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References from Large language models in pharmacist-led direct patient care: A rapid review of published evaluations. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
The potential and pitfalls of using a large language model such as ChatGPT, GPT-4, or LLaMA as a clinical assistant
10.1093/jamia/ocae184 · 2024 · External reference
Leveraging large language models to foster equity in healthcare
10.1093/jamia/ocae055 · 2024 · External reference
Gpt-4 technical report
2023 · External reference
Large language models: a survey of their development, capabilities, and applications
10.1007/s10115-024-02310-4 · 2025 · External reference
ChatGPT is a remarkable tool—For experts
10.1162/dint_a_00235 · 2024 · External reference
What can you do with a large language model?
10.1093/jamia/ocae106 · 2024 · External reference
Generative artificial intelligence in healthcare: a scoping review on benefits, challenges and applications
10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2024.105474 · 2024 · External reference
General-purpose large language models outperform specialized clinical AI tools on medical benchmarks
10.1038/s41591-026-04431-5 · 2026 · External reference
PharmacyGPT: exploration of artificial intelligence for medication management in the intensive care unit
10.1186/s12911-025-03230-1 · 2025 · External reference
Comparison between ChatGPT and Google search as sources of postoperative patient instructions
10.1001/jamaoto.2023.0704 · 2023 · External reference
An example of leveraging AI for documentation: ChatGPT-generated nursing care plan for an older adult with lung cancer
10.1093/jamia/ocae116 · 2024 · External reference
Application of ChatGPT in routine diagnostic pathology: promises, pitfalls, and potential future directions
10.1097/pap.0000000000000406 · 2024 · External reference
Testing and evaluation of health care applications of large Language models: a systematic review
10.1001/jama.2024.21700 · 2025 · External reference
A rapid review on current and potential uses of large language models in nursing
10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2024.104753 · 2024 · External reference
Current applications and challenges in large language models for patient care: a systematic review
10.1038/s43856-024-00717-2 · 2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
New recommendations for advancing pharmacy practice in health systems
10.1093/ajhp/zxz271 · 2020 · External reference
ChatGPT: threat or boon to the future of pharmacy practice?
10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.03.012 · 2023 · External reference
ChatGPT in pharmacy practice: disruptive or destructive innovation? A scoping review
10.3390/scipharm92040058 · 2024 · External reference
Rapid reviews methods series: assessing the appropriateness of conducting a rapid review
10.1136/bmjebm-2023-112722 · 2024 · External reference
Updated recommendations for the Cochrane rapid review methods guidance for rapid reviews of effectiveness
10.1136/bmj-2023-076335 · 2024 · External reference
The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews
10.1136/bmj.n71 · 2021 · External reference
PRESS peer review of electronic search strategies: 2015 guideline statement
10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021 · 2016 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2011 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2008 · External reference
Evaluating the accuracy of ChatGPT in delivering patient instructions for medications: an exploratory case study
10.3389/frai.2025.1550591 · 2025 · External reference
Generating subjective, objective, assessment, and plan (SOAP)-structured medication logs using DeepSeek-R1 through prompt engineering and multi-source clinical information
2026 · External reference
Evaluating the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, bing AI, and bard against conventional drug-drug interactions clinical tools
10.2147/dhps.s425858 · 2023 · External reference
Assessing the accuracy and consistency of ChatGPT in clinical pharmacy management: a preliminary analysis with clinical pharmacy experts worldwide
10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.08.012 · 2023 · External reference
Examining real-world medication consultations and drug-herb interactions: ChatGPT performance evaluation
10.2196/48433 · 2023 · External reference
The capability of ChatGPT in predicting and explaining common drug-drug interactions
10.7759/cureus.36272 · 2023 · External reference
Will artificial intelligence chatbots replace clinical pharmacologists? An exploratory study in clinical practice
10.1007/s00228-023-03547-8 · 2023 · External reference
Performance and risks of ChatGPT used in drug information: an exploratory real-world analysis
10.1136/ejhpharm-2023-003750 · 2024 · External reference
Comparing the accuracy and referencing of ChatGPT's responses to herbal medicine queries: a zero-shot versus roleplay prompting approach
2023 · External reference
Safety and quality of AI chatbots for drug-related inquiries: a real-world comparison with licensed pharmacists
2024 · External reference
Can artificial intelligence (AI) educate your patient? A study to assess overall readability and pharmacists' perception of AI-generated patient education materials
10.1002/jac5.2006 · 2024 · External reference
Utilizing ChatGPT in telepharmacy
2024 · External reference
Exploring community pharmacists' attitudes in Thailand towards ChatGPT usage: a pilot qualitative investigation
2024 · External reference
Accuracy of a chatbot in answering questions that patients should ask before taking a new medication
10.1016/j.japh.2024.102110 · 2024 · External reference
Unlocking the future of patient Education: ChatGPT vs. LexiComp as sources of patient education materials
2024 · External reference
Assessing the applicability and appropriateness of ChatGPT in answering clinical pharmacy questions
10.1016/j.pharma.2023.11.001 · 2024 · External reference
Artificial intelligence-generated draft replies to patient inbox messages
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.3201 · 2024 · External reference
Evaluating the performance of ChatGPT in clinical pharmacy: a comparative study of ChatGPT and clinical pharmacists
10.1111/bcp.15896 · 2024 · External reference
Comprehensive analysis of responses from ChatGPT to consumer inquiries regarding over-the-counter medications
2024 · External reference
Evaluating the capability of ChatGPT in predicting drug-drug interactions: Real-world evidence using hospitalized patient data
10.1111/bcp.16275 · 2024 · External reference
Let's have a chat: how well does an artificial intelligence chatbot answer clinical infectious diseases pharmacotherapy questions?
10.1093/ofid/ofae641 · 2024 · External reference
Evaluation of ChatGPT as a tool for answering clinical questions in pharmacy practice
10.1177/08971900241256731 · 2024 · External reference
Proactive polypharmacy management using large Language models: opportunities to enhance geriatric care
10.1007/s10916-024-02058-y · 2024 · External reference
Effectiveness of ChatGPT in clinical pharmacy and the role of artificial intelligence in medication therapy management
10.1016/j.japh.2023.11.023 · 2024 · External reference
The promise and challenges of ChatGPT in community pharmacy: a comparative analysis of response accuracy
10.3897/pharmacia.71.e116927 · 2024 · External reference
Evaluating ChatGPT's efficacy in assessing the safety of non-prescription medications and supplements in patients with kidney disease
2024 · External reference
Identification of kidney-related medications using AI from self-captured pill images
10.1080/0886022x.2024.2402075 · 2024 · External reference
Performance of the ChatGPT large language model for decision support in community pharmacy
10.1111/bcp.16215 · 2024 · External reference
Unlocking the potential of advanced large language models in medication review and reconciliation: a proof-of-concept investigation
2024 · External reference
The quality and safety of using generative AI to produce patient-centred discharge instructions
10.1038/s41746-024-01336-w · 2024 · External reference
Performance of ChatGPT on factual knowledge questions regarding clinical pharmacy
10.1002/jcph.2443 · 2024 · External reference
Assessing accuracy of ChatGPT in response to questions from day to day pharmaceutical care in hospitals
2024 · External reference
Poor performance of ChatGPT in clinical rule-guided dose interventions in hospitalized patients with renal dysfunction
10.1007/s00228-024-03687-5 · 2024 · External reference
Benchmarking ChatGPT-3.5 and OpenAI o3 against clinical pharmacists: preliminary insights into clinical accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in pharmacy MCQs
10.3390/healthcare13141751 · 2025 · External reference
Artificial intelligence-powered chatbots in search engines: a cross-sectional study on the quality and risks of drug information for patients
10.1136/bmjqs-2024-017476 · 2025 · External reference
Capabilities of large language models in detecting and managing drug interactions during medication reviews: potential implications as A digital assistant for pragmatic pharmacy practice in Thailand
10.1002/jac5.70115 · 2025 · External reference
Accuracy and teachability of artificial intelligence chatbots in solving pharmaceutical calculations: a descriptive study
10.1007/s11096-025-01947-7 · 2025 · External reference
Evaluation of large language models' ability to identify clinically relevant drug-drug interactions and generate high-quality clinical pharmacotherapy recommendations
2025 · External reference
Large language models management of complex medication regimens: a case-based evaluation
10.3389/fphar.2025.1514445 · 2025 · External reference
Accuracy and safety of ChatGPT-3.5 in assessing over-the-counter medication use during pregnancy: a descriptive comparative study
10.3390/pharmacy13040104 · 2025 · External reference
The role of large language models in self-care: a study and benchmark on medicines and supplement guidance accuracy
10.1007/s11096-024-01839-2 · 2025 · External reference
Comparative evaluation of artificial intelligence platforms and drug interaction screening databases using real-world patient data
2025 · External reference
Risk stratification of potential drug interactions involving common over-the-counter medications and herbal supplements by a large language model
10.1016/j.japh.2024.102304 · 2025 · External reference
Medication counseling for OTC drugs using customized ChatGPT-4: comparison with ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4o
2025 · External reference
Comparative analysis of generative artificial intelligence systems in solving clinical pharmacy problems: mixed methods study
10.2196/76128 · 2025 · External reference
Large language model as clinical decision support system augments medication safety in 16 clinical specialties
2025 · External reference
Evaluation of the accuracy and reliability of responses generated by artificial intelligence related to clinical pharmacology
10.3390/jcm14217563 · 2025 · External reference
Effectiveness of ChatGPT, Google Gemini, and Microsoft copilot in answering Thai drug information queries: cross-sectional study
10.2196/79751 · 2025 · External reference
Can large language models detect drug–drug interactions leading to adverse drug reactions?
