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References from Apnea and oxygen instability in preterm infants. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Defining inhibitory neurone function in respiratory circuits: opportunities with optogenetics?
10.1113/jphysiol.2014.280610 · 2015 · External reference
Intermittent hypoxemia in preterm infants: a potential proinflammatory process
10.1055/s-0040-1712951 · 2021 · External reference
The effect of red blood cell transfusion on intermittent hypoxemia in ELBW infants
2014 · External reference
Increased peripheral chemoreceptor activity may be critical in destabilizing breathing in neonates
10.1053/j.semperi.2004.08.003 · 2004 · External reference
Prostaglandins are responsible for the inhibition of breathing observed with a placental extract in fetal sheep
10.1016/j.resp.2004.08.006 · 2004 · External reference
Correlation of serotonin levels in CSF, platelets, plasma, and urine
10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.05.012 · 2012 · External reference
Postnatal fetal and adult hemoglobin synthesis in early preterm newborn infants
10.1172/jci107360 · 1973 · External reference
Control of respiratory and cardiovascular functions by leptin
10.1016/j.lfs.2015.01.019 · 2015 · External reference
Central leptin replacement enhances chemorespiratory responses in leptin-deficient mice independent of changes in body weight
10.1007/s00424-012-1111-1 · 2012 · External reference
Carotid body size measured by computed tomographic angiography in individuals born prematurely
10.1016/j.resp.2018.05.010 · 2018 · External reference
Glutamatergic neurotransmission in the nucleus tractus solitarii: structural and functional characteristics
10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.03.004 · 2009 · External reference
GABA: a pioneer transmitter that excites immature neurons and generates primitive oscillations
10.1152/physrev.00017.2006 · 2007 · External reference
Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep: update of the 2007 AASM Manual for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events. Deliberations of the Sleep Apnea Definitions Task Force of the American academy of sleep medicine
2012 · External reference
Loss of murine Na+/myo-inositol cotransporter leads to brain myo-inositol depletion and central apnea
10.1074/jbc.m213176200 · 2003 · External reference
Mechanical ventilation uncouples synthesis and assembly of elastin and increases apoptosis in lungs of newborn mice. Prelude to defective alveolar septation during lung development?
10.1152/ajplung.00362.2007 · 2008 · External reference
Mechanical ventilation of newborns infant changes in plasma pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines
10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.07.027 · 2010 · External reference
Third trimester brain growth in preterm infants compared with in utero healthy fetuses
10.1542/peds.2016-1640 · 2016 · External reference
Neurodevelopmental effects of serotonin on the brainstem respiratory network
10.1007/978-3-319-62817-2_11 · 2017 · External reference
Neuroanatomic relationships between the GABAergic and serotonergic systems in the developing human medulla
10.1016/j.autneu.2009.10.002 · 2010 · External reference
Oral doxapram for apnea of prematurity: a randomized dosage trial
2026 · External reference
Inflammation and preterm birth
10.1189/jlb.3mr0615-272rr · 2016 · External reference
Extended caffeine for apnea in moderately preterm infants: the MoCHA randomized clinical trial
10.1001/jama.2025.5791 · 2025 · External reference
Percutaneous respiration in the newborn infant. Effect of gestation and altered ambient oxygen concentration
1987 · External reference
Percutaneous respiration in the new-born infant. Effect of ambient oxygen concentration on pulmonary oxygen uptake
1988 · External reference
Systemic administration of leptin potentiates the response of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract to chemoreceptor activation in the rat
10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.10.065 · 2013 · External reference
Effect of intermittent hypoxemia and hyperoxemia during the neonatal period on control of breathing function among infants born extremely preterm
10.1016/j.jpeds.2025.114542 · 2025 · External reference
