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References from CAR T cells for autoimmune diseases: 2026 update of the EBMT–ISCT–JACIE practice harmonisation and consensus recommendations. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Autoimmune diseases: the failure of self tolerance
10.1126/science.1972595 · 1990 · External reference
Defining criteria for autoimmune diseases (Witebsky's postulates revisited)
10.1016/0167-5699(93)90244-f · 1993 · External reference
Cell therapy for autoimmune diseases: does it have a future?
10.1136/ard.2004.028340 · 2004 · External reference
Treatment of severe autoimmune disease by stem-cell transplantation
10.1038/nature03728 · 2005 · External reference
Immunoablation followed or not by hematopoietic stem cells as an intense therapy for severe autoimmune diseases. New perspectives, new problems
2001 · External reference
Indications for haematopoietic cell transplantation and CAR-T for haematological diseases, solid tumours and immune disorders: 2025 EBMT practice recommendations
10.1038/s41409-025-02701-3 · 2025 · External reference
Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treatment of multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder - recommendations from ECTRIMS and the EBMT
10.1038/s41582-024-01050-x · 2025 · External reference
Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for rheumatic diseases: best practice recommendations from the EBMT Practice Harmonization and Guidelines Committee
10.1038/s41409-025-02695-y · 2025 · External reference
CD19-Targeted CAR T Cells in Refractory Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
10.1056/nejmc2107725 · 2021 · External reference
CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune diseases
10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01126-1 · 2023 · External reference
CD19 CAR T-Cell therapy in autoimmune disease - a case series with follow-up
10.1056/nejmoa2308917 · 2024 · External reference
CD19 CAR-T cells for treatment-refractory autoimmune diseases: the phase 1/2 CASTLE basket trial
10.1038/s41591-025-04185-6 · 2026 · External reference
Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus
10.1038/s41591-022-02017-5 · 2022 · External reference
CD19-CAR T-cell therapy induces deep tissue depletion of B cells
10.1136/ard-2024-226142 · 2025 · External reference
Innovative cellular therapies for autoimmune diseases: expert-based position statement and clinical practice recommendations from the EBMT practice harmonization and guidelines committee
10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102476 · 2024 · External reference
Autologous CD19-Targeting CAR T cells in a patient with refractory juvenile dermatomyositis
10.1002/art.42933 · 2024 · External reference
Comparison of the safety profiles of CD19-targeting CAR T-cell therapy in patients with SLE and B-cell lymphoma
10.1182/blood.2025028375 · 2025 · External reference
Practice harmonization workshops of EBMT: an expert-based approach to generate practical and contemporary guidelines within the arena of hematopoietic cell transplantation and cellular therapy
10.1038/s41409-023-01958-w · 2023 · External reference
10.1016/j.annonc.2021.12.003
10.1016/j.annonc.2021.12.003 · 2022 · External reference
Immune effector cell-associated hematotoxicity: EHA/EBMT consensus grading and best practice recommendations
10.1182/blood.2023020578 · 2023 · External reference
Large volume leukapheresis is efficient and safe even in small children up to 15 kg body weight
2017 · External reference
Leukapheresis in children weighing less than 20 kg
10.1002/pbc.24048 · 2012 · External reference
Consensus-based recommendations for the management of juvenile systemic sclerosis
10.1093/rheumatology/keaa584 · 2021 · External reference
Definition and initial validation of a lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS)
10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-207726 · 2016 · External reference
B cell-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T cells as an emerging therapy in neuroimmunological diseases
10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00140-6 · 2024 · External reference
The role of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in immune-mediated neurological diseases