10.1177/20420986251339358 · 2025 · External reference
Identifying deprescribing opportunities with large language models in older adults: retrospective cohort study
10.2196/69504 · 2025 · External reference
Investigating the capabilities of advanced large language models in generating patient instructions and patient educational material
10.1136/ejhpharm-2024-004245 · 2025 · External reference
Assessing GPT‐4’s accuracy in answering clinical pharmacological questions on pain therapy
10.1002/bcp.70036 · 2025 · External reference
A comparison of drug information question responses by a drug information center and by ChatGPT
10.1093/ajhp/zxae316 · 2025 · External reference
Analysis of responses from artificial intelligence programs to medication-related questions derived from critical care guidelines
10.1093/ajhp/zxaf075 · 2025 · External reference
Evaluating a generative artificial intelligence accuracy in providing medication instructions from smartphone images
10.1016/j.japh.2024.102284 · 2025 · External reference
Comparing the performance of a large language model and RxNorm mapping for detecting medication dispensing errors from real-world data
2025 · External reference
Comparison of drug information questions' responses between drug information pharmacists and artificial intelligence technologies: a real‐world analysis in a tertiary care hospital
2026 · External reference
ChatGPT-5 for drug–drug interaction detection in the intensive care unit: a real-world cohort study on large language model advances and implications for clinical pharmacists
10.1016/j.japh.2026.103019 · 2026 · External reference
Comparative accuracy, stability, and correctability of large language models in otolaryngology and pharmacovigilance
10.1002/ohn.70070 · 2026 · External reference
Real-world evaluation of large language models in detecting drug-related problems: a clinical pharmacist–AI concordance study in hematology care
10.1177/10781552261418957 · 2026 · External reference
Artificial intelligence for drug information: evaluating its use in real-world pharmacy practice
10.1093/ajhp/zxaf350 · 2026 · External reference
Improving medication error classification using a reasoning large language model
10.1093/jamiaopen/ooag004 · 2026 · External reference
Comparative performance of large language models and Drugs.com versus Lexicomp for antiseizure medication drug–drug interactions: a cross-sectional study with iterative prompting analysis
2026 · External reference
Assessing ChatGPT's capability in understanding and reporting antiretroviral therapy drug–drug interactions (ACCURATE-DDI)
10.1097/qad.0000000000004522 · 2026 · External reference
Gene therapies administration utilizing ChatGPT-4 as a health biotechnology tool: a mix methods study comparing precision and accuracy with reference protocols
2026 · External reference
An evaluation of six artificial intelligence tools for formulary management
2026 · External reference
Assessing the accuracy of 4 generative AI tools to guide dosing of long-acting injectable antipsychotics
10.1093/ajhp/zxag089 · 2026 · External reference
Conducting medication reviews: a comparative study between ChatGPT‐4 and healthcare professionals
10.1111/jgs.70415 · 2026 · External reference
Assessment of artificial intelligence (AI)‐powered self‐care recommendations for management of minor ailments: a comparative analysis
10.1002/phar.70089 · 2026 · External reference
Performance validation of large language models for drug-drug interaction consultations: potential pharmacist assistant in outpatient pharmaceutical services
10.1016/j.japh.2026.103077 · 2026 · External reference
Benchmark evaluation of deepseek AI models in antibacterial clinical decision-making for infectious diseases
10.1186/s12911-026-03364-w · 2026 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2026 · External reference
A call to address AI “Hallucinations” and how healthcare professionals can mitigate their risks
2023 · External reference
Artificial hallucinations in ChatGPT: implications in scientific writing
2023 · External reference
The economics of large language models: token allocation, fine-tuning, and optimal pricing
2025 · External reference
Reporting guideline for chatbot health advice studies: the Chatbot Assessment reporting tool (CHART) statement
2025 · External reference
Between the booms: AI in Winter
10.1145/3688379 · 2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Holistic evaluation of language models
10.1111/nyas.15007 · 2023 · External reference
A framework for human evaluation of large language models in healthcare derived from literature review
10.1038/s41746-024-01258-7 · 2024 · External reference
The TRIPOD-LLM reporting guideline for studies using large language models
10.1038/s41591-024-03425-5 · 2025 · External reference
How ChatGPT changed the media's narratives on AI: a semi-automated narrative analysis through frame semantics
2025 · External reference
Chatgpt: a meta-analysis after 2.5 months
2024 · External reference
Retrieval augmented generation for large language models in healthcare: a systematic review
10.1371/journal.pdig.0000877 · 2025 · External reference
Prescribing caution: a critique of OpenEvidence to answer medication‐related questions
2026 · External reference
Medical students' use of large language models: a national survey
10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2026.106589 · 2026 · External reference
Densing law of LLMs
10.1038/s42256-025-01137-0 · 2025 · External reference
ChatGPT in pharmacy practice: a cross-sectional exploration of Jordanian pharmacists' perception, practice, and concerns
10.1186/s40545-023-00624-2 · 2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2023 · External reference
Prompt engineering on leveraging large language models in generating response to InBasket messages
10.1093/jamia/ocae172 · 2024 · External reference
Evaluating the clinical benefits of LLMs
10.1038/s41591-024-03181-6 · 2024 · External reference
Navigating the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act for healthcare
10.1038/s41746-024-01213-6 · 2024 · External reference
Ensuring useful adoption of generative artificial intelligence in healthcare
10.1093/jamia/ocae043 · 2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Efficient healthcare with large language models: optimizing clinical workflow and enhancing patient care
10.1093/jamia/ocad258 · 2024 · External reference