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References from PET/CT in benign bone disorders: An update. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Benign bone tumors: an overview of what we know today
10.3390/jcm11030699 · 2022 · External reference
Osteoarthritis: an update with relevance for clinical practice
10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60243-2 · 2011 · External reference
EANM/SNMMI guideline/procedure standard for [(18)F]FDG hybrid PET use in infection and inflammation in adults v2.0
10.1007/s00259-024-06915-3 · 2025 · External reference
Standardization of infection [(18)F]FDG-PET/CT imaging protocols and reporting criteria
10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2026.03.014 · 2026 · External reference
The global macroeconomic burden of musculoskeletal disorders
10.1097/js9.0000000000003072 · 2025 · External reference
Global health effects of osteopenia and osteoporosis, 1990-2021
10.1002/hsr2.71378 · 2025 · External reference
The global, regional, and national burden attributable to low bone mineral density, 1990–2020: an analysis of a modifiable risk factor from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
10.1016/s2665-9913(25)00105-5 · 2025 · External reference
Global and high-income regional burden and healthcare costs of musculoskeletal diseases, 1990-2023
10.1016/j.ard.2026.05.001 · 2026 · External reference
The projected economic burden and complications of revision hip and knee arthroplasties: insights from national registry studies
10.1002/ksa.12678 · 2025 · External reference
Review of the role of bone-SPECT/CT in tarsal coalitions
10.1097/mnm.0000000000001643 · 2023 · External reference
Current position of nuclear medicine imaging in primary bone tumors
2025 · External reference
Spectrum of benign bone conditions on NaF-PET
10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.02.008 · 2017 · External reference
Quantifying skeletal burden in fibrous dysplasia using sodium fluoride PET/CT
10.1007/s00259-019-04657-1 · 2020 · External reference
Site specific measurements of bone formation using [(18)F] sodium fluoride PET/CT
10.21037/qims.2018.01.02 · 2018 · External reference
Use of bone-SPECT/CT and Na[(18)F]F-PET/CT in hyperparathyroidism
10.3389/fnume.2025.1565906 · 2025 · External reference
18F-Sodium fluoride PET as a diagnostic modality for metabolic, autoimmune, and osteogenic bone disorders: cellular mechanisms and clinical applications
10.3390/ijms22126504 · 2021 · External reference
Bioenergetic profiles diverge during macrophage polarization: implications for the interpretation of 18F-FDG PET imaging of atherosclerosis
10.2967/jnumed.112.119099 · 2013 · External reference
Dissecting the target leukocyte subpopulations of clinically relevant inflammation radiopharmaceuticals
10.1007/s12350-019-01929-z · 2021 · External reference
FDG PET of primary benign and malignant bone tumors: standardized uptake value in 52 lesions
10.1148/radiology.219.3.r01ma08774 · 2001 · External reference
[18F]FDG PET/CT in rheumatoid arthritis
10.23736/s1824-4785.22.03461-6 · 2022 · External reference
Detection of unexpected brown tumors due to hyperparathyroidism diagnosed by 18F-FDG PET/CT
10.1097/rlu.0000000000003380 · 2021 · External reference
The future of choline PET in the era of prostate specific membrane antigen
10.23736/s1824-4785.18.03062-5 · 2019 · External reference
Choline metabolism in malignant transformation
10.1038/nrc3162 · 2011 · External reference
The role of [(18)F]F-choline PET/CT in the initial management and outcome prediction of prostate cancer: a real-world experience from a multidisciplinary approach
10.3390/biomedicines10102463 · 2022 · External reference
Detection, resection and cure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 18F-choline PET in primary hyperparathyroidism
10.23736/s1824-4785.23.03512-4 · 2023 · External reference
(18)F-fluorocholine PET/CT in the assessment of primary hyperparathyroidism compared with (99m)Tc-MIBI or (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin SPECT/CT: a prospective dual-centre study in 100 patients
10.1007/s00259-018-3980-9 · 2018 · External reference
Osteoarthritis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment
10.1002/mco2.70727 · 2026 · External reference
Advances in molecular imaging for osteoarthritis
10.1080/03008207.2025.2535425 · 2025 · External reference
Assessment of quantitative [(18)F]Sodium fluoride PET measures of knee subchondral bone perfusion and mineralization in osteoarthritic and healthy subjects
10.1016/j.joca.2021.02.563 · 2021 · External reference
PET/MRI of metabolic activity in osteoarthritis: a feasibility study
10.1002/jmri.25529 · 2017 · External reference
[(18) F]-Sodium fluoride PET/MR imaging for bone-cartilage interactions in hip osteoarthritis: a feasibility study
10.1002/jor.24443 · 2019 · External reference
Novel musculoskeletal and orthopedic applications of (18)F-sodium fluoride PET
10.1016/j.cpet.2020.12.006 · 2021 · External reference
Use of 18F-fluoride positron emission tomography as a predictor of the hip osteoarthritis progression
10.3109/14397595.2015.1045257 · 2015 · External reference
Conventional radiography for the assessment of focal bone lesions of the appendicular skeleton: fundamental concepts in the modern imaging era
10.1007/s00256-024-04854-6 · 2025 · External reference
Society of Skeletal Radiology- white paper. Guidelines for the diagnostic management of incidental solitary bone lesions on CT and MRI in adults: bone reporting and data system (Bone-RADS)
10.1007/s00256-022-04022-8 · 2022 · External reference
The EANM practice guidelines for bone scintigraphy
10.1007/s00259-016-3415-4 · 2016 · External reference
What is the prevalence of clinically important findings among incidentally found osseous lesions?