10.1002/ana.27029 · 2024 · External reference
Myasthenia gravis: recommendations for clinical research standards
10.1212/wnl.55.1.16 · 2000 · External reference
Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2024 revisions of the McDonald criteria
10.1016/s1474-4422(25)00270-4 · 2025 · External reference
How I treat refractory immune thrombocytopenia
10.1182/blood-2016-03-603365 · 2016 · External reference
Refractory ITP: revisiting definitions, diagnostics, and management paradigms
10.1182/hematology.2025000720 · 2025 · External reference
Thrombopoietin and hematopoietic stem cells
10.4161/cc.10.10.15619 · 2011 · External reference
Clonal hematopoiesis in patients with autoimmune thrombocytopenia: an international multicenter study
10.1182/bloodadvances.2024014984 · 2025 · External reference
Secondary malignancy of T-cell origin after CAR T-cell therapy: EMA's conclusions from the evaluation of 38 suspected cases
10.1038/s41434-025-00586-x · 2026 · External reference
How I treat cold agglutinin disease
10.1182/blood.2019003809 · 2021 · External reference
Management of autoimmune hemolytic anemia
10.1182/hematology.2025000719 · 2025 · External reference
International recommendations on the diagnosis and treatment of acquired hemophilia A
10.3324/haematol.2019.230771 · 2020 · External reference
CD19 CAR T-Cell therapy in multidrug-resistant ulcerative colitis
10.1056/nejmc2508023 · 2025 · External reference
CAR T-cell therapy induces remission in multiorgan IgG4-related disease with hepatobiliary involvement
10.1016/j.jhep.2025.11.027 · 2025 · External reference
Leukapheresis guidance and best practices for optimal chimeric antigen receptor T-cell manufacturing
10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.05.003 · 2022 · External reference
10.1016/j.bulcan.2023.09.002
10.1016/j.bulcan.2023.09.002 · 2024 · External reference
Successful generation of fully human, second generation, anti-CD19 CAR T cells for clinical use in patients with diverse autoimmune disorders
10.1016/j.jcyt.2024.09.008 · 2025 · External reference
Advancements and challenges in CAR T cell therapy in autoimmune diseases
10.1038/s41584-024-01139-z · 2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
CAR T-cell therapy rescues adolescent with rapidly progressive lupus nephritis from haemodialysis
10.1016/s0140-6736(24)00424-0 · 2024 · External reference
Safety and clinical activity of autologous RNA chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in myasthenia gravis (MG-001): a prospective, multicentre, open-label, non-randomised phase 1b/2a study
10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00194-1 · 2023 · External reference
Bendamustine-induced immune hemolytic anemia: a case report and systematic review of the literature
10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001726 · 2020 · External reference
BCMA-CD19 compound CAR T cells for systemic lupus erythematosus: a phase 1 open-label clinical trial
10.1136/ard-2024-225785 · 2024 · External reference
Best practice considerations by the American Society of Transplant and Cellular Therapy: infection prevention and management after chimeric antigen receptor T Cell therapy for hematological malignancies
10.1016/j.jtct.2024.07.018 · 2024 · External reference
CAR-HEMATOTOX: a model for CAR T-cell-related hematologic toxicity in relapsed/refractory large B-cell lymphoma
10.1182/blood.2020010543 · 2021 · External reference
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in adults
10.1182/blood.2025031100 · 2026 · External reference
Cytokine and reactivity profiles in SLE patients following anti-CD19 CART therapy
10.1016/j.omtm.2023.08.023 · 2023 · External reference
International recommendations for screening and preventative practices for long-term survivors of transplantation and cellular therapy: a 2023 update
10.1016/j.jtct.2023.12.001 · 2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
ASTCT consensus grading for toxicities after immune effector cell therapy
10.1016/j.jtct.2026.05.020 · 2026 · External reference
Impact of preemptive use of tocilizumab on chimeric antigen receptor T cell outcomes in non-hodgkin lymphoma
10.1016/j.jtct.2023.03.019 · 2023 · External reference
CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in two patients with multiple sclerosis