Blood and urine biomarkers associated with long-term respiratory dysfunction following neonatal hyperoxia exposure: implications for prematurity and risk of SIDS
10.1016/j.resp.2020.103465 · 2020 · External reference
Apnea, sudden infant death syndrome, and home monitoring
10.1542/peds.111.4.914 · 2003 · External reference
Carotid body: a metabolic sensor implicated in insulin resistance
10.1152/physiolgenomics.00121.2017 · 2018 · External reference
Effect of tactile stimulation on termination and prevention of apnea of prematurity: a systematic review
10.3389/fped.2018.00045 · 2018 · External reference
The serotonergic system and the control of breathing during development
10.1016/j.resp.2019.103255 · 2019 · External reference
Plasma dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and DOPAC levels in preterm infants prior to and immediately after a sleep ventilation hypercarbia test
10.1111/j.1651-2227.1991.tb11775.x · 1991 · External reference
The carotid body and arousal in the fetus and neonate
10.1016/j.resp.2012.06.005 · 2013 · External reference
Episodic neonatal hypoxia evokes executive dysfunction and regionally specific alterations in markers of dopamine signaling
10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00805-9 · 2003 · External reference
Differential expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, endothelin-1 and nitric oxide synthases in the rat carotid body exposed to intermittent hypoxia
10.1016/j.brainres.2011.04.028 · 2011 · External reference
Postnatal changes in oxygen transport of term, premature, and sick infants: the role of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and adult hemoglobin
10.1203/00006450-197106000-00001 · 1971 · External reference
Cardiorespiratory events in preterm infants referred for apnea monitoring studies
10.1542/peds.108.6.1304 · 2001 · External reference
A higher incidence of intermittent hypoxemic episodes is associated with severe retinopathy of prematurity
10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.01.046 · 2010 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2002 · External reference
Exposure to biological maternal sounds improves cardiorespiratory regulation in extremely preterm infants
10.3109/14767058.2011.648237 · 2012 · External reference
Assessing ventilatory instability using the response to spontaneous sighs during sleep in preterm infants
10.1093/sleep/zsy161 · 2018 · External reference
Postnatal maturation of breathing stability and loop gain: the role of carotid chemoreceptor development
10.1016/j.resp.2012.06.003 · 2013 · External reference
Prevention of oxygen-induced inflammatory lung injury by caffeine in neonatal rats
10.1155/2020/3840124 · 2020 · External reference
Antioxidative effects of caffeine in a hyperoxia-based rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
10.1186/s12931-019-1063-5 · 2019 · External reference
Caffeine citrate for the treatment of apnea of prematurity: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study
10.1592/phco.20.7.644.35167 · 2000 · External reference
Extracellular superoxide concentration increases following cerebral hypoxia but does not affect cerebral blood flow
10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.03.006 · 2004 · External reference
Clinical associations of immature breathing in preterm infants: part 1-central apnea
10.1038/pr.2016.43 · 2016 · External reference
Oxygen desaturations in the early neonatal period predict development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
2018 · External reference
Stimulation of breathing movements by L-5-hydroxytryptophan in fetal sheep during normoxia and hypoxia
10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017307 · 1988 · External reference
Contributions of central and peripheral chemoreceptors to the ventilatory response to CO2/H+
10.1152/japplphysiol.01059.2009 · 2010 · External reference
Effects of liberal versus restrictive transfusion strategies on intermittent hypoxaemia in extremely low birthweight infants: secondary analyses of the ETTNO randomised controlled trial
10.1136/archdischild-2024-327643 · 2025 · External reference
Dopaminergic modulation on respiratory rhythm in rat brainstem-spinal cord preparation
10.1016/j.neures.2004.07.009 · 2004 · External reference
The role of the hypothalamus in modulation of respiration
10.1016/j.resp.2018.07.003 · 2019 · External reference