10.1097/corr.0000000000002630 · 2023 · External reference
Benign incidental do-not-touch bone lesions
10.1259/bjr.20211334 · 2023 · External reference
The role of imaging in the staging of bone tumors
10.1016/s1040-8428(99)00007-4 · 1999 · External reference
Retrospective validation study of a treatment strategy for benign bone lesions in the proximal femur
10.3390/std14030029 · 2025 · External reference
Surgical treatment of benign osteolytic lesions in the femoral head and neck: a systematic review
10.1186/s12891-021-04442-y · 2021 · External reference
Osteoid osteoma: multimodality imaging with focus on hybrid imaging
10.1007/s00259-018-4181-2 · 2019 · External reference
F-18 FDG uptake in the nidus of an osteoid osteoma
10.1097/rlu.0b013e3180a1acf3 · 2007 · External reference
Osteoid osteoma of the rib with strong F-18 fluoro-deoxyglucose uptake mimicking osteoblastoma: a case report with literature review
2021 · External reference
Benign bone tumors–recent developments
10.1053/j.semdp.2011.02.013 · 2011 · External reference
Postmenopausal osteoporosis
2016 · External reference
The challenges of diagnosing osteoporosis and the limitations of currently available tools
10.1186/s40842-018-0062-7 · 2018 · External reference
Assessment of femoral neck bone metabolism using (18)F-sodium fluoride PET/CT imaging
10.1016/j.bone.2020.115351 · 2020 · External reference
Effects of alendronate on bone metabolism in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis measured by 18F-fluoride PET: a prospective study
10.2967/jnumed.109.062570 · 2009 · External reference
¹⁸F-fluoride PET as a noninvasive imaging biomarker for determining treatment efficacy of bone active agents at the hip: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study
10.1002/jbmr.1862 · 2013 · External reference
FGF-23 in fibrous dysplasia of bone and its relationship to renal phosphate wasting
10.1172/jci18399 · 2003 · External reference
Recognition of fibrous dysplasia of bone mimicking skeletal metastasis on 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging
10.1007/s00256-010-0999-9 · 2011 · External reference
Monostotic fibrous dysplasia mimicking metastasis in the femoral neck on bone scintigraphy and (18)F-FDG PET/CT
2020 · External reference
[(18)F]FDG-PET CT for the evaluation of native valve endocarditis
10.1007/s12350-020-02092-6 · 2022 · External reference
Fibrous dysplasia of frontal process of maxilla: false-positive finding on (18)F-FDG PET in multiple myeloma
10.2967/jnmt.125.270668 · 2025 · External reference
Extensive polyostotic fibrous dysplasia evaluated for malignant transformation with (99m)Tc-MDP bone scan and (18)F-FDG PET/CT
2016 · External reference
Fibrous dysplasia for radiologists: beyond ground glass bone matrix
10.1007/s13244-018-0666-6 · 2018 · External reference
Association between serum FGF23 and [18 F]FDG PET/CT uptake metrics in fibrous dysplasia
10.1007/s40336-026-00790-8 · 2026 · External reference
Diagnosis and management of Paget's Disease of bone in adults: a clinical guideline
10.1002/jbmr.3657 · 2019 · External reference
18F-Sodium fluoride PET/CT in paget disease
10.1097/rlu.0000000000001687 · 2017 · External reference
(18)F-fluoride PET for monitoring therapeutic response in Paget's disease of bone
2005 · External reference
10.1016/s0300-595x(74)80010-1
10.1016/s0300-595x(74)80010-1 · 1974 · External reference
Osteitis fibrosa cystica-a forgotten radiological feature of primary hyperparathyroidism
10.1007/s12020-017-1414-2 · 2017 · External reference
Iron overload of the bone marrow by trimethylhexanoyl-ferrocene in rats
10.1159/000147318 · 1992 · External reference
PET/CT imaging of bone disorders in dysparathyroidism: a comprehensive review
10.3389/fnume.2025.1645497 · 2025 · External reference
Parathyroid hormone: anabolic and catabolic actions on the skeleton
10.1016/j.coph.2015.03.005 · 2015 · External reference
(18)F-NaF-PET/CT in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and brown tumors