10.1016/j.medj.2024.03.002 · 2024 · External reference
Preemptive mitigation of CD19 CAR T-cell cytokine release syndrome without attenuation of antileukemic efficacy
10.1182/blood.2019001463 · 2019 · External reference
Anakinra for refractory cytokine release syndrome or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome after chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy
10.1016/j.jtct.2023.04.001 · 2023 · External reference
T-ICAHT: grading and prognostic impact of thrombocytopenia after CAR T-cell therapy
10.1182/blood.2025028833 · 2025 · External reference
Immune effector cell-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis-like syndrome
10.1016/j.jtct.2023.03.006 · 2023 · External reference
10.1038/s41409-025-02567-5
10.1038/s41409-025-02567-5 · 2025 · External reference
How I treat hlh-like toxicities after immune effector cell therapy
10.1182/blood.2025032352 · 2026 · External reference
Cd19-targeting car t cell therapy in five patients with systemic sclerosis unsuitable for autologous stem cell transplantation
2025 · External reference
Efficacy and safety of emapalumab in macrophage activation syndrome
10.1136/ard-2022-223739 · 2023 · External reference
Emapalumab in children with primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
10.1056/nejmoa1911326 · 2020 · External reference
Local immune effector cell-associated toxicity syndrome in CAR T-cell treated patients with autoimmune disease: an observational study
10.1016/s2665-9913(25)00091-8 · 2025 · External reference
Local immune effector cell-associated toxicity syndrome in CAR T-cell treated patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus
10.1016/s2665-9913(25)00222-x · 2025 · External reference
Local immune effector cell-associated toxicity syndrome in CAR T-cell treated patients with refractory systemic lupus erythematosus
10.1016/s2665-9913(25)00221-8 · 2025 · External reference
Non-ICANS neurological complications after CAR T-cell therapies: recommendations from the EBMT Practice Harmonisation and Guidelines Committee
10.1016/s1470-2045(24)00715-0 · 2025 · External reference
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) after cilta-cel therapy
10.1038/s41408-025-01384-9 · 2025 · External reference
Tumor inflammation-associated neurotoxicity
10.1038/s41591-023-02276-w · 2023 · External reference
Clinical features, pathophysiology, and management of acute myelopathy following CAR T-cell therapy
10.1182/blood.2024025679 · 2024 · External reference
Cyclophosphamide mitigates non-ICANS neurotoxicities following ciltacabtagene autoleucel treatment
10.1182/blood.2024028172 · 2025 · External reference
Managing IEC-associated enterocolitis following CAR-T therapy in multiple myeloma
10.1038/s41408-025-01320-x · 2025 · External reference
Indolent CD4+ CAR T-Cell lymphoma after cilta-cel CAR T-cell therapy
10.1056/nejmoa2401530 · 2024 · External reference
Unanswered questions following reports of secondary malignancies after CAR-T cell therapy
10.1038/s41591-023-02767-w · 2024 · External reference
Aggressive Lymphoma after CD19 CAR T-Cell Therapy
10.1056/nejmoa2402730 · 2024 · External reference
Risk of second tumors and T-cell Lymphoma after CAR T-cell therapy
10.1056/nejmoa2401361 · 2024 · External reference
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's perspective on chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies for autoimmune and rheumatic conditions
10.7326/annals-25-04559 · 2026 · External reference
Infections in haematology patients treated with CAR-T therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104134 · 2023 · External reference
Infectious complications of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapies
10.1053/j.seminhematol.2023.02.003 · 2023 · External reference
Overview of infectious complications among CAR T- cell therapy recipients
10.3389/fonc.2024.1398078 · 2024 · External reference
Immunological consequences of CAR T-cell therapy: an analysis of infectious complications and immune reconstitution
10.1182/bloodadvances.2024015346 · 2025 · External reference
Infections after chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy for hematologic malignancies
2023 · External reference
CAR T cell therapy-related cardiovascular outcomes and management: systemic disease or direct cardiotoxicity?
