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References from Beyond Kratom: Concentrated 7-Hydroxymitragynine and Mitragynine Pseudoindoxyl Products, an MME Potency Assessment. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
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Standardizing Research Methods for Opioid Dose Comparison: The NIH HEAL Morphine Milligram Equivalent Calculator
10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003529 · 2025 · External reference
From Kratom to 7-Hydroxymitragynine: Evolution of a Natural Remedy into a Public-Health Threat
10.1080/13880209.2025.2590311 · 2025 · External reference
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Quantitative analysis of 7-hydroxymitragynine in commercial kratom products and its stability under chemical and physiological conditions
10.1016/j.phytochem.2026.114871 · 2026 · External reference
The Lack of Contribution of 7-Hydroxymitragynine to the Antinociceptive Effects of Mitragynine in Mice: A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study
10.1124/dmd.121.000640 · 2022 · External reference
A Detailed Exploration Into the Association of Prescribed Opioid Dosage and Overdose Deaths Among Patients With Chronic Pain
10.1097/mlr.0000000000000505 · 2016 · External reference
Case Report: Cannabis and Kratom-Induced Self-Amputation of Ears and Penis
10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1479863 · 2025 · External reference
Elevated 7-Hydroxymitragynine Levels Found in Products Misbranded as Kratom
10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf094 · 2026 · External reference
A botanical, phytochemical and ethnomedicinal review of the genus Mitragyna korth: Implications for products sold as kratom
10.1016/j.jep.2017.03.020 · 2017 · External reference
Oxidative Metabolism as a Modulator of Kratom’s Biological Actions
10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01111 · 2021 · External reference
Exploring the Chemistry of Alkaloids from Malaysian Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) and the Role of Oxindoles on Human Opioid Receptors
10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01055 · 2021 · External reference
Inches, Centimeters, and Yards: Overlooked Definition Choices Inhibit Interpretation of Morphine Equivalence
10.1097/ajp.0000000000000948 · 2021 · External reference
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CDC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain — United States, 2016
10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1 · 2016 · External reference
CDC Clinical Practice Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Pain — United States, 2022
10.15585/mmwr.rr7103a1 · 2022 · External reference
10.1016/b978-0-443-27412-1.00007-9
10.1016/b978-0-443-27412-1.00007-9 · External reference
The Role of Opioid Prescription in Incident Opioid Abuse and Dependence Among Individuals With Chronic Non-Cancer Pain: The Role of Opioid Prescription
10.1097/ajp.0000000000000021 · 2014 · External reference
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth) for a New Medicinal: a Review of Pharmacological and Compound Analysis
2021 · External reference
Analysis of heavy metals content in commercially available kratom products in Richmond, Virginia
10.1016/j.forc.2023.100474 · 2023 · External reference
A validated method for the quantification of mitragynine in sixteen commercially available Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) products
10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.04.009 · 2019 · External reference
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Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): User demographics, use patterns, and implications for the opioid epidemic
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107849 · 2020 · External reference
From Kratom to Semi-Synthetic Opioids: The Rise and Risks of MGM-15
10.1002/dta.3952 · 2025 · External reference
Prevalence and Use Patterns of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) in a US Nationally Representative Sample
2025 · External reference
The Buprenorphine Paradox: How Buprenorphine Triggers and Resolves Opioid Withdrawal
10.1111/adb.70126 · 2026 · External reference
Kratom safety and toxicology in the public health context: research needs to better inform regulation
10.3389/fphar.2024.1403140 · 2024 · External reference
Beneficial and Adverse Health Effects of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): A Critical Review of the Literature
10.1016/j.fct.2024.114913 · 2024 · External reference
De facto opioids: Characterization of novel 7-hydroxymitragynine and mitragynine pseudoindoxyl product marketing
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.112701 · 2025 · External reference
The respiratory depressant effects of mitragynine are limited by its conversion to 7-OH mitragynine
10.1111/bph.15832 · 2022 · External reference
The Effects of Mitragynine and Morphine on Schedule-Controlled Responding and Antinociception in Rats
10.1007/s00213-019-05247-7 · 2019 · External reference
Indole Alkaloids of a Thai Medicinal Herb, Mitragyna speciosa, That Has Opioid Agonistic Effect in Guinea-Pig Ileum
