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References from Balancing selection in a polymorphic salamander population. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
Assortative mating in a polymorphic salamander
10.1643/ce-13-003 · 2013 · External reference
A maximum likelihood statistical model for analyzing frequency-dependent fitness experiments
10.1007/bf01067118 · 1979 · External reference
Frequency-dependent selection by predators
10.1098/rstb.1988.0061 · 1988 · External reference
Evidence for apostatic selection by wild passerines
10.1038/220501a0 · 1968 · External reference
Wild birds prefer the familiar morph when feeding on pastry-filled shells of the landsnail Cepaea hortensis (Mull)
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1988.tb00452.x · 1988 · External reference
Ecological separation in a polymorphic terrestrial salamander
10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01398.x · 2008 · External reference
Frequency-dependent selection
10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000555 · 1974 · External reference
The evolution of color polymorphism: Crypticity, searching images, and apostatic selection
10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.38.091206.095728 · 2007 · External reference
Apostatic selection by Blue Jays produces balanced polymorphism in virtual prey
10.1038/26961 · 1998 · External reference
Visual predators select for crypticity and polymorphism in virtual prey
10.1038/415609a · 2002 · External reference
Negative frequency-dependent selection is frequently confounding
10.3389/fevo.2018.00010 · 2018 · External reference
Salamander antipredator postures
10.2307/1443271 · 1977 · External reference
Confidence intervals for a binomial proportion and asymptotic expansions
10.1214/aos/1015362189 · 2002 · External reference
Multiple niche polymorphism
10.1086/282765 · 1972 · External reference
Energy flow and nutrient cycling in salamander populations in the Hubbard Brook experimental forest, New Hampshire
10.2307/1936147 · 1975 · External reference
Phylogenetic comparative analysis: A modeling approach for adaptive evolution
10.1086/426002 · 2004 · External reference
A simple multiple variance ratio test
10.1016/0304-4076(93)90051-6 · 1993 · External reference
Negative frequency dependent selection unites ecology and evolution
10.1002/ece3.10327 · 2023 · External reference
Balanced polymorphism and the diversity of sympatric species
1962 · External reference
On the importance of balancing selection in plants
10.1111/nph.12441 · 2014 · External reference
Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root
1979 · External reference
Duration of immobility in salamanders Genus Plethodon (Caudata: Plethodontidae)
1989 · External reference
Frequency-dependent predation, crypsis and aposematic coloration
10.1098/rstb.1988.0062 · 1988 · External reference
Disruptive and cryptic coloration
10.1098/rspb.2006.3650 · 2006 · External reference
Developmental temperature influences color polymorphism but not hatchling size in a woodland salamander
10.1007/s00442-020-04630-y · 2020 · External reference
10.5962/bhl.title.27468
10.5962/bhl.title.27468 · 1930 · External reference
Frequency-dependent selection by wild birds promotes polymorphism in model salamanders
10.1186/1472-6785-9-12 · 2009 · External reference
10.1093/hesc/9780197619629.001.0001
10.1093/hesc/9780197619629.001.0001 · 2022 · External reference
Balancing selection and drift in a polymorphic salamander metapopulation
10.1098/rsbl.2020.0901 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
1991 · External reference
Genetic drift in an infinite population: The pseudohitchhiking model
10.1093/genetics/155.2.909 · 2000 · External reference
Long-term evolutionary persistence of a cryptic color polymorphism in frogs
10.1073/pnas.2425898122 · 2025 · External reference
Range-wide salamander densities reveal a key component of terrestrial vertebrate biomass in eastern North American forests
10.1098/rsbl.2024.0033 · 2024 · External reference
What is frequency-dependent selection?
10.1111/j.1558-5646.1977.tb01024.x · 1977 · External reference
Spatial variation in sexual size dimorphism and mating associations in the color polymorphic Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
10.1007/s00442-025-05826-w · 2025 · External reference
Predator perception across space and time: Relative camouflage in a colour polymorphic salamander
10.1093/biolinnean/blx132 · 2018 · External reference
Do genetic structure and landscape heterogeneity impact color morph frequency in a polymorphic salamander?
10.1111/ecog.04534 · 2019 · External reference
Unresolved reference
1997 · External reference
Negative assortative mating: examples from coat colour in wolves, crown colour in sparrows and HLA in humans
10.1098/rstb.2025.0188 · 2026 · External reference
Antagonistic pleiotropy and genetic polymorphism: A perspective
10.1038/sj.hdy.6884400 · 1999 · External reference
Balancing selection
10.1016/j.cub.2007.01.012 · 2007 · External reference
Geographic variation in genetic dominance of color morphs of Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus
10.1093/genetics/80.2.363 · 1975 · External reference
Review and synthesis of estimated vital rates for terrestrial salamanders in the family Plethodontidae
10.1643/h2020079 · 2021 · External reference
Chromosome-wide linkage disequilibrium caused by an inversion polymorphism in the white-throated sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis)
10.1038/hdy.2010.85 · 2011 · External reference
Polymorphism in Cepaea: A problem with too many solutions?
