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References from How lipid ingestion is sensed: the mechanisms underlying intestinal hormone secretion. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Essential fatty acids as functional components of foods—a review
10.1007/s13197-012-0677-0 · 2014 · External reference
Function and mechanisms of enteroendocrine cells and gut hormones in metabolism
10.1038/s41574-019-0168-8 · 2019 · External reference
Pancreozymin, a stimulant of the secretion of pancreatic enzymes in extracts of the small intestine
10.1113/jphysiol.1943.sp004021 · 1943 · External reference
A hormone mechanism for gall-bladder contraction & evacuation
10.1016/s0002-9610(29)90551-1 · 1929 · External reference
Additive insulinotropic effects of exogenous synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36) amide infused at near-physiological insulinotropic hormone and glucose concentrations
10.1210/jcem.76.4.8473405 · 1993 · External reference
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)
10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.010 · 2019 · External reference
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)
10.1016/j.molmet.2025.102118 · 2025 · External reference
Serotonin signalling in the gut–functions, dysfunctions and therapeutic targets
10.1038/nrgastro.2013.105 · 2013 · External reference
Ghrelin, the peripheral hunger hormone
10.1080/07853890601149179 · 2007 · External reference
Vascular, but not luminal, activation of FFAR1 (GPR40) stimulates GLP-1 secretion from isolated perfused rat small intestine
10.14814/phy2.12551 · 2015 · External reference
Cellular mechanisms of incretin hormone secretion
10.1530/jme-23-0112 · 2024 · External reference
Enteroendocrine cells switch hormone expression along the crypt-to-villus BMP signalling gradient
10.1038/s41556-018-0143-y · 2018 · External reference
High-resolution mRNA and secretome atlas of human enteroendocrine cells
10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.036 · 2020 · External reference
A single-cell survey of the small intestinal epithelium
10.1038/nature24489 · 2017 · External reference
A major lineage of enteroendocrine cells coexpress CCK, secretin, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and neurotensin but not somatostatin
10.1210/en.2012-1595 · 2012 · External reference
Co-storage and release of insulin-like peptide-5, glucagon-like peptide-1 and peptideYY from murine and human colonic enteroendocrine cells
10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.011 · 2018 · External reference
Single cell transcriptomic profiling of large intestinal enteroendocrine cells in mice - Identification of selective stimuli for insulin-like peptide-5 and glucagon-like peptide-1 co-expressing cells
10.1016/j.molmet.2019.09.001 · 2019 · External reference
Enteroendocrine cell types that drive food reward and aversion
10.7554/elife.74964 · 2022 · External reference
Overlap of endocrine hormone expression in the mouse intestine revealed by transcriptional profiling and flow cytometry
10.1210/en.2011-2170 · 2012 · External reference
Enteroendocrine cell lineages that differentially control feeding and gut motility
10.7554/elife.78512 · 2023 · External reference
Single-cell transcriptomics of human organoid-derived enteroendocrine cell populations from the small intestine
10.1113/jp287463 · 2025 · External reference
Molecular mechanisms of stimulus detection and secretion in enteroendocrine cells
10.1016/j.conb.2025.103045 · 2025 · External reference
Single-cell transcriptomic atlas of enteroendocrine cells along the murine gastrointestinal tract
10.1371/journal.pone.0308942 · 2024 · External reference
Description and functional validation of human enteroendocrine cell sensors
10.1126/science.adl1460 · 2024 · External reference
Free fatty acid receptors in health and disease
10.1152/physrev.00041.2018 · 2020 · External reference
Medium chain fatty acid metabolism and energy expenditure: obesity treatment implications
10.1016/s0024-3205(97)01143-0 · 1998 · External reference
Intestinal lipid absorption
10.1152/ajpendo.90899.2008 · 2009 · External reference
Fatty acid-binding protein 5 regulates diet-induced obesity via GIP secretion from enteroendocrine K cells in response to fat ingestion
10.1152/ajpendo.00543.2014 · 2015 · External reference
Regulation of chylomicron secretion: focus on post-assembly mechanisms
10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.10.015 · 2019 · External reference
Metabolic control via nutrient-sensing mechanisms: role of taste receptors and the gut-brain neuroendocrine axis
10.1152/ajpendo.00036.2019 · 2019 · External reference
CD36 is important for chylomicron formation and secretion and may mediate cholesterol uptake in the proximal intestine
10.1053/j.gastro.2006.08.012 · 2006 · External reference
A novel multiprotein complex is required to generate the prechylomicron transport vesicle from intestinal ER
10.1194/jlr.m005611 · 2010 · External reference
CD36 deficiency impairs intestinal lipid secretion and clearance of chylomicrons from the blood
10.1172/jci21514 · 2005 · External reference
Chylomicron remnants are increased in the postprandial state in CD36 deficiency
10.1194/jlr.p700032-jlr200 · 2009 · External reference
CD36-dependent signaling mediates fatty acid-induced gut release of secretin and cholecystokinin
10.1096/fj.12-217703 · 2013 · External reference
Chylomicron formation and secretion is required for lipid-stimulated release of incretins GLP-1 and GIP
10.1007/s11745-011-3650-1 · 2012 · External reference
Chylomicrons stimulate incretin secretion in mouse and human cells
10.1007/s00125-017-4420-2 · 2017 · External reference
Chylomicron components activate duodenal vagal afferents via a cholecystokinin A receptor-mediated pathway to inhibit gastric motor function in the rat
10.1113/jphysiol.2003.041673 · 2003 · External reference
Immunoglobulin-like domain containing receptor 1 mediates fat-stimulated cholecystokinin secretion
10.1172/jci68587 · 2013 · External reference
Role of fat hydrolysis in regulating glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion
10.1210/jc.2009-1062 · 2010 · External reference
Fat digestion modulates gastrointestinal sensations induced by gastric distention and duodenal lipid in humans
10.1053/gast.2001.23232 · 2001 · External reference
Orlistat inhibition of intestinal lipase acutely increases appetite and attenuates postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1-(7-36)-amide-1, cholecystokinin, and peptide YY concentrations
10.1210/jc.2008-0924 · 2008 · External reference
Orlistat augments postprandial increases in glucagon-like peptide 1 in obese type 2 diabetic patients
10.2337/diacare.27.5.1077 · 2004 · External reference
Cholecystokinin knockout mice are resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity
10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.044 · 2010 · External reference
Bile acids are important direct and indirect regulators of the secretion of appetite- and metabolism-regulating hormones from the gut and pancreas
10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.007 · 2018 · External reference
Bile acids regulate lipid metabolism through selective actions on fatty acid absorption
10.1016/j.cmet.2025.11.010 · 2026 · External reference
Bile acids trigger GLP-1 release predominantly by accessing basolaterally located G protein-coupled bile acid receptors
10.1210/en.2015-1321 · 2015 · External reference
Bile acid metabolism and signaling in liver disease and therapy
10.1016/j.livres.2017.05.001 · 2017 · External reference
Crosstalk between FXR and TGR5 controls glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion to maintain glycemic homeostasis
10.5625/lar.2018.34.4.140 · 2018 · External reference
Bile acids in glucose metabolism in health and disease
10.1084/jem.20171965 · 2018 · External reference
Bile acid–microbiota crosstalk in gastrointestinal inflammation and carcinogenesis
10.1038/nrgastro.2017.119 · 2018 · External reference
Bile acids affect intestinal barrier function through FXR and TGR5
10.3389/fmed.2025.1607899 · 2025 · External reference
Bile acid malabsorption in chronic diarrhea: pathophysiology and treatment
10.1155/2013/485631 · 2013 · External reference
Bile acid diarrhea in adults and adolescents
10.1111/nmo.14287 · 2022 · External reference
Insulin-like peptide 5 is released in response to bile acid in the rectum and is associated with diarrhoea severity in patients with bile acid diarrhoea
10.1136/gutjnl-2025-335393 · 2026 · External reference
Role of ACSL5 in fatty acid metabolism
10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13316 · 2023 · External reference
Intestinal Acyl-CoA synthetase 5 (ACSL5) deficiency potentiates postprandial GLP-1 & PYY secretion, reduces food intake, and protects against diet-induced obesity
10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101918 · 2024 · External reference
The orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR40 is activated by medium and long chain fatty acids
10.1074/jbc.m211495200 · 2003 · External reference