10.1055/s-2005-837822 · 2005 · External reference
Human Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine Pharmacokinetics after Single and Multiple Daily Doses of Oral Encapsulated Dried Kratom Leaf Powder
2024 · External reference
Metabolism of a Kratom Alkaloid Metabolite in Human Plasma Increases Its Opioid Potency and Efficacy
10.1021/acsptsci.0c00075 · 2020 · External reference
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Consequences of Cytochrome P450 3A Inhibition on Mitragynine Metabolism in Rats
10.1124/jpet.122.001525 · 2023 · External reference
Metabolite profiling and identification of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of mitragynine, the major alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom)
10.1080/00498254.2018.1552819 · 2019 · External reference
Simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and other alkaloids in the psychotropic plant “kratom” (Mitragyna speciosa) by LC-ESI-MS
10.1007/s11419-009-0070-5 · 2009 · External reference
Synthetic and Receptor Signaling Explorations of the Mitragyna Alkaloids: Mitragynine as an Atypical Molecular Framework for Opioid Receptor Modulators
10.1021/jacs.6b00360 · 2016 · External reference
The medicinal chemistry and neuropharmacology of kratom: A preliminary discussion of a promising medicinal plant and analysis of its potential for abuse
10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.026 · 2018 · External reference
7-Hydroxymitragynine Is an Active Metabolite of Mitragynine and a Key Mediator of Its Analgesic Effects
10.1021/acscentsci.9b00141 · 2019 · External reference
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Management of acute withdrawal from 7-hydroxymitragynine after high-dose chronic use: A case report
10.1016/j.japh.2026.103047 · 2026 · External reference
Postmortem Mitragynine Distribution in a Single Drug Fatality Case
10.1177/19253621231160417 · 2023 · External reference
Involvement of Mu-Opioid Receptors in Antinociception and Inhibition of Gastrointestinal Transit Induced by 7-Hydroxymitragynine, Isolated From Thai Herbal Medicine Mitragyna speciosa
10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.013 · 2006 · External reference
Antinociceptive Effect of 7-Hydroxymitragynine in Mice: Discovery of an Orally Active Opioid Analgesic From the Thai Medicinal Herb Mitragyna speciosa
10.1016/j.lfs.2003.09.054 · 2004 · External reference
Orally Active Opioid m/d Dual Agonist MGM-16, a Derivative of the Indole Alkaloid Mitragynine, Exhibits Potent Antiallodynic Effect on Neuropathic Pain in Mices
10.1124/jpet.113.208108 · 2014 · External reference
An update on the clinical pharmacology of kratom: uses, abuse potential, and future considerations
10.1080/17512433.2024.2305798 · 2024 · External reference
Effects of Itraconazole on Pharmacokinetics of Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine in Healthy Volunteers
10.1021/acsptsci.3c00335 · 2024 · External reference
Prevalence and Correlates of Past-year Kratom Use Among US Adults: Findings From the 2021-2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health
10.1097/adm.0000000000001637 · 2026 · External reference
A Synthesis of Oral Morphine Equivalents (OME) for Opioid Utilisation Studies
10.1002/pds.3945 · 2016 · External reference
NIH research clears way for study of experimental treatment for opioid use disorder: IND in effect for human safety study of mitragynine, a kratom isolate
2026 · External reference
The Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) Alkaloid Mitragynine: Analysis of Adrenergic α2 Receptor Activity In Vitro and In Vivo
10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176863 · 2024 · External reference
Pharmacological Comparison of Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine: In Vitro Affinity and Efficacy for μ-Opioid Receptor and Opioid-Like Behavioral Effects in Rats
10.1124/jpet.120.000189 · 2021 · External reference
An Examination of the Complex Pharmacological Properties of the Non-Selective Opioid Modulator Buprenorphine
10.3390/ph16101397 · 2023 · External reference
A New Indole Alkaloid, 7 alpha-Hydroxy-7H-mitragynine, from Mitragyna speciosa in Thailand
10.1055/s-2006-959578 · 1994 · External reference
Clinical Implications of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Use: a Literature Review
10.1007/s40429-023-00478-3 · 2023 · External reference
An Exploratory Study of the Safety Profile and Neurocognitive Function After Single Doses of Mitragynine in Humans
10.1007/s00213-024-06734-2 · 2025 · External reference
Evaluation of the Mitragynine Content, Levels of Toxic Metals and the Presence of Microbes in Kratom Products Purchased in the Western Suburbs of Chicago
10.3390/ijerph17155512 · 2020 · External reference
Cardio-Pulmonary Arrest in a Patient Revived With Naloxone Following Reported Use of 7-Hydroxymitragynine
10.1080/15563650.2025.2565428 · 2026 · External reference
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Substance Use Disorder Following Consumption of a Novel Synthetic 7-Hydroxymitragynine Product
10.1097/adm.0000000000001603 · 2025 · External reference
