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References from Human metapneumovirus: an underestimated cause of severe respiratory infection. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease
10.1038/89098 · 2001 · External reference
Asymptomatic shedding of respiratory virus among an ambulatory population across seasons
10.1128/msphere.00249-18 · 2018 · External reference
Clinical significance of human metapneumovirus detection in critically ill adults with lower respiratory tract infections
10.1186/s13613-023-01117-w · 2023 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Receptors and host factors: key players in human metapneumovirus infection
10.3389/fcimb.2025.1557880 · 2025 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus infection among family members
10.1017/s095026881200129x · 2013 · External reference
Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections: a systematic review
10.1016/s1473-3099(09)70069-6 · 2009 · External reference
Current insights into respiratory virus transmission and potential implications for infection control programs : a narrative review
10.7326/m21-2780 · 2021 · External reference
Testing and masking policies and hospital-onset respiratory viral infections
10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48063 · 2024 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus circulation and seasonality on a global scale, 2016–2025: Changes in patterns and epidemic timing in the pre- versus post-COVID-19 era
10.1111/irv.70200 · 2025 · External reference
Post-pandemic dynamics of the global circulation of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus
10.1093/infdis/jiaf086 · 2025 · External reference
Examining the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on community virus prevalence and healthcare utilisation reveals that peaks in asthma, COPD and respiratory tract infection occur with the re-emergence of rhino/enterovirus
10.1136/thorax-2022-219957 · 2023 · External reference
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on asthma exacerbations: retrospective cohort study of over 500,000 patients in a national English primary care database
10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100428 · 2022 · External reference
Reduction in hospitalised COPD exacerbations during COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1371/journal.pone.0255659 · 2021 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus seasonality and co-circulation with respiratory syncytial virus: United States, 2014-2024
10.15585/mmwr.mm7411a1 · 2025 · External reference
Resurgence of human metapneumovirus in the post-COVID-19 era: pathogenesis, epidemiological shifts, clinical impact, and future challenges
10.1016/s1473-3099(25)00240-3 · 2025 · External reference
Epidemiological and phylogenetic characteristics of human metapneumovirus in Beijing, China, 2014-2024
10.1038/s41392-025-02377-7 · 2025 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus infection in a cohort of young asymptomatic subjects
2009 · External reference
Detection of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in adults with and without respiratory illness
10.1016/j.jcv.2005.04.004 · 2006 · External reference
The etiological role of common respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infections in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1093/infdis/jiy662 · 2020 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in 2025: emerging trends and insights from community and hospital-based respiratory panel analyses; a comprehensive review
10.1186/s12985-025-02782-y · 2025 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus infection in adults and its role in differential diagnosis of COVID-19
10.3390/covid5080137 · 2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Respiratory viral coinfections: interactions, mechanisms and clinical implications
10.1038/s41579-025-01225-3 · 2025 · External reference
Viral interference between respiratory viruses
10.3201/eid2802.211727 · 2022 · External reference
Human respiratory syncytial virus and influenza seasonality patterns: early findings from the WHO global respiratory syncytial virus surveillance
10.1111/irv.12726 · 2020 · External reference
Temporal association between the influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): RSV as a predictor of seasonal influenza
10.1017/s095026881600090x · 2016 · External reference
Viral interference during influenza A–SARS-CoV-2 coinfection of the human airway epithelium and reversal by oseltamivir
10.1093/infdis/jiad402 · 2024 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus-induced host microRNA expression impairs the interferon response in macrophages and epithelial cells
10.3390/v15112272 · 2023 · External reference
Impact and regulation of lambda interferon response in human metapneumovirus infection
10.1128/jvi.02897-14 · 2015 · External reference
Differential responses of pediatric and adult primary epithelial cells to human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus infection
10.3390/v17030380 · 2025 · External reference
The dual threat: exploring the emergence of human metapneumovirus and SARS-CoV-2 coinfections in respiratory infections
10.1007/s13205-025-04384-5 · 2025 · External reference
The prevalence and role of human metapneumovirus in respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of global data
10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103480 · 2025 · External reference
Burden of human metapneumovirus infection in young children
10.1056/nejmoa1204630 · 2013 · External reference
A multi-centre study on epidemiology and clinical characteristics of human metapneumovirus infection in Sri Lanka from 2021 to 2024
10.1099/acmi.0.001022.v3 · 2025 · External reference
Epidemiology of human metapneumovirus-associated lower respiratory tract infections in African children: systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1097/inf.0000000000003041 · 2021 · External reference
Risk factors for pediatric intensive care unit admission in children with human metapneumovirus infections
10.3947/ic.2025.0034 · 2025 · External reference
Hospitalizations due to acute respiratory tract infections caused by human metapneumovirus in Costa Rican children
2025 · External reference
10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2024.209.1_meetingabstracts.a2250
10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2024.209.1_meetingabstracts.a2250 · External reference
Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of human metapneumovirus in children in Hangzhou, China
10.1186/s12985-025-02940-2 · 2025 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus in children with acute lower respiratory infections: effects on clinical and disease severity
10.1186/s12887-025-06101-w · 2025 · External reference
Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. Adults
10.1056/nejmoa1500245 · 2015 · External reference
Clinical and CT characteristics of human metapneumovirus-associated severe pneumonia in children in Beijing
10.1186/s13052-025-01973-1 · 2025 · External reference
Changes in the epidemiology of pneumonia in children younger than 14 years old during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico, a national multicenter study