Free fatty acids regulate gut incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion through GPR120
10.1038/nm1168 · 2005 · External reference
Short-chain fatty acids stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion via the G-protein-coupled receptor FFAR2
10.2337/db11-1019 · 2012 · External reference
Dietary medium-chain triglyceride decanoate affects glucose homeostasis through GPR84-mediated GLP-1 secretion in mice
10.3389/fnut.2022.848450 · 2022 · External reference
Identification of odorant-receptor interactions by global mapping of the human odorome
10.1371/journal.pone.0093037 · 2014 · External reference
Enterochromaffin cells are gut chemosensors that couple to sensory neural pathways
10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.034 · 2017 · External reference
GPR119, a major enteroendocrine sensor of dietary triglyceride metabolites coacting in synergy with FFA1 (GPR40)
10.1210/en.2016-1334 · 2016 · External reference
Dietary regulation of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) gene expression in rat small intestine
10.1016/0742-8413(94)00087-q · 1995 · External reference
Fatty acid chain length determines cholecystokinin secretion and effect on human gastric motility
10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70227-1 · 1999 · External reference
Effects of intraduodenal fatty acids on appetite, antropyloroduodenal motility, and plasma CCK and GLP-1 in humans vary with their chain length
10.1152/ajpregu.00039.2004 · 2004 · External reference
The importance of triglyceride hydrolysis for the release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide
10.1016/0016-5085(81)90199-2 · 1981 · External reference
The 2-monoacylglycerol moiety of dietary fat appears to be responsible for the fat-induced release of GLP-1 in humans
10.3945/ajcn.115.106799 · 2015 · External reference
Differential effects of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids on postprandial lipemia and incretin responses in healthy subjects
10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1135 · 1999 · External reference
Effects of fatty acid chain length and saturation on gastric inhibitory polypeptide release in obese hyperglycaemic (ob/ob) mice
10.1007/bf01117003 · 1985 · External reference
Interaction between specific fatty acids, GLP-1 and insulin secretion in humans
10.1007/s00125-002-0964-9 · 2002 · External reference
Metformin boosts intestinal lipid sensing via GIP to suppress feeding
10.2337/db25-0100 · 2025 · External reference
Molecular mechanisms underlying glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion in human duodenal organoids
10.1007/s00125-024-06293-3 · 2025 · External reference
Mechanisms of activation and serotonin release from human enterochromaffin cells
10.1016/j.jcmgh.2025.101610 · 2025 · External reference
Cellular mechanisms governing glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide secretion
10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170206 · 2020 · External reference
Free fatty acid receptor GPR120 is highly expressed in enteroendocrine K cells of the upper small intestine and has a critical role in GIP secretion after fat ingestion
10.1210/en.2014-1653 · 2015 · External reference
Long-chain free fatty acid receptor GPR120 mediates oil-induced gip secretion through CCK in male mice
10.1210/en.2017-00090 · 2017 · External reference
Free fatty acid receptors, G protein-coupled receptor 120 and G protein-coupled receptor 40, are essential for oil-induced gastric inhibitory polypeptide secretion
10.1111/jdi.13059 · 2019 · External reference
Role of MGAT2 and DGAT1 in the release of gut peptides after triglyceride ingestion
10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.167 · 2009 · External reference
A role for intestinal endocrine cell-expressed g protein-coupled receptor 119 in glycemic control by enhancing glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide release
10.1210/en.2007-0966 · 2008 · External reference
Lipid derivatives activate GPR119 and trigger GLP-1 secretion in primary murine L-cells
10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.012 · 2016 · External reference
GPR119 is required for physiological regulation of glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion but not for metabolic homeostasis
10.1677/joe-08-0453 · 2009 · External reference
Differential effects of bile acids on the postprandial secretion of gut hormones: a randomized crossover study
10.1152/ajpendo.00580.2020 · 2021 · External reference
