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References from Drug repurposing for lung disease: mechanistic rationale, clinical evidence, and the path forward. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Drug repurposing: progress, challenges and recommendations
10.1038/nrd.2018.168 · 2019 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2017 · External reference
Repurposing of medications for pulmonary arterial hypertension
10.1177/2045894020941494 · 2020 · External reference
Remdesivir: a review of its discovery and development leading to emergency use authorization for treatment of COVID-19
10.1021/acscentsci.0c00489 · 2020 · External reference
Drug repositioning in pulmonary arterial hypertension: challenges and opportunities
10.1177/2045894019832226 · 2019 · External reference
Repurposing medications for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: what’s old is new again
10.1161/jaha.118.011343 · 2019 · External reference
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: pathogenesis and management
10.1186/s12931-018-0730-2 · 2018 · External reference
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (an update) and progressive pulmonary fibrosis in adults: an official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline
10.1164/rccm.202202-0399st · 2022 · External reference
Efficacy of antifibrotic drugs, nintedanib and pirfenidone, in treatment of progressive pulmonary fibrosis in both idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and non-IPF: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1186/s12890-021-01783-1 · 2021 · External reference
Nerandomilast in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
10.1056/nejmoa2414108 · 2025 · External reference
Nerandomilast in patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis
10.1056/nejmoa2503643 · 2025 · External reference
Repurposing anticancer drugs for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and antifibrotic drugs for the treatment of cancer: state of the art
10.2174/0929867327999200730173748 · 2021 · External reference
Mechanistic links between aging and lung fibrosis
10.1007/s10522-013-9451–6 · 2013 · External reference
Senescent AECII and the implication for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treatment
10.3389/fphar.2022.1059434 · 2022 · External reference
Effect of statins on pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
10.21037/jtd-23-1042 · 2023 · External reference
Metformin: experimental and clinical evidence for a potential role in emphysema treatment
10.1164/rccm.202012-4510oc · 2021 · External reference
Emphysema progression and lung function decline among angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockade users in the COPDGene cohort
10.1016/j.chest.2021.05.007 · 2021 · External reference
Metformin reverses established lung fibrosis in a bleomycin model
10.1038/s41591-018-0087-6 · 2018 · External reference
Metformin attenuates silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis by activating autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway
10.3389/fphar.2021.719589 · 2021 · External reference
Metformin-stimulated AMPK-α1 promotes microvascular repair in acute lung injury
2013 · External reference
Evidence that metformin promotes fibrosis resolution via activating alveolar epithelial stem cells and FGFR2b signaling
10.1016/j.apsb.2025.07.023 · 2025 · External reference
Evaluation for clinical benefit of metformin in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a national claims-based cohort analysis
10.1186/s12931-022-02001-0 · 2022 · External reference
Metformin and low dose nintedanib as a novel combination therapy to reduce pulmonary fibrosis in human TGF-beta stimulated fibroblasts
10.1016/j.chest.2019.08.097 · 2019 · External reference
Inflammation and immunity in IPF pathogenesis and treatment
10.1016/j.rmed.2018.12.015 · 2019 · External reference
Prednisone, azathioprine, and N -acetylcysteine for pulmonary fibrosis
10.1056/nejmoa1113354 · 2012 · External reference
A historical perspective on the discovery of statins
10.2183/pjab.86.484 · 2010 · External reference
The inflammation hypothesis and its potential relevance to statin therapy
10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.09.125 · 2007 · External reference
Statins’ still controversial role in pulmonary fibrosis: what does the evidence show?
10.1016/j.pupt.2022.102168 · 2022 · External reference
Atorvastatin therapy modulates telomerase activity in patients free of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases
10.3389/fphar.2016.00347 · 2016 · External reference
Association between statin use and the risk for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and its prognosis: a nationwide, population-based study
10.1038/s41598-024-58417-9 · 2024 · External reference
Association between the use of statins and risk of interstitial lung disease/idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: time-dependent analysis of population-based nationwide data
10.1183/13993003.00291-2023 · 2023 · External reference
Statin therapy and outcomes in trials of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
10.1159/000486286 · 2018 · External reference
The effect of statin therapy on disease-related outcomes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.resmer.2020.100792 · 2021 · External reference
Statins and interstitial lung disease: a systematic review of the literature and of Food and Drug Administration adverse event reports
10.1378/chest.08-0943 · 2008 · External reference
Simvastatin for the prevention of exacerbations in moderate-to-severe COPD
10.1056/nejmoa1403086 · 2014 · External reference
Statin use is associated with reduced mortality in COPD
10.1183/09031936.00106406 · 2007 · External reference
Oxidative stress: a concept in redox biology and medicine
10.1016/j.redox.2015.01.002 · 2015 · External reference
Cellular senescence in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
10.1007/s40610-021-00145-4 · 2021 · External reference
Cellular senescence in aging and age-related disease: from mechanisms to therapy
10.1038/nm.4000 · 2015 · External reference
Mitochondria in the spotlight of aging and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
10.1172/jci87440 · 2017 · External reference
The role of mitochondrial dysfunction in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: new perspectives for a challenging disease
10.3390/biology12091237 · 2023 · External reference
Cell senescence and fibrotic lung diseases
10.1016/j.exger.2020.110836 · 2020 · External reference
Cellular senescence mediates fibrotic pulmonary disease
10.1038/ncomms14532 · 2017 · External reference
Cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists through effects on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress
10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.01.015 · 2024 · External reference
Targeting oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, apoptosis and toll like receptor 4 by empagliflozin to ameliorate bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis
10.1016/j.resp.2019.103316 · 2020 · External reference
SGLT-2 inhibitors as novel treatments of multiple organ fibrosis
10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29486 · 2024 · External reference
GLP-1 receptor agonist ameliorates experimental lung fibrosis
10.1038/s41598-020-74912-1 · 2020 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT 2) inhibitor is associated with reduced emergency room visits and hospitalizations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus
10.1016/j.rmed.2024.107819 · 2024 · External reference
Emerging therapies: potential roles of SGLT2 inhibitors in the management of pulmonary hypertension
10.1016/j.rmed.2024.107631 · 2024 · External reference
Empagliflozin and dapagliflozin reduce ROS generation and restore no bioavailability in tumor necrosis factor α-stimulated human coronary arterial endothelial cells
10.33594/000000178 · 2019 · External reference
The role of sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i) in preventing chronic obstructive disease exacerbation in patients with diabetes and COPD: an electronic health database analysis
10.1016/j.hrtlng.2024.07.003 · 2024 · External reference
TGF-β1 signaling and tissue fibrosis
10.1101/cshperspect.a022293 · 2018 · External reference
Research progress on drugs targeting the TGF-β signaling pathway in fibrotic diseases
10.1007/s12026-022-09267-y · 2022 · External reference
Targeting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in fibrosis
10.1016/j.matbio.2020.04.005 · 2020 · External reference
Angiotensin II and the fibroproliferative response to acute lung injury
10.1152/ajplung.00313.2002 · 2004 · External reference
Losartan attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats
10.1159/000090140 · 2006 · External reference
Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with losartan: a pilot project
10.1007/s00408-012-9410-z · 2012 · External reference
Mortality outcomes and ACE inhibitor use in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
10.1016/j.chest.2025.07.4077 · 2026 · External reference
Combination of losartan with pirfenidone: a protective anti-fibrotic against pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin in rats
10.1038/s41598-024-59395-8 · 2024 · External reference
Angiotensin-converting inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers and longitudinal change in percent emphysema on computed tomography. The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis lung study
10.1513/annalsats.201604-317oc · 2017 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Saracatinib, a selective Src kinase inhibitor, blocks fibrotic responses in preclinical models of pulmonary fibrosis
10.1164/rccm.202010-3832oc · 2022 · External reference
Repositioning of ezetimibe for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
10.1183/13993003.00580-2023 · 2024 · External reference
Reactivation of CTLA4-expressing T cells accelerates resolution of lung fibrosis in a humanized mouse model
10.1172/jci181775 · 2025 · External reference
Comorbidity burden and survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: the EMPIRE registry study
10.1186/s12931-022-02033-6 · 2022 · External reference
Effect of GLP-1 RA and SGLT2I on biomarkers of oxidative stress in T2DM: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1210/jendso/bvaf075 · 2025 · External reference
Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an update on emerging drugs in phase II & III clinical trials
10.1080/14728214.2024.2340723 · 2024 · External reference
A regulatory roadmap for repurposing: comparing pathways for making repurposed drugs available in the EU, UK, And US
10.1017/jme.2024.171 · 2024 · External reference
NCATS launches drug repurposing program
10.1038/nbt0712-571a · 2012 · External reference
Exploring new uses for existing drugs: innovative mechanisms to fund independent clinical research
10.1186/s13063-021-05273-x · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Challenges for clinical drug development in pulmonary fibrosis
10.3389/fphar.2022.823085 · 2022 · External reference
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis therapy development: a clinical pharmacology perspective
10.1177/17534666231181537 · 2023 · External reference
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: disease mechanisms and drug development
10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107798 · 2021 · External reference
Blood eosinophil counts in clinical trials for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
10.1164/rccm.201912-2384pp · 2020 · External reference
Dupilumab in persistent asthma with elevated eosinophil levels
10.1056/nejmoa1304048 · 2013 · External reference
Proteomic biomarkers of survival in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
10.1164/rccm.202301-0117oc · 2024 · External reference
Design and rationale for the prospective treatment efficacy in IPF using genotype for NAC selection (PRECISIONS) clinical trial
10.1186/s12890-022-02281-8 · 2022 · External reference
System biology approaches for drug repurposing
10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.03.027 · 2024 · External reference
Computational repurposing of therapeutic small molecules from cancer to pulmonary hypertension
10.1126/sciadv.abh3794 · 2021 · External reference
Strategies to advance drug repurposing for rare diseases
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.8339 · 2025 · External reference
Integrated ML-based strategy identifies drug repurposing for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
10.1021/acsomega.4c03796 · 2024 · External reference
A small-molecule TNIK inhibitor targets fibrosis in preclinical and clinical models
10.1038/s41587-024-02143-0 · 2025 · External reference
A generative AI-discovered TNIK inhibitor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a randomized phase 2a trial
10.1038/s41591-025-03743-2 · 2025 · External reference
The rise of adaptive platform trials in critical care
10.1164/rccm.202401-0101cp · 2024 · External reference
PrecISE: precision medicine in severe asthma: an adaptive platform trial with biomarker ascertainment
10.1016/j.jaci.2021.01.037 · 2021 · External reference
Adaptive multi-interventional trial platform to improve patient care for fibrotic interstitial lung diseases
10.1136/thorax-2023-221148 · 2024 · External reference
Use of Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trials (SMARTs) in oncology: systematic review of published studies
10.1038/s41416-022-02110-z · 2023 · External reference