10.1146/annurev.es.08.110177.000545 · 1977 · External reference
A genetic polymorphism underlying alternative reproductive tactics in Eurycea salamanders
10.1111/mec.17621 · 2025 · External reference
vrtest: Variance ratio tests and other tests for Martingale difference hypothesis
2023 · External reference
Rare male mating advantage: A review
10.1111/j.1469-185x.1985.tb00418.x · 1985 · External reference
Morphological color-change in the Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) While kept in captivity
10.1643/ch-12-006 · 2012 · External reference
Natural selection and random genetic drift in phenotypic evolution
10.1111/j.1558-5646.1976.tb00911.x · 1976 · External reference
Long-term balancing selection on chromosomal variants associated with crypsis in a stick insect
10.1111/mec.14280 · 2017 · External reference
Polymorphism in the White-throated Sparrow Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmelin)
10.1139/z61-031 · 1961 · External reference
funtimes: Functions for time series analysis
2023 · External reference
Negative frequency-dependent selection on polymorphic color morphs in adders
10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.060 · 2022 · External reference
When do opposites attract? A model uncovering the evolution of disassortative mating
10.1086/716509 · 2021 · External reference
The bird that broke the binary
10.1038/scientificamerican032025-7a7xgjkvplqpan637botg3 · 2025 · External reference
Area-based surveys
2010 · External reference
Parsimoniously fitting large multivariate random effects in glmmTMB
10.18637/jss.v112.i01 · 2025 · External reference
A review of the colour phenotypes of the Eastern Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus, in North America
10.22621/cfn.v128i3.1603 · 2014 · External reference
Differential effects of predation risk on territory residents and intruders in a terrestrial salamander
10.1163/1568539x-bja10340 · 2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2011 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2013 · External reference
Frequency-dependent selection: When being different makes you not stand out
10.1016/j.cub.2006.08.038 · 2006 · External reference
Dispersal versus site tenacity of adult and juvenile Red-backed Salamanders (Plethodon cinereus)
10.1655/09-023.1 · 2010 · External reference
Unresolved reference
1998 · External reference
Courtship in the Zig-zag Salamander (Plethodon dorsalis): Insights into a transition in pheromone-delivery behavior
10.1111/j.1439-0310.2005.01115.x · 2005 · External reference
Unresolved reference
1890 · External reference
Sex chromosome linkage of mate preference and color signal maintains assortative mating between interbreeding finch morphs
2010 · External reference
Perceptual processes and the maintenance of polymorphism through frequency-dependent predation
10.1007/s10682-005-2777-z · 2005 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Wild birds prefer the familiar of striped and unstriped artificial prey
10.1111/j.1095-8312.1984.tb00141.x · 1984 · External reference
Wild birds prefer the familiar color pattern when feeding on similar artificial morphs
10.2307/3565937 · 1990 · External reference
Territorial behavior and ecological divergence in a polymorphic salamander
10.1643/ce-13-154 · 2014 · External reference
The genomic basis of plumage polymorphism in the Eastern Screech-owl (Megascops asio)
10.1093/evolut/qpaf120 · 2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2006 · External reference
A century of theories of balancing selection
10.1111/brv.70103 · 2026 · External reference
Melanism in polymorphic terrestrial snakes: A meta-analysis and systematic review
10.1111/jbi.15013 · 2024 · External reference
The ecological role of salamanders as prey and predators
10.3390/d14030218 · 2022 · External reference
Abundance, biomass production, nutrient content, and the possible role of terrestrial salamanders in Missouri Ozark forest ecosystems
10.1139/cjz-2014-0141 · 2014 · External reference
10.1007/978-1-4419-7865-3
10.1007/978-1-4419-7865-3 · 2011 · External reference
The developmental, physiological, neural, and genetical causes and consequences of frequency-dependent selection in the wild
10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110128 · 2006 · External reference
Evolutionary significance of resource polymorphisms in fishes, amphibians, and birds
10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.27.1.111 · 1996 · External reference
A new perspective on female-to-male communication in salamander courtship
10.1093/icb/icaa087 · 2020 · External reference
10.3334/ornldaac/2129
10.3334/ornldaac/2129 · 2022 · External reference
The natural control of insects on pinewoods. I. Factors influencing the intensity of predation by songbirds
10.1163/036551660x00053 · 1960 · External reference
tseries: Time series analysis and computational finance
2024 · External reference
Variable crab camouflage patterns defeat search image formation
10.1038/s42003-021-01817-8 · 2021 · External reference
Antipredator adaptations and predator avoidance by two color morphs of the Eastern Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus
10.1655/0018-0831(2007)63%5b450:aaapab%5d2.0.co;2 · 2007 · External reference
Predicting Southern Zigzag Salamander (Plethodon ventralis) occupancy in a fragmented landscape
2021 · External reference
Loss of a morph is associated with asymmetric character release in a radiation of woodland salamanders
10.1093/evolut/qpaf167 · 2025 · External reference
Impacts of wildfire burn severity on plethodontid salamander populations of Great Smoky Mountains National Park
10.1655/herpetologica-d-23-00050 · 2024 · External reference
Reproductive biology of Plethodon dorsalis in northwestern Arkansas
10.2307/1564910 · 1993 · External reference
World Meteorological Organization guide to climatological practices
2011 · External reference
The hawk–dove game in a sexually reproducing species explains a colourful polymorphism of an endangered bird
10.1098/rspb.2014.1794 · 2014 · External reference