Synthetic G protein-coupled bile acid receptor agonists and bile acids act via basolateral receptors in ileal and colonic mucosa
10.1111/nmo.13943 · 2020 · External reference
The bile acid-sequestering resin sevelamer eliminates the acute GLP-1 stimulatory effect of endogenously released bile acids in patients with type 2 diabetes
10.1111/dom.13080 · 2018 · External reference
RNA-Seq analysis of enteroendocrine cells reveals a role for FABP5 in the control of GIP secretion
10.1210/me.2014-1194 · 2014 · External reference
Olfactory receptor OR51E1 mediates GLP-1 secretion in human and rodent enteroendocrine L cells
10.1210/js.2018-00165 · 2018 · External reference
Labeling and characterization of human GLP-1-secreting L-cells in primary ileal organoid culture
10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107833 · 2020 · External reference
Somatostatin receptor 5 and cannabinoid receptor 1 activation inhibit secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from intestinal K cells in rodents
10.1007/s00125-012-2663-5 · 2012 · External reference
Expression of short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR41 in the human colon
10.2220/biomedres.30.149 · 2009 · External reference
Effects of the gut microbiota on host adiposity are modulated by the short-chain fatty-acid binding G protein-coupled receptor, Gpr41
10.1073/pnas.0808567105 · 2008 · External reference
Gut microbial short-chain fatty acids-mediated olfactory receptor 78 stimulation promotes anorexigenic gut hormone peptide YY secretion in mice
10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.167 · 2021 · External reference
Intracellular allosteric antagonist of the olfactory receptor OR51E2
10.1124/molpharm.123.000843 · 2024 · External reference
Activation of ectopic olfactory receptor 544 induces GLP-1 secretion and regulates gut inflammation
10.1080/19490976.2021.1987782 · 2021 · External reference
Free fatty acids induce cholecystokinin secretion through GPR120
10.1007/s00210-007-0200-8 · 2008 · External reference
The G-protein-coupled receptor GPR40 directly mediates long-chain fatty acid-induced secretion of cholecystokinin
10.1053/j.gastro.2010.10.012 · 2011 · External reference
Comparing olive oil and C4-dietary oil, a prodrug for the GPR119 agonist, 2-oleoyl glycerol, less energy intake of the latter is needed to stimulate incretin hormone secretion in overweight subjects with type 2 diabetes
10.1038/s41387-017-0011-z · 2018 · External reference
2-Arachidonoyl glycerol potently induces cholecystokinin secretion in murine enteroendocrine STC-1 cells via cannabinoid receptor CB1
10.1002/lipd.12323 · 2021 · External reference
Behavioral analysis of marijuana effects on food intake in humans
10.1016/0091-3057(86)90144-9 · 1986 · External reference
Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients: 1-year experience from the RIO-Europe study
10.1016/s0140-6736(05)66374-x · 2005 · External reference
A gut-brain neural circuit for nutrient sensory transduction
10.1126/science.aat5236 · 2018 · External reference
The preference for sugar over sweetener depends on a gut sensor cell
10.1038/s41593-021-00982-7 · 2022 · External reference
Gut–brain circuits for fat preference
10.1038/s41586-022-05266-z · 2022 · External reference
Acylation, a conductor of ghrelin function in brain health and disease
10.3389/fphys.2022.831641 · 2022 · External reference
Ingested medium-chain fatty acids are directly utilized for the acyl modification of ghrelin
10.1210/en.2004-0695 · 2005 · External reference
Exogenous administration of octanoic acid accelerates octanoylated ghrelin production in the proventriculus of neonatal chicks
10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.107 · 2005 · External reference
High incorporation of long-chain fatty acids contributes to the efficient production of acylated ghrelin in ghrelin-producing cells
10.1002/1873-3468.12132 · 2016 · External reference
β-Oxidation in ghrelin-producing cells is important for ghrelin acyl-modification
10.1038/s41598-018-27458-2 · 2018 · External reference
Sensing of fatty acids for octanoylation of ghrelin involves a gustatory G-protein
10.1371/journal.pone.0040168 · 2012 · External reference
GOAT links dietary lipids with the endocrine control of energy balance
10.1038/nm.1997 · 2009 · External reference
Bitter taste receptors and α-gustducin regulate the secretion of ghrelin with functional effects on food intake and gastric emptying
10.1073/pnas.1011508108 · 2011 · External reference
Nutrient sensing in the gut: new roads to therapeutics?
