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References from Epidemiological and clinical data link depot medroxyprogesterone acetate to meningioma. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other Central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2018–2022
10.1093/neuonc/noaf194 · 2025 · External reference
Clinicopathologic features of incidental meningiomas: a review of the literature and the University of Rochester autopsy experience
10.5414/np301160 · 2019 · External reference
Incidental meningiomas in autopsy study
10.1016/0090-3019(87)90005-x · 1987 · External reference
Incidental findings on brain MRI in the general population
10.1056/nejmoa070972 · 2007 · External reference
Grade-stratified meningioma risk among individuals who are non-Hispanic Black and interactions with male sex
10.1093/jnci/djae253 · 2025 · External reference
The joint impacts of sex and race/ethnicity on incidence of grade 1 versus grades 2–3 meningioma across the lifespan
10.1093/noajnl/vdad020 · 2023 · External reference
Prospective genomic profiling consecutive meningiomas
10.1001/jamaoncol.2026.0507 · 2026 · External reference
Variations in the genomic profiles and clinical behavior of meningioma by racial and ethnic group
10.3171/2024.1.jns231633 · 2024 · External reference
Meningiomas. Their classification, regional behaviour, life history, and surgical end results
10.1016/s0002-9610(38)91219-x · 1938 · External reference
Meningioma DNA methylation groups identify biological drivers and therapeutic vulnerabilities
10.1038/s41588-022-01061-8 · 2022 · External reference
A molecularly integrated grade for meningioma
10.1093/neuonc/noab213 · 2022 · External reference
Distribution of copy number alterations and impact of chromosome arm call thresholds for meningioma
10.1038/s41467-025-60734-0 · 2025 · External reference
Pan-cancer copy number analysis identifies optimized size thresholds and co-occurrence models for individualized risk stratification
10.1038/s41467-025-61063-y · 2025 · External reference
Meningiomas: sex-specific differences and prognostic implications of a chromosome X loss
10.1093/neuonc/noae239 · 2025 · External reference
Genomic features underlying meningioma sex-specificity
10.1093/neuonc/noaf002 · 2025 · External reference
A systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis of gonadal steroid hormone receptors in meningioma
10.3171/2023.3.jns221838 · 2023 · External reference
Immunohistochemical identification and image analysis quantification of oestrogen and progesterone receptors in canine and feline meningioma
10.1053/jcpa.2002.0572 · 2002 · External reference
Evaluation of progesterone and estrogen receptor expression in 15 meningiomas of dogs and cats
10.2460/ajvr.2003.64.1310 · 2003 · External reference
Sex differences in corticosteroids in man
10.1210/jcem-45-4-814 · 1977 · External reference
Ethnic differences in ovulatory function in nulliparous women
10.1038/sj.bjc.6600098 · 2002 · External reference
Estrogen levels are higher across the menstrual cycle in African-American women compared with Caucasian women
10.1210/jc.2011-1314 · 2011 · External reference
Progesterone and contraceptive progestin actions on the brain: a systematic review of animal studies and comparison to human neuroimaging studies
10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101060 · 2023 · External reference
Nomegestrol acetate, a novel progestogen for oral contraception
10.1016/j.steroids.2011.02.002 · 2011 · External reference
Nomegestrol acetate: pharmacology, safety profile and therapeutic efficacy
10.2165/11532130-000000000-00000 · 2010 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate: an update
10.1007/s00404-007-0497-z · 2008 · External reference
The safety of subcutaneously administered depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (104 mg/0.65 mL): a systematic review
10.1016/j.contraception.2016.02.003 · 2016 · External reference
Depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate injection (Depo-Provera®): a highly effective contraceptive option with proven long-term safety
10.1016/s0010-7824(03)00136-7 · 2003 · External reference
Profile of the progesterone derivative chlormadinone acetate—Pharmocodynamic properties and therapeutic applications
10.1016/j.contraception.2008.10.017 · 2009 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
The “newer” progestogens and postmenopausal hormone therapy (HRT)
10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.003 · 2014 · External reference
The occurrence of benign brain tumours in transgender individuals during cross-sex hormone treatment
10.1093/brain/awy108 · 2018 · External reference
Transfeminine hormone therapy
10.1016/j.ecl.2019.02.001 · 2019 · External reference
Low-dose cyproterone acetate treatment for transgender women
10.1016/j.jsxm.2021.04.008 · 2021 · External reference
Growth of a meningioma in a transsexual patient after estrogen–progestin therapy
10.1056/nejmc071938 · 2007 · External reference
Hormonal drugs for the treatment of endometriosis
10.1016/j.coph.2022.102311 · 2022 · External reference
The use of cyproterone acetate/ethinyl estradiol in hyperandrogenic skin symptoms – A review
10.1080/13625187.2017.1317339 · 2017 · External reference
Use of cyproterone acetate/ethinylestradiol in polycystic ovary syndrome: rationale and practical aspects
10.1080/13625187.2017.1317735 · 2017 · External reference
Cyproterone acetate for hirsutism
10.1002/14651858.cd001125.pