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References from Independent and combined associations of cannabis and nicotine use with postoperative outcomes after cervical and lumbar interbody fusion: a retrospective cohort study. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Cannabis use, attitudes, and legal status in the U.S.: a review
10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.07.008 · 2017 · External reference
Changes in self-reported cannabis use in the United States from 1979 to 2022
10.1111/add.16519 · 2024 · External reference
Risks and benefits of marijuana use: a National survey of U.S. Adults
10.7326/m18-0810 · 2018 · External reference
Therapeutic use of cannabis and cannabinoids: a review
10.1001/jama.2025.19433 · 2025 · External reference
Marijuana and lung disease
10.1016/j.chest.2018.05.005 · 2018 · External reference
Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001–2002 and 2012–2013
10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858 · 2015 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Cannabinoids in the treatment of back pain
10.1093/neuros/nyz573 · 2020 · External reference
The effect of cannabis use on postoperative complications in patients undergoing spine surgery: a national database study
2023 · External reference
Risks associated with chronic cannabis use on opioid use, length of stay, and revision rate for patients undergoing posterior lumbar interbody fusion
10.1016/j.spinee.2024.01.011 · 2024 · External reference
Cannabis use disorder and complications after anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion
10.1016/j.wneu.2023.11.028 · 2024 · External reference
Cannabis abuse and perioperative complications following inpatient spine surgery in the United States
10.1097/brs.0000000000004035 · 2021 · External reference
Cannabis use is associated with higher rates of pseudarthrosis following TLIF: a multi-institutional matched-cohort study
10.1097/brs.0000000000004768 · 2024 · External reference
Cannabis use disorder trends and health care utilization after cervical and lumbar spine fusions
10.1097/brs.0000000000004874 · 2024 · External reference
Cannabis use disorder is associated with longer In-hospital lengths of stay, higher rates of medical complications, and costs of care following primary 1- to 2-level lumbar fusion
10.1177/21925682221093965 · 2024 · External reference
The STROBE guidelines
10.4103/sja.sja_543_18 · 2019 · External reference
Surgery-related considerations in treating people who use cannabis: a review
10.1001/jamaoto.2024.2545 · 2024 · External reference
Cannabis use disorder and perioperative complications
10.1001/jamasurg.2023.2403 · 2023 · External reference
Perioperative care of cannabis users: a comprehensive review of pharmacological and anesthetic considerations
10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.03.011 · 2019 · External reference
Postoperative outcomes after ankle fracture ORIF in patients with documented nicotine and/or cannabis use: an observational analysis
2025 · External reference
Preoperative cannabinoid exposure and postoperative pain: a narrative review
10.1016/j.jclinane.2025.112097 · 2026 · External reference
Impact of pre-operative recreational marijuana use on outcomes two years after orthopaedic surgery
10.1007/s00264-021-05069-3 · 2021 · External reference
ASRA Pain Medicine consensus guidelines on the management of the perioperative patient on cannabis and cannabinoids
10.1136/rapm-2022-104013 · 2023 · External reference
American Society for Enhanced Recovery and Perioperative Quality Initiative Joint Consensus Statement on Perioperative management of patients on preoperative opioid therapy
10.1213/ane.0000000000004018 · 2019 · External reference
2018 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on tobacco cessation treatment
10.1016/j.jacc.2018.10.027 · 2018 · External reference
