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References from Mental health and urinary incontinence in childhood. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function in children and adolescents: update report from the Standardization Committee of the International Children's Continence Society
10.1016/j.juro.2014.01.110 · 2014 · External reference
Parental perception and factors associated with treatment strategies for primary nocturnal enuresis
10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.12.025 · 2017 · External reference
Helping children with nocturnal enuresis: the wait-and-see approach may not be in anyone's best interest
10.1097/00000446-200608000-00024 · 2006 · External reference
Continence problems and mental health in adolescents from a UK cohort
10.1016/j.eururo.2023.05.013 · 2023 · External reference
Left behind and left out: the impact of the school environment on young people with continence problems
10.1111/bjhp.12284 · 2018 · External reference
The impact of bowel and bladder problems on children's quality of life and their parents: a scoping review
10.1111/cch.12620 · 2019 · External reference
The ‘costs’ of absorbent hygiene product mismanagement: a mini-review of contemporary literature from the Global South
10.1177/0734242x261435293 · 2026 · External reference
Windows of opportunity: the power dynamics in the disposable nappy regime and opportunities for niche innovations
10.1016/j.clrc.2024.100169 · 2024 · External reference
What data do we need to show the cost and clinical effectiveness, bearing in mind sustainability, of urological disposables in different patient groups?
10.1002/nau.70174 · 2026 · External reference
Prevalence, socioeconomic, and environmental costs of urinary incontinence in the European Union
10.1016/j.eururo.2025.05.025 · 2025 · External reference
Urinary incontinence in middle aged women: childhood enuresis and other lifetime risk factors in a British prospective cohort
10.1136/jech.53.8.453 · 1999 · External reference
What does that mean? A qualitative exploration of the primary and secondary clinical care experiences of young people with continence problems in the UK
10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015544 · 2017 · External reference
What do Cochrane systematic reviews say about interventions for enuresis in children and adolescents? An overview of systematic reviews
10.1016/j.jpurol.2022.05.012 · 2022 · External reference
Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children
2019 · External reference
What are the relationships between mental health problems and lower urinary tract symptoms and how should they be assessed? ICI RS 2025
10.1002/nau.70180 · 2026 · External reference
Functional urological disorders: a sensitized defence response in the bladder–gut–brain axis
10.1038/nrurol.2016.227 · 2017 · External reference
Global prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and associated factors among children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1186/s13034-025-00880-x · 2025 · External reference
Socio-demographic and psychopathologic correlates of enuresis in urban Ethiopian children
10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00229.x · 2007 · External reference
Daytime urinary incontinence in children and adolescents
10.1016/s2352-4642(19)30113-0 · 2019 · External reference
Daytime urinary incontinence in primary school children: a population-based survey
10.1067/mpd.2000.109196 · 2000 · External reference
Lower urinary tract symptoms from childhood to adulthood: a population based study of 594 Finnish individuals 4 to 26 years old
10.1016/j.juro.2012.04.016 · 2012 · External reference
Differences in characteristics of nocturnal enuresis between children and adolescents: a critical appraisal from a large epidemiological study
10.1111/j.1464-410x.2006.06074.x · 2006 · External reference
Trajectories of urinary incontinence in childhood and bladder and bowel symptoms in adolescence: prospective cohort study
10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014238 · 2017 · External reference
Psychological and psychiatric issues in enuresis and urinary incontinence–a revised and updated document of the International Children's Continence Society (ICCS)
10.1002/nau.70323 · 2026 · External reference
Relationship between elimination disorders and internalizing-externalizing problems in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1002/jcv2.12185 · 2023 · External reference
Associations between psychiatric disorders and enuresis in Taiwanese children: a national population-based study
10.2147/clep.s230537 · 2020 · External reference
Prevalence, risk factors, psychological effects of children and adolescents with lower urinary tract symptoms: a large population-based study
10.3389/fped.2024.1455171 · 2024 · External reference
Psychiatric disorders in children with enuresis at 6 and 11 years old in a birth cohort
10.1016/j.jped.2018.11.010 · 2020 · External reference
Association between mental health problems and nocturnal enuresis among children and adolescents in Ethiopia
10.1007/s44192-025-00319-x · 2026 · External reference
Psychological problems in children with bedwetting and combined (day and night) wetting: a UK population-based study