Contribution of relative leptin and adiponectin deficiencies in premature infants to chronic intermittent hypoxia: Exploring a new hypothesis
10.1016/j.resp.2017.12.003 · 2018 · External reference
Scaling analysis of paces of fetal breathing, gross-body and extremity movements
10.1016/j.physa.2007.08.021 · 2007 · External reference
Respiratory medication use in extremely premature (<29 weeks) infants during initial NICU hospitalization: results from the prematurity and respiratory outcomes program
10.1002/ppul.24592 · 2020 · External reference
Inositol supplementation in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome
10.1056/nejm199205073261901 · 1992 · External reference
Development of fetal hearing
10.1136/fn.71.2.f81 · 1994 · External reference
Adenosinergic modulation of respiratory neurones in the neonatal rat brainstem in vitro
10.1111/j.1469-7793.1999.0159r.x · 1999 · External reference
Postnatal sensitivity of the peripheral chemoreceptors in newborn infants
10.1136/adc.62.12.1238 · 1987 · External reference
GABA-glycine cotransmitting neurons in the ventrolateral medulla: development and functional relevance for breathing
10.3389/fncel.2019.00517 · 2019 · External reference
Developmental biology of the pulmonary circulation
10.1016/j.prrv.2004.11.009 · 2005 · External reference
Alveolar development in the human fetus and infant
10.1016/0378-3782(86)90092-7 · 1986 · External reference
Transgenic mice lacking serotonin neurons have severe apnea and high mortality during development
10.1523/jneurosci.1963-09.2009 · 2009 · External reference
Long term developmental consequences of short apneas and periodic breathing in preterm infants
10.1002/ppul.71193 · 2025 · External reference
Inositol in preterm infants at risk for or having respiratory distress syndrome
2019 · External reference
Short-term mechanical ventilation increases airway reactivity in rat pups
10.1203/01.pdr.0000227447.55247.7d · 2006 · External reference
Blood transfusions in preterm infants: changes on perfusion index and intermittent hypoxemia
10.1111/trf.14808 · 2018 · External reference
Mechanisms of the respiratory activity of leptin at the level of the solitary tract nucleus
10.1007/s11055-010-9316-2 · 2010 · External reference
The diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preterm infants. an evidence-based approach
10.1164/rccm.201812-2348oc · 2019 · External reference
Measurement of the CO2 apneic threshold in newborn infants: possible relevance for periodic breathing and apnea
10.1152/japplphysiol.00574.2003 · 2005 · External reference
Effect of blood transfusions on intermittent hypoxic episodes in a prospective study of very low birth weight infants
10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.03.015 · 2020 · External reference
Thyroid function in preterm/low birth weight infants: impact on diagnosis and management of thyroid dysfunction
10.3389/fendo.2021.666207 · 2021 · External reference
Adenosine analogues depress ventilation in rabbit neonates. Theophylline stimulation of respiration via adenosine receptors?
10.1203/00006450-198404000-00018 · 1984 · External reference
Sensory stimulation for apnoea mitigation in preterm infants
10.1038/s41390-021-01828-5 · 2022 · External reference
Circulating insulin-like growth factor I levels in newborn premature and full-term infants followed longitudinally
10.1016/0378-3782(86)90096-4 · 1986 · External reference
Plasma serotonergic biomarkers are associated with hypoxemia events in preterm neonates
10.1038/s41390-023-02620-3 · 2023 · External reference
CPAP protects against hyperoxia-induced increase in airway reactivity in neonatal mice
10.1038/s41390-020-01212-9 · 2021 · External reference
Hyperoxia alters platelet disposition of serotonin
10.1016/0378-4274(84)90075-4 · 1984 · External reference
The role of leptin in the respiratory system: an overview
10.1186/1465-9921-11-152 · 2010 · External reference
Persistence of the biphasic ventilatory response to hypoxia in preterm infants
10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70391-9 · 1998 · External reference
Births in the United States, 2023. CDC
2024 · External reference
Lipopolysaccharide exposure during the early postnatal period adversely affects the structure and function of the developing rat carotid body