10.1016/j.tem.2012.11.006 · 2013 · External reference
Differential responses of circulating ghrelin to high-fat or high-carbohydrate meal in healthy women
10.1210/jc.2003-030797 · 2003 · External reference
Acyl and total ghrelin are suppressed strongly by ingested proteins, weakly by lipids, and biphasically by carbohydrates
10.1210/jc.2007-2289 · 2008 · External reference
Role of the duodenum and macronutrient type in ghrelin regulation
10.1210/en.2004-0609 · 2005 · External reference
Enterochromaffin 5-HT cells—a major target for GLP-1 and gut microbial metabolites
10.1016/j.molmet.2018.03.004 · 2018 · External reference
Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis
10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.047 · 2015 · External reference
Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short-chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells
10.1096/fj.14-259598 · 2015 · External reference
The receptor TGR5 mediates the prokinetic actions of intestinal bile acids and is required for normal defecation in mice
10.1053/j.gastro.2012.09.055 · 2013 · External reference
Lipids dysregulation in diseases: core concepts, targets and treatment strategies
10.1186/s12944-024-02425-1 · 2025 · External reference
Incretin hormones: their role in health and disease
10.1111/dom.13129 · 2018 · External reference
Postprandial dyslipidemia: pathophysiology and cardiovascular disease risk assessment
2017 · External reference
Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes
10.1056/nejmoa1607141 · 2016 · External reference
Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes
10.1056/nejmoa1603827 · 2016 · External reference
Exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, acutely inhibits intestinal lipoprotein production in healthy humans
10.1161/atvbaha.112.246207 · 2012 · External reference
Sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, acutely inhibits intestinal lipoprotein particle secretion in healthy humans
10.2337/db13-1654 · 2014 · External reference
Effect of sitagliptin therapy on postprandial lipoprotein levels in patients with type 2 diabetes
10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01362.x · 2011 · External reference
Oral semaglutide improves postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism, and delays gastric emptying, in subjects with type 2 diabetes
10.1111/dom.14373 · 2021 · External reference
Glucagon-like peptide-1: new regulator in lipid metabolism
10.4093/dmj.2023.0277 · 2024 · External reference
Gut enteroendocrine cell activation using a combination of GPR119 and GPR40 agonists results in synergistic hormone secretion in mice and humans
10.1016/j.cmet.2025.11.001 · 2026 · External reference
Combined GPR40 and GPR119 full agonism with K-757 and K-833 results in robust glucose lowering and modest weight loss in overweight/obese subjects with T2DM
10.1111/dom.70014 · 2025 · External reference
Combined agonism of nutrient receptors GPR40 and GPR119 with K-757 and K-833 results in weight loss and blood pressure reductions in obese subjects without type 2 diabetes mellitus
10.1111/dom.70120 · 2025 · External reference
Orlistat, a new lipase inhibitor for the management of obesity
10.1592/phco.20.4.270.34882 · 2000 · External reference
TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis
10.1016/j.cmet.2009.08.001 · 2009 · External reference
Bile acid metabolism and signaling
10.1002/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00517.x · 2013 · External reference
Bile acid receptors FXR and TGR5 signaling in fatty liver diseases and therapy
10.1152/ajpgi.00223.2019 · 2020 · External reference
Important role of the GLP-1 axis for glucose homeostasis after bariatric surgery
10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.047 · 2019 · External reference
Upper-gastrointestinal tract metabolite profile regulates glycaemic and satiety responses to meals with contrasting structure: a pilot study
10.1038/s42255-025-01309-7 · 2025 · External reference
Mechanisms of surgical control of type 2 diabetes: GLP-1 is key factor
10.1016/j.soard.2016.02.033 · 2016 · External reference
Mechanisms of weight loss after obesity surgery
10.1210/endrev/bnab022 · 2022 · External reference
Gut microbiome regulation of gut hormone secretion
10.1210/endocr/bqaf004 · 2025 · External reference