10.1093/jpepsy/jsl039 · 2007 · External reference
Specific behavioral comorbidity in a large sample of children with functional incontinence: report of 1001 cases
10.1002/nau.22651 · 2015 · External reference
Predictors and outcomes of childhood primary enuresis
10.1016/j.jaac.2016.12.007 · 2017 · External reference
A prospective cohort study of biopsychosocial factors associated with childhood urinary incontinence
10.1007/s00787-018-1193-1 · 2019 · External reference
Emotional problems and urinary incontinence in children from a UK cohort
10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.020 · 2025 · External reference
A longitudinal study of enuresis from five to nine years
1984 · External reference
A 6 year follow-up of childhood enuresis: prevalence in adolescence and consequences for mental health
10.1111/j.1440-1754.1990.tb02390.x · 1990 · External reference
Mental health problems, stressful life events and new-onset urinary incontinence in primary school-age children: a prospective cohort study
10.1007/s00787-023-02211-x · 2024 · External reference
Evaluation of health-related quality of life and affecting factors in child with enuresis
10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.12.018 · 2020 · External reference
Effects of urinary incontinence on psychosocial outcomes in adolescence
10.1007/s00787-016-0928-0 · 2017 · External reference
Factors influencing quality of life in children with urinary incontinence
10.1016/j.juro.2011.04.104 · 2011 · External reference
School toilet use and avoidance: a systematic review of barriers, facilitators, and impact on child and adolescent health
10.1007/s10389-026-02694-3 · 2026 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Systematic review and meta-analysis: relationships between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and urinary symptoms in children
10.1007/s00787-021-01736-3 · 2022 · External reference
Comorbidity of ADHD and incontinence in children
10.1007/s00787-014-0577-0 · 2015 · External reference
Associations between IL-6 and trajectories of depressive symptoms across the life course: evidence from ALSPAC and UK Biobank cohorts
10.1192/j.eurpsy.2025.7 · 2025 · External reference
Basal and stress-activated hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis function in postmenopausal women with overactive bladder
10.1007/s00192-016-2988-6 · 2016 · External reference
The psychosocial impact of urinary dysfunction
10.5152/tud.2024.23217 · 2024 · External reference
Enduring impact of childhood adversity on lower urinary tract symptoms in adult women
10.1002/nau.24375 · 2020 · External reference
Impact of childhood and recent traumatic events on the clinical presentation of overactive bladder
10.1002/nau.22872 · 2016 · External reference
Adverse childhood experiences and lower urinary tract symptoms and impact among women
10.1097/ju.0000000000003387 · 2023 · External reference
Is abuse causally related to urologic symptoms? Results from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) survey
10.1016/j.eururo.2007.03.024 · 2007 · External reference
Prevalence of childhood trauma and its association with lower urinary tract symptoms in women and men in the LURN study
10.1002/nau.24613 · 2021 · External reference
Systematic review exploring the relationship between sexual abuse and lower urinary tract symptoms
10.1007/s00192-022-05277-4 · 2023 · External reference
Adverse childhood experiences: a scoping review of measures and methods
10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106425 · 2022 · External reference
Early disturbing events and later enuresis
1973 · External reference
Secondary enuresis in a birth cohort of New Zealand children
10.1111/j.1365-3016.1990.tb00618.x · 1990 · External reference
Stressful events in early childhood and developmental trajectories of bedwetting at school age
10.1093/jpepsy/jsw025 · 2016 · External reference
Adverse childhood experiences and lower urinary tract symptoms in adolescence: the mediating effect of inflammation
10.1093/ije/dyaf111 · 2025 · External reference
Enuresis and encopresis: association with child abuse and neglect
10.1016/j.encep.2022.08.005 · 2022 · External reference
Comparison of child abuse history in patients with and without overactive bladder: a case-control study
10.1097/ms9.0000000000000859 · 2023 · External reference
Urogenital tract disorders in children suspected of being sexually abused
2016 · External reference
Child sexual abuse
10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.08.006 · 2012 · External reference
Effects of sex, toilet training, stress, and caffeine on nocturnal enuresis among school children in Gondar Town, the metropolitan city of Ethiopia: a community-based study in 2023
10.3389/fped.2024.1366430 · 2024 · External reference
Prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms in school-age children
10.1007/s00467-011-2028-1 · 2012 · External reference
Increased risk of physical punishment among enuretic children with family history of enuresis
10.1016/j.juro.2015.11.022 · 2016 · External reference
Psychological intervention with parents improves treatment results and reduces punishment in children with enuresis: a randomized clinical trial