10.3390/v18020270 · 2026 · External reference
Management of pediatric pneumonia: a decade after the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America guideline
10.1093/cid/ciad385 · 2023 · External reference
The burden of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) disease in older and high-risk adults in developed countries: a systematic literature review
10.1007/s40121-025-01187-2 · 2025 · External reference
The global burden of human metapneumovirus-associated acute respiratory infections in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.lanhl.2024.100679 · 2025 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus–, respiratory syncytial virus–, and influenza–associated pneumonia hospitalizations in Colorado adults aged ≥50 years, 2016–2023
10.1093/infdis/jiaf381 · 2026 · External reference
Characteristics of human metapneumovirus infection compared to respiratory syncytial virus and influenza infections in adults hospitalized for influenza-like illness in France, 2012-2022
10.1093/infdis/jiaf082 · 2025 · External reference
The impact of respiratory viruses on older adults in long-term care facilities: a scoping review
10.1016/j.cmi.2025.11.002 · 2026 · External reference
Is clinical outcome pathogen related? Characteristics and outcomes of ICU patients with severe acute respiratory infections: focusing on respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, influenza virus, and parainfluenza virus
10.1177/08850666251375938 · 2026 · External reference
Clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus pneumonia in adults: a multicenter retrospective cohort study in Japan
10.1016/j.resinv.2026.101392 · 2026 · External reference
Associations between antibiotic use and outcomes in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia and positive respiratory viral assays
10.1093/cid/ciaf687 · 2026 · External reference
Characteristics and burden of human metapneumovirus infection in older patients: clinico-radiological patterns and impact on survival from a retrospective cohort study
10.1016/j.ijid.2026.108504 · 2026 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus: mechanisms and molecular targets used by the virus to avoid the immune system
10.3389/fimmu.2018.02466 · 2018 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus infections in hematopoietic cell transplant recipients and hematologic malignancy patients: a systematic review
10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.035 · 2016 · External reference
Mortality rates of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infections in hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients
10.1016/j.bbmt.2013.05.005 · 2013 · External reference
Community-acquired respiratory virus infections: a threat to long-term survivors after allogeneic stem cell transplant?
10.1093/cid/ciae602 · 2025 · External reference
Relevance of human metapneumovirus in exacerbations of COPD
10.1186/1465-9921-6-150 · 2005 · External reference
Prevalence of viral infection detected by PCR and RT-PCR in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD: a systematic review
10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01722.x · 2010 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.010 · 2006 · External reference
Detection of multiple viral and bacterial infections in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot prospective study
10.1002/jmv.23495 · 2013 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impact of glucocorticosteroids and interferon
10.1093/infdis/jix167 · 2017 · External reference
Advances in laboratory assays for detecting human metapneumovirus
10.21037/atm.2019.12.42 · 2020 · External reference
Laboratory testing for respiratory viruses for the clinician
10.3949/ccjm.91.s1.07 · 2024 · External reference
Nasopharyngeal viral PCR in immunosuppressed patients and its association with virus detection in bronchoalveolar lavage by PCR
10.1111/resp.13049 · 2017 · External reference
Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia: an official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America
10.1164/rccm.201908-1581st · 2019 · External reference
Human metapneumovirus: pathogenesis, epidemiology, diagnostic technologies, and potential intervention strategies
10.1186/s12985-025-02983-5 · 2025 · External reference
Nucleic acid-based testing for noninfluenza viral pathogens in adults with suspected community-acquired pneumonia: an official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline
10.1164/rccm.202102-0498st · 2021 · External reference
Respiratory viral testing and antibacterial treatment in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia
10.1017/ice.2020.1312 · 2021 · External reference
Impact of respiratory viruses detection on outcomes in ventilated nosocomial pneumonia: an exposed/unexposed study
10.1186/s13613-025-01600-6 · 2025 · External reference
Impact of respiratory viruses in hospital-acquired pneumonia in the intensive care unit: a single-center retrospective study
10.1016/j.jcv.2017.04.001 · 2017 · External reference
Severe respiratory failure due to co-infection with human metapneumovirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae
10.1016/j.rmcr.2013.12.007 · 2014 · External reference
Metagenomic analysis of viral nucleic acid extraction methods in respiratory clinical samples
10.1186/s12864-018-5152-5 · 2018 · External reference
Microbiologic diagnosis of respiratory infections in critically ill immunocompromised patients
10.1055/a-2808-5317 · 2026 · External reference
Preventing respiratory viral transmission in healthcare settings
10.1097/qco.0000000000001115 · 2025 · External reference
10.1371/journal.ppat.1013312 · 2025 · Admitted local publication
Evaluation of a live attenuated human metapneumovirus vaccine in adults and children
10.1093/jpids/pix006 · 2018 · External reference
Metavac-RSV mucosal bivalent vaccine candidate protects cotton rats against pneumoviruses and is produced using serum-free cell culture in bioreactor
10.1038/s41541-025-01231-9 · 2025 · External reference
A randomized phase 1 clinical trial of a respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus combination protein-based virus-like particle vaccine in adults 60-75 years of age
10.1093/ofid/ofaf160 · 2025 · External reference
P-601. Safety and immunogenicity of a respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus virus-like particle protein subunit combination vaccine in 60- to 85-year-old adults: interim results from a phase 2a clinical trial
10.1093/ofid/ofae631.799 · 2025 · External reference
A pan-pneumovirus vaccine based on immunodominant epitopes of the fusion protein
10.3389/fimmu.2022.941865 · 2022 · External reference
Safety and immunogenicity of an mRNA-based human metapneumovirus and parainfluenza virus type 3 combined vaccine in healthy adults
10.1093/ofid/ofac206 · 2022 · External reference
Safety and immunogenicity of an mRNA-based hMPV/PIV3 combination vaccine in seropositive children
10.1542/peds.2023-064748 · 2024 · External reference
FDA pauses all infant RSV vaccine trials after rise in severe illnesses
10.1136/bmj.q2852 · 2024 · External reference