10.1152/japplphysiol.01094.2015 · 2016 · External reference
CPAP-induced airway hyper-reactivity in mice is modulated by hyaluronan synthase-3
10.1038/s41390-021-01695-0 · 2022 · External reference
Adenosine A2A receptors mediate GABAergic inhibition of respiration in immature rats
10.1152/japplphysiol.00459.2005 · 2006 · External reference
Unilateral ablation of pre-Botzinger complex disrupts breathing during sleep but not wakefulness
10.1164/rccm.200712-1901oc · 2008 · External reference
Effects of nasal CPAP on supraglottic and total pulmonary resistance in preterm infants
10.1152/jappl.1990.68.1.141 · 1990 · External reference
Quantification of periodic breathing in premature infants
10.1088/0967-3334/36/7/1415 · 2015 · External reference
Metabolic-endocrine disruption due to preterm birth impacts growth, body composition, and neonatal outcome
10.1038/s41390-021-01566-8 · 2022 · External reference
Ongoing effects of preterm birth on the dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of guinea pigs
10.1002/dneu.22937 · 2024 · External reference
Neuroanatomical and neurochemical organization of brainstem and forebrain circuits involved in breathing regulation
10.1152/jn.00475.2024 · 2025 · External reference
Respiratory responses evoked by blockades of ionotropic glutamate receptors within the Bötzinger complex and the pre-Bötzinger complex of the rabbit
10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03850.x · 2005 · External reference
Intermittent hypoxia degrades HIF-2alpha via calpains resulting in oxidative stress: implications for recurrent apnea-induced morbidities
10.1073/pnas.0811018106 · 2009 · External reference
Longitudinal serum metabolomics in extremely premature infants: relationships with gestational age, nutrition, and morbidities
10.3389/fnins.2022.830884 · 2022 · External reference
Patterns of respiratory support by gestational age in very preterm infants
10.1159/000527641 · 2023 · External reference
A1899, PK-THPP, ML365, and Doxapram inhibit endogenous TASK channels and excite calcium signaling in carotid body type-1 cells
10.14814/phy2.13876 · 2018 · External reference
A description of externally recorded womb sounds in human subjects during gestation
10.1371/journal.pone.0197045 · 2018 · External reference
Clinical associations with immature breathing in preterm infants: part 2-periodic breathing
10.1038/pr.2016.58 · 2016 · External reference
Oxygen extremes, inflammation, and neonatal breathing
10.1016/j.resp.2026.104610 · 2026 · External reference
Effect of two paradigms of chronic intermittent hypoxia on carotid body sensory activity
10.1152/japplphysiol.00820.2003 · 2004 · External reference
Heterozygous HIF-1alpha deficiency impairs carotid body-mediated systemic responses and reactive oxygen species generation in mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia
10.1113/jphysiol.2006.114033 · 2006 · External reference
Carotid bodies mediate glial cell activation and neuroinflammation in the NTS following long-term intermittent hypoxia: role in cardiorespiratory dysfunction
10.1152/ajplung.00280.2024 · 2025 · External reference
Association between intermittent hypoxemia or bradycardia and late death or disability in extremely preterm infants
10.1001/jama.2015.8841 · 2015 · External reference
Inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms in the carotid body
10.1016/j.resp.2013.02.017 · 2013 · External reference
The carotid body in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
10.1016/j.resp.2012.05.013 · 2013 · External reference
HIF-1 and ventilatory acclimatization to chronic hypoxia
10.1016/j.resp.2008.07.017 · 2008 · External reference
Sensory plasticity of the carotid body: role of reactive oxygen species and physiological significance
10.1016/j.resp.2011.05.012 · 2011 · External reference
Adaptive cardiorespiratory changes to chronic continuous and intermittent hypoxia
10.1016/b978-0-323-91534-2.00009-6 · 2022 · External reference
Hypoxemia events in preterm neonates are associated with urine oxidative biomarkers
10.1038/s41390-023-02646-7 · 2023 · External reference
Neonatal intermittent hypoxemia events are associated with diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks postmenstrual age
10.1038/s41390-018-0253-z · 2019 · External reference
vivo effect of chronic hypoxia on the neurochemical profile of the developing rat hippocampus