A Pilot, Dose-Finding, Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Study of Orally Administered Botanical Kratom
2026 · External reference
Kratom Addiction per DSM-5 SUD Criteria, and Kratom Physical Dependence: Insights From Dosing Amount Versus Frequency
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2024.111329 · 2024 · External reference
Subchronic exposure to mitragynine, the principal alkaloid of Mitragyna speciosa, in rats
10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.008 · 2013 · External reference
Clarifying intrinsic efficacy, partial agonism, and full agonism: the case of buprenorphine
10.1016/j.bja.2023.10.041 · 2024 · External reference
Seasonal and Geographic Variation in Alkaloid Content of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil.) from Thailand
10.3390/plants12040949 · 2023 · External reference
Simultaneous quantification of ten key Kratom alkaloids in Mitragyna speciosa leaf extracts and commercial products by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
10.1002/dta.2604 · 2019 · External reference
7-Hydroxymitragynine and Nicotine Pouch Withdrawal Syndrome: A Case Report
2025 · External reference
Avoiding False Identification of 7-Hydroxymitragynine in Kratom Products Using a Multicriteria LC-MS Confirmation
10.1021/jasms.6c00088 · 2026 · External reference
Evaluating the hematological and clinical-chemistry parameters of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) users in Malaysia
10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.017 · 2018 · External reference
Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) dependence, withdrawal symptoms and craving in regular users
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.017 · 2014 · External reference
The Acute Adverse Health Effects of Kratom: An Evaluation of Case Reports
10.3389/fphar.2025.1620601 · 2025 · External reference
Ecological Momentary Assessment of Self-Reported Kratom Use, Effects, and Motivations Among US Adults
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.53401 · 2024 · External reference
Lateral Flow Assessment and Unanticipated Toxicity of Kratom
10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00218 · 2019 · External reference
How much kratom to take: Kratom serving size guide
2026 · External reference
Severe Early-Onset Withdrawal Following Intentional Use of Mitragynine Pseudoindoxyl: A Case Report and Emerging Clinical Considerations
2026 · External reference
Studies on the Synthesis and Opioid Agonistic Activities of Mitragynine-Related Indole Alkaloids: Discovery of Opioid Agonists Structurally Different From Other Opioid Ligands
10.1021/jm010576e · 2002 · External reference
Chemical composition and biological effects of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): In vitro studies with implications for efficacy and drug interactions
10.1038/s41598-020-76119-w · 2020 · External reference
Increases in Kratom-Related Reports to Poison Centers — National Poison Data System, United States, 2015–2025
10.15585/mmwr.mm7511a1 · 2026 · External reference
Reported Associations Between Kratom and Seizures: A Systematic Review
10.3389/fphar.2025.1632835 · 2025 · External reference
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FDA Adverse Event Monitoring System (AEMS) Public Dashboard [formerly FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)]
2026 · External reference
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Mitragynine/Corynantheidine Pseudoindoxyls As Opioid Analgesics with Mu Agonism and Delta Antagonism, Which Do Not Recruit β-Arrestin-2
10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00748 · 2016 · External reference
Uniform assessment and ranking of Mu receptor binding constants for selected opioid drugs
10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.12.007 · 2011 · External reference
De Facto Long-term Opioid Therapy for Non-Cancer Pain
10.1097/ajp.0b013e318169d03b · 2008 · External reference
Fatal Mitragynine-Associated Toxicity in Canada: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
10.1177/1925362118782076 · 2018 · External reference
Mitragynine pseudoindoxyl withdrawal treated with macro-dosed buprenorphine induction: A case report and review of the literature
10.3390/psychoactives5010007 · 2026 · External reference
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Inhibitory Effect of Mitragynine, an Alkaloid With Analgesic Effect From Thai Medicinal Plant Mitragyna speciosa, on Electrically Stimulated Contraction of Isolated Guinea-Pig Ileum Through the Opioid Receptor
10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00023-4 · 1997 · External reference
A Case of 7-OH Mitragynine Use Requiring Inpatient Medically Managed Withdrawal
2025 · External reference
Opioid Receptor Agonistic Characteristics of Mitragynine Pseudoindoxyl in Comparison With Mitragynine Derived From Thai Medicinal Plant Mitragyna speciosa
10.1016/s0306-3623(98)00265-1 · 1999 · External reference
Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine: Bidirectional Effects on Breathing in Rats
10.1016/j.jpet.2025.103720 · 2025 · External reference