10.1007/s00774-019-01059-z · 2020 · External reference
Management challenges with brown tumor of primary hyperparathyroidism masked by severe vitamin D deficiency: a case report
10.1186/s13256-016-0933-4 · 2016 · External reference
Brown tumors in nuclear medicine: a systematic review
10.1007/s12149-023-01832-1 · 2023 · External reference
Complimentary role of [18F]FDG and [18F]NaF-PET/CT in evaluating synchronous thyroid carcinoma and parathyroid adenoma with brown tumors
10.1055/s-0044-1787732 · 2024 · External reference
Osteitis fibrosa cystica caused by hyperparathyroidism shown on 18F-NaF PET/CT
10.1097/rlu.0000000000003095 · 2020 · External reference
Metabolic superscan on 18 F-FDG PET/CT in a patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism
10.1097/rlu.0000000000004941 · 2024 · External reference
18F-Fluorocholine PET/CT imaging of brown tumors in a patient with severe primary hyperparathyroidism
10.1097/rlu.0000000000002814 · 2019 · External reference
Molecular mechanisms of bone 18F-NaF deposition
10.2967/jnumed.110.077933 · 2010 · External reference
Human dendritic cell subsets
10.1111/imm.12117 · 2013 · External reference
Revised classification of histiocytoses and neoplasms of the macrophage-dendritic cell lineages
10.1182/blood-2016-01-690636 · 2016 · External reference
International expert consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults
10.1182/blood.2021014343 · 2022 · External reference
Isolated skeletal Langerhans cell histiocytosis in adults: a case report
10.1016/j.ijscr.2024.109801 · 2024 · External reference
Differences in the imaging of Erdheim-Chester disease using FDG-PET/CT, NaF-PET/CT examinations, and skeletal scintigraphy. Regression of the disease after treatment with cladribine combined with cyclophosphamide and anakinra
10.48095/ccko2026199 · 2026 · External reference
Isolated rib langerhans cell histiocytosis in an adult: a case report and literature review
2026 · External reference
Case report: a rare adult multisystem Langerhans cell histiocytosis involving the skin, thyroid, jaw-periodontal region, and bone: diagnostic challenges and complementary PET/CT-SPECT/CT findings
10.3389/fonc.2026.1784088 · 2026 · External reference
Rheumatoid arthritis
10.1016/s0140-6736(16)30173-8 · 2016 · External reference
Immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis
10.1016/j.immuni.2017.02.006 · 2017 · External reference
Role of PET/CT in diagnosing and monitoring disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis: a review
10.1007/s12149-023-01896-z · 2024 · External reference
Clinical utility of F-18 sodium fluoride PET/CT for estimating disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
10.21037/qims-20-788 · 2021 · External reference
Clinical value of FDG-PET/CT for the evaluation of rheumatic diseases: rheumatoid arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica, and relapsing polychondritis
10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.02.005 · 2017 · External reference
Aseptic loosening of total joint replacements: mechanisms underlying osteolysis and potential therapies
10.1186/ar2170 · 2007 · External reference
Comparison of radiographs, tomosynthesis and CT with metal artifact reduction for the detection of hip prosthetic loosening
10.1007/s00330-018-5717-3 · 2019 · External reference
Techetium 99m methylene diphosphonate bone scanning in osteoarthritic hands
10.1007/bf00177678 · 1991 · External reference
SPECT/CT in the evaluation of suspected skeletal pathology
10.3390/tomography7040050 · 2021 · External reference
SPECT/CT in the postoperative painful knee
10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2018.05.003 · 2018 · External reference
The role of [18F]fluoride positron emission tomography in the early detection of aseptic loosening of total knee arthroplasty
10.1016/j.ijsu.2006.05.002 · 2007 · External reference
Is 18 F-fluoride PET/CT an accurate tool to diagnose loosening after total joint arthroplasty?