10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.02.013 · 2005 · External reference
Maternal sounds elicit lower heart rate in preterm newborns in the first month of life
10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.07.016 · 2014 · External reference
Developmental plasticity of respiratory control following intermittent hypoxia
10.1016/j.resp.2005.01.014 · 2005 · External reference
The effect of continuous positive airway pressure in a mouse model of hyperoxic neonatal lung injury
10.1159/000438818 · 2016 · External reference
Effects of caffeine on intermittent hypoxia in infants born prematurely: a randomized clinical trial
10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4371 · 2014 · External reference
Chemoreceptor reflexes in preterm infants: I. The effect of gestational and postnatal age on the ventilatory response to inhalation of 100% and 15% oxygen
10.1542/peds.55.5.604 · 1975 · External reference
Effect of different CPAP levels on ultrasound-assessed lung aeration and gas exchange in neonates
10.1186/s12931-024-03010-x · 2024 · External reference
Survival without disability to age 5 years after neonatal caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity
10.1001/jama.2011.2024 · 2012 · External reference
Circulating 5-hydroxytryptamine concentrations in preterm newborns
10.1002/ppul.1950030214 · 1987 · External reference
The Relationship between Oxidative Stress, Intermittent Hypoxemia, and Hospital Duration in Moderate Preterm Infants
2020 · External reference
The role of neuronal excitation and inhibition in the pre-Bötzinger complex on the cough reflex in the cat
10.1152/jn.00108.2021 · 2022 · External reference
Pre-Bötzinger complex: a brainstem region that may generate respiratory rhythm in mammals
10.1126/science.1683005 · 1991 · External reference
Influence of gestational age and intrauterine growth on leptin concentrations in venous cord blood of human newborns
10.1055/s-2003-36892 · 2003 · External reference
The influence of NaCl supplementation on the postnatal development of urinary excretion of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin in premature infants
10.1203/00006450-198501000-00002 · 1985 · External reference
Predictors of early school age outcomes in very low birth weight children
10.1097/00004703-199808000-00001 · 1998 · External reference
Averaging time, desaturation level, duration and extent
10.1136/archdischild-2012-302543 · 2013 · External reference
Rhythm generation by the pre-Bötzinger complex in medullary slice and island preparations: effects of adenosine A(1) receptor activation
10.1186/1471-2202-9-95 · 2008 · External reference
Maturation of cardioventilatory physiological trajectories in extremely preterm infants
2023 · External reference
Effects of inhaled oxygen (up to 40%) on periodic breathing and apnea in preterm infants
10.1152/jappl.1992.72.1.116 · 1992 · External reference
Blood transfusion in anemic infants with apnea of prematurity
10.1159/000065891 · 2002 · External reference
Development of respiratory chemoreflexes in response to alternations of fractional inspired oxygen in the newborn infant
10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018783 · 1991 · External reference
Late development of the GABAergic system in the human cerebral cortex and white matter
10.1097/nen.0b013e31822f471c · 2011 · External reference
Infant periodic breathing and apneic threshold
10.14814/phy2.15915 · 2024 · External reference
Developmental consequences of short apneas and periodic breathing in preterm infants
2023 · External reference
Induction of HIF-1alpha expression by intermittent hypoxia: involvement of NADPH oxidase, Ca2+ signaling, prolyl hydroxylases, and mTOR
10.1002/jcp.21537 · 2008 · External reference
Anemia, apnea of prematurity, and blood transfusions
10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.02.044 · 2012 · External reference
Apnea of prematurity: from cause to treatment
10.1007/s00431-011-1409-6 · 2011 · External reference
Weight gain velocity in very low-birth-weight infants: effects of exposure to biological maternal sounds
10.1055/s-0033-1333669 · 2013 · External reference
Purinergic modulation of preBötzinger complex inspiratory rhythm in rodents: the interaction between ATP and adenosine
10.1113/jphysiol.2011.210930 · 2011 · External reference