10.1016/j.jaccao.2020.02.011 · 2020 · External reference
The landscape of immune monitoring in CAR-T cell therapy: a comprehensive review and survey study by the Cellular Therapy and Immunobiology Working Party of the EBMT
10.1016/j.blre.2025.101272 · 2025 · External reference
Durable response to CAR T is associated with elevated activation and clonotypic expansion of the cytotoxic native T cell repertoire
10.1038/s41467-025-59904-x · 2025 · External reference
Association of CD19+-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy with hypogammaglobulinemia, infection, and mortality
10.1016/j.jaci.2024.10.021 · 2025 · External reference
CAR19 monitoring by peripheral blood immunophenotyping reveals histology-specific expansion and toxicity
10.1182/bloodadvances.2024012637 · 2024 · External reference
Distinct cellular dynamics associated with response to CAR-T therapy for refractory B cell lymphoma
10.1038/s41591-022-01959-0 · 2022 · External reference
BCMA CAR T cells in a patient with relapsing idiopathic inflammatory myositis after initial and repeat therapy with CD19 CAR T cells
10.1038/s41591-025-03718-3 · 2025 · External reference
Anti-BCMA CAR T-cell therapy CT103A in relapsed or refractory AQP4-IgG seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: phase 1 trial interim results
10.1038/s41392-022-01278-3 · 2023 · External reference
New comorbidity index associated with survival after chimeric antigen receptor t-cell therapy for large b-cell lymphoma
10.1182/bloodadvances.2024015599 · 2026 · External reference
Body composition in long-standing juvenile dermatomyositis: associations with disease activity, muscle strength and cardiometabolic measures
10.1093/rheumatology/keab805 · 2022 · External reference
Implications of inflammatory processes on a developing central nervous system in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus
10.1002/art.42736 · 2024 · External reference
Illness perception and psychological distress in adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus
10.1177/09612033251325313 · 2025 · External reference
Allogeneic CAR T cells: a new player in the field and the peculiar opportunities of the hospital exemption path
10.1016/j.ymthe.2025.05.018 · 2025 · External reference
New insights into CAR T-cell hematological toxicities: manifestations, mechanisms, and effective management strategies
10.1186/s40164-024-00573-9 · 2024 · External reference
Impact of T cell characteristics on CAR-T cell therapy in hematological malignancies
10.1038/s41408-024-01193-6 · 2024 · External reference
Metabolic reprogramming of CAR T cells: a new frontier in cancer immunotherapy
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1688995 · 2025 · External reference
Successful generation of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells from patients with advanced systemic lupus erythematosus
10.1016/j.jtct.2022.10.004 · 2023 · External reference
Humoral immune reconstitution after anti-BCMA CAR T-cell therapy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma
10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004603 · 2021 · External reference
Antibodies to vaccine-preventable infections after CAR-T-cell therapy for B-cell malignancies
10.1172/jci.insight.146743 · 2021 · External reference
Efficacy of second CAR-T (CART2) infusion limited by poor CART expansion and antigen modulation
10.1136/jitc-2021-004483 · 2022 · External reference
Reinfusion of CD19 CAR T cells for relapse prevention and treatment in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
10.1182/bloodadvances.2024012885 · 2024 · External reference
CD19 CAR-T cells for treatment-refractory autoimmune diseases: the phase 1/2 CASTLE basket trial
10.1038/s41591-025-04185-6 · 2026 · External reference
Relapse after anti-cd19 car t-cell therapy in a patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis effectively treated by autologous stem cell transplantation
10.1016/j.ard.2025.03.018 · 2025 · External reference
Clinical evidence of immunogenicity of CAR-T cell therapies and its implication in the clinical development of CAR-T drug products
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1512494 · 2025 · External reference
Relapse after anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in a patient with severe rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis effectively treated by autologous stem cell transplantation
10.1016/j.ard.2025.03.018 · 2025 · External reference
Efficacy and safety of allogeneic CD19 CAR NK-cell therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case series in China
10.1016/s0140-6736(25)01671-x · 2026 · External reference
Regulatory T cells expressing CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor restore homeostasis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
10.1038/s41467-024-46448-9 · 2024 · External reference
CAR-γδ T cells: a new paradigm of programmable innate immune sentinels and their systemic applications in cancer and beyond
10.3389/fimmu.2025.1735763 · 2025 · External reference
CAR-based therapy for autoimmune diseases: a novel powerful option
10.3390/cells12111534 · 2023 · External reference
CD4+ CD7- CD28- T cells are expanded in rheumatoid arthritis and are characterized by autoreactivity
10.1172/jci118638 · 1996 · External reference
CAR-T cell targeting three receptors on autoreactive B cells for systemic lupus erythematosus therapy
10.1016/j.jaut.2025.103369 · 2025 · External reference
Precision targeting of autoantigen-specific B cells in muscle-specific tyrosine kinase myasthenia gravis with chimeric autoantibody receptor T cells
10.1038/s41587-022-01637-z · 2023 · External reference
In Vivo CD19 CAR T-cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus
10.1056/nejmc2509522 · 2025 · External reference