technology
10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.02.001 · 2022 · External reference
Mechanical and medical imaging properties of 3D-printed materials as tissue equivalent materials
10.1002/acm2.13495 · 2022 · External reference
Radiological characteristics of materials used in 3-dimensional printing with various infill densities
10.14316/pmp.2019.30.4.155 · 2019 · External reference
Realistic 3D printed CT imaging tumor phantoms for validation of image processing algorithms
10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.102512 · 2023 · External reference
Deterioration of 3D printed multicomponent radiotherapy dosimetry phantom’s properties upon high energy irradiation
10.1016/j.nimb.2023.165210 · 2024 · External reference
Application of 3D-printed compensators for proton pencil beam scanning of shallowly localized pediatric tumors
10.1186/s13014-025-02646-3 · 2025 · External reference
Potential of 3D printing technologies for fabrication of electron bolus and proton compensators
10.1120/jacmp.v16i3.4959 · 2015 · External reference
Classification of X-ray attenuation properties of additive manufacturing and 3D printing materials using computed tomography from 70 to 140 kVp
10.3389/fbioe.2021.763960 · 2021 · External reference
Towards 3D printed multifunctional immobilization for proton therapy: Initial materials characterization
10.1118/1.4962033 · 2016 · External reference
Determination of the water equivalent thickness of 3D printed samples for the therapeutic proton beams
10.1016/j.nima.2024.169119 · 2024 · External reference
Water equivalence of various 3D printed materials for proton therapy — Monte Carlo simulation, treatment planning modelling and validation by measurements
10.5506/aphyspolb.51.409 · 2020 · External reference
Simulating tissues with 3D-printed and castable materials
10.1007/s10278-020-00358-6 · 2020 · External reference
Development of a breathing lung phantom for proton CT imaging
10.1088/1361-6560/ade2b6 · 2025 · External reference
Imaging properties of 3D printed materials: Multi-energy CT of filament polymers
10.1007/s10278-017-9954-9 · 2017 · External reference
Development of a CT imaging phantom of anthromorphic lung using fused deposition modeling 3D printing
10.1097/md.0000000000018617 · 2020 · External reference
Effects of printing parameters on the tensile behavior of 3D-printed acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (ASA) material in Z direction
10.1002/pen.25891 · 2022 · External reference
Studies on the tissue and water equivalence of some 3D printing materials and dosimeters
2022 · External reference
Study of 3D printing HIPS breast phantom material: Effect of exposure voltage variation and nodule size
10.22437/jiituj.v9i3.42846 · 2025 · External reference
Bismuth infusion of ABS enables additive manufacturing of complex radiological phantoms and shielding equipment
10.3390/s17030459 · 2017 · External reference
Organ-specific SPECT activity calibration using 3D printed phantoms for molecular radiotherapy dosimetry
10.1186/s40658-016-0148-1 · 2016 · External reference
Tissue-equivalence of 3D-printed plastics for medical phantoms in radiology
2018 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2026 · External reference
Structure and properties of polylactic acid/butenediol vinyl alcohol copolymer blend fibers
10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123396 · 2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
1999 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Mechanical properties of FDM printed PLA parts before and after thermal treatment
10.3390/polym13081239 · 2021 · External reference
Mechanical properties and performance of 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene reinforced with carbon, glass and basalt short fibers
10.3390/polym16081106 · 2024 · External reference
Influence of 3D printing conditions of polyethylene terephthalate glycol on the mechanical properties of products based on it
10.1134/s0965545x22700365 · 2022 · External reference
Influence of 3D-printed TPU properties for the design of elastic products
10.3390/polym13152519 · 2021 · External reference
Lifelike and deformable lung phantoms for 4DCT imaging: A three-dimensional printing approach
2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2011 · External reference
A comparison of relative proton stopping power measurements across patient size using dual- and single-energy CT
10.1080/0284186x.2017.1372625 · 2017 · External reference
3D printing polymer-based bolus used for radiotherapy
10.18063/ijb.v7i4.414 · 2024 · External reference
Advances and challenges in conducting clinical trials with proton beam therapy
10.1016/j.semradonc.2023.06.006 · 2023 · External reference
AAPM Task Group Report 336: Quality assurance for 3D printing in medical imaging and radiation therapy applications
10.1002/mp.70446 · 2026 · External reference
3D printed phantoms for medical imaging: recent developments and challenges
10.1007/s12206-024-2407-8 · 2024 · External reference
Study on the importance of a slicer selection for the 3D printing process parameters via the investigation of G-code readings
10.3390/machines9080163 · 2021 · External reference
Use of light-weight foaming polylactic acid as a lung-equivalent material in 3D printed phantoms
10.1007/s13246-023-01318-4 · 2023 · External reference
Thermal deformations of thermoplast during 3D printing: Warping in the case of ABS
10.3390/ma14227070 · 2021 · External reference
The influence of the fill and extrusion factors in 3D printing on the electron and X-ray densities of plastic products
10.1007/s10527-022-10219-x · 2022 · External reference
The effects of 3D-printed samples structure on proton depth dose distribution
10.1016/j.radphyschem.2026.113894 · 2026 · External reference
Effects of infill density, wall perimeter and layer height in fabricating 3D printing products
10.3390/ma16020695 · 2023 · External reference
Accuracy of three-dimensional printing for manufacturing replica teeth
10.4041/kjod.2015.45.5.217 · 2015 · External reference
Measuring and establishing the accuracy and reproducibility of 3D printed medical models
10.1148/rg.2017160165 · 2017 · External reference
Quantifying effects of material extrusion additive manufacturing process on mechanical properties of lattice structures using as-fabricated voxel modeling
2016 · External reference
A quick guide on implementing and quality assuring 3D printing in radiation oncology
10.1002/acm2.14102 · 2023 · External reference
Effectsof Gamma irradiation upon the mechanical and chemical properties of 3D-printed samples of PolylacticAcid
10.1115/1.4042581 · 2019 · External reference
Connecting radiation-driven changes in structural, thermal, and mechanical properties in several medical device polymers
10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110677 · 2024 · External reference
An experimental investigation of the effects of gamma radiation on 3D printed ABS for in-space manufacturing purposes
2016 · External reference
Dosimetric comparison between single-energy computed tomography and dual-energy computed tomography relative to stopping power estimation in proton therapy
10.4103/jmp.jmp_27_23 · 2023 · External reference
Treatment plan comparison of proton vs photon radiotherapy for lower-grade gliomas
10.1016/j.phro.2021.11.008 · 2021 · External reference
3D printing of realistic body phantoms: Comparison of measured and simulated organ doses on the example of a CT scan on a pregnant woman
10.1002/mp.17420 · 2024 · External reference
Investigation of polymer adhesion of materials in multimaterial FFF process
10.3390/polym18070805 · 2026 · External reference
Preparation of polylactic acid/calcium peroxide composite filaments for fused deposition modelling
10.3390/polym15092229 · 2023 · External reference
Heterogeneous calcium oxide catalytic filaments for three-dimensional printing: Preparation, characterization, and use in methyl ester production
10.1021/acsomega.4c03063 · 2024 · External reference
Development and characterization of calcium carbonate reinforced PLA composite filament for sustainable fabrication of TPMS and FG-TPMS structures using FFF
10.1016/j.coco.2025.102606 · 2025 · External reference