10.1097/ju.0000000000001351 · 2021 · External reference
Urinary incontinence and quality of life in children
10.1016/j.jpurol.2011.12.005 · 2013 · External reference
Bullying and lower urinary tract symptoms: why the pediatric urologist should care about school bullying
10.1016/j.juro.2014.08.103 · 2015 · External reference
Stress begets stress: the association of adverse childhood experiences with psychological distress in the presence of adult life stress
10.1186/s12889-018-5767-0 · 2018 · External reference
Understanding the association between adverse childhood experiences and subsequent attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
10.1002/brb3.2748 · 2022 · External reference
The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/s2468-2667(17)30118-4 · 2017 · External reference
Socioeconomic deprivation, adverse childhood experiences and medical disorders in adulthood: mechanisms and associations
10.1007/s12035-019-1498-1 · 2019 · External reference
Adverse childhood experiences: expanding the concept of adversity
10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.001 · 2015 · External reference
Contextualizing adverse childhood experiences: the intersections of individual and community adversity
10.1007/s10964-022-01713-2 · 2023 · External reference
Experiences of children's self-wetting (including urinary incontinence) in Cox's Bazar's Rohingya refugee camps, Bangladesh
10.1371/journal.pgph.0002362 · 2024 · External reference
Enuresis in South African children: prevalence, associated factors and parental perception of treatment
10.1111/j.1464-410x.2012.11416.x · 2012 · External reference
Parental beliefs about the causes, treatments, and medical assistance for children with nocturnal enuresis in the eastern region of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2023 · External reference
Nigerian parents can harbour harmful views about the causes and treatment of childhood enuresis that result in child abuse
10.1111/apa.13437 · 2016 · External reference
Examining the effectiveness of parental strategies to overcome bedwetting: an observational cohort study
10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016749 · 2017 · External reference
Nocturnal enuresis in children in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
10.1111/j.1651-2227.2012.02791.x · 2012 · External reference
Parental beliefs about nocturnal enuresis causes, treatments, and the need to seek professional medical care
10.1016/j.jpurol.2013.02.013 · 2013 · External reference
An evaluation of parental attitudes and attachment in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: a case-control study
10.1016/j.jpurol.2022.11.019 · 2023 · External reference
Enuresis and punishment: the adverse effects on child development and on treatment
10.1159/000447496 · 2016 · External reference
Do not forget us: the shared experiences and needs of people living with incontinence in humanitarian contexts
10.2166/washdev.2024.199 · 2024 · External reference
International overview on diagnosis and treatment of nocturnal enuresis: a survey study by EAU YAU Paediatric Urology Working Group
2026 · External reference
Practical recommendations of the EAU-ESPU guidelines committee for monosymptomatic enuresis—bedwetting
10.1002/nau.24239 · 2020 · External reference
EAU-ESPU guidelines recommendations for daytime lower urinary tract conditions in children
10.1007/s00431-020-03681-w · 2020 · External reference
Depression and anxiety as causes and consequences of urinary incontinence in women: a population-based study
2026 · External reference
Optimising the management of children with concomitant bladder dysfunction and behavioural disorders
10.1007/s00787-022-02016-4 · 2023 · External reference
Challenging factors for enuresis treatment: psychological problems and non-adherence
10.1016/j.jpurol.2015.04.035 · 2015 · External reference
The relationship between mental health disorders and LUTS
10.1016/j.autneu.2026.103422 · 2026 · External reference
Interventions to support people exposed to adverse childhood experiences: systematic review of systematic reviews
10.1186/s12889-020-08789-0 · 2020 · External reference
Psychosocial interventions for children and adolescents with adverse childhood experiences: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.107244 · 2025 · External reference
Adverse childhood experiences and associated health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104127 · 2019 · External reference
Routine screening for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) still doesn't make sense
10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106708 · 2025 · External reference
Utility of screening for adverse childhood experiences (ACE) in children and young people attending clinical and healthcare settings: a systematic review
10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060395 · 2022 · External reference
Trauma-informed care in child health systems
10.1542/peds.2021-052579 · 2021 · External reference
Barriers and facilitators to disclosing sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review
10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.009 · 2017 · External reference