10.1097/corr.0000000000003228 · 2025 · External reference
(18)F-FDG and (68) Ga-FAPI PET/CT for the evaluation of periprosthetic joint infection and aseptic loosening in rabbit models
10.1186/s12891-022-05537-w · 2022 · External reference
Application of (68)Ga-citrate PET/CT for differentiating periprosthetic joint infection from aseptic loosening after joint replacement surgery
10.1302/2046-3758.116.bjr-2021-0464.r1 · 2022 · External reference
Use of (18)F-sodium fluoride bone PET for disability evaluation in ankle trauma: a pilot study
10.1186/s12880-018-0277-1 · 2018 · External reference
Skeletal trauma in child abuse: detection with 18F-NaF PET
10.1148/radiol.09091368 · 2010 · External reference
Definition of long-bone nonunion: a scoping review of prospective clinical trials to evaluate current practice
10.1016/j.injury.2021.09.008 · 2021 · External reference
(18)F]NaF PET/CT to assess bone healing capacity in orthopaedic trauma surgery: a feasibility study
10.1007/s00259-025-07209-y · 2025 · External reference
Can Na(18)F PET/CT bone scans help when deciding if early intervention is needed in patients being treated with a TSF attached to the tibia: insights from 41 patients
10.1007/s00590-020-02776-2 · 2021 · External reference
Symptomatic radiographic variants in extremities
10.1148/radiology.157.3.4059550 · 1985 · External reference
Painful accessory bones of the foot
10.1055/s-2002-32361 · 2002 · External reference
Imaging of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae
10.1016/j.crad.2004.02.019 · 2004 · External reference
Cervical rib prevalence and its association with thoracic outlet syndrome: a meta-analysis of 141 studies with surgical considerations
10.1016/j.wneu.2017.11.148 · 2018 · External reference
The management of the painful bipartite patella: a systematic review
10.1007/s00167-014-3498-z · 2016 · External reference
Post-operative outcomes of arthroscopic tarsal coalition resection: a systematic review
10.1016/j.jor.2020.09.014 · 2020 · External reference
Os Conundrum: identifying symptomatic sesamoids and accessory ossicles of the foot
10.2214/ajr.18.20761 · 2019 · External reference
Accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones of the ankle and foot: imaging findings, clinical significance and differential diagnosis
10.1007/s00330-003-2011-8 · 2003 · External reference
Accessory ossicles of the foot-an imaging conundrum
10.1007/s10140-019-01688-x · 2019 · External reference
Symptomatic Os navicular on 99mTc-MDP SPECT/CT
2021 · External reference
Pictorial atlas of symptomatic accessory ossicles by (18)F-sodium fluoride (NaF) PET-CT
2017 · External reference
Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebra diagnosed on 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate SPECT/CT
10.2967/jnmt.114.146639 · 2015 · External reference
(18)F-sodium fluoride bone PET-CT in symptomatic lumbosacral transitional vertebra
10.1016/j.crad.2020.03.023 · 2020 · External reference
Tarsal coalitions
10.1016/j.fcl.2010.02.003 · 2010 · External reference
Are you sure that ankle is just sprained? A review of common ankle conditions, diagnoses and treatment
10.1097/mop.0000000000001089 · 2022 · External reference
Radiographic diagnosis of tarsal coalition
10.2214/ajr.182.2.1820323 · 2004 · External reference
Bone scan with SPECT/CT in children with complex foot and ankle pain: initial experience of a paediatric tertiary referral centre
10.1302/1863-2548.14.200062 · 2020 · External reference
SPECT/CT imaging in general orthopedic practice
10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2009.06.002 · 2009 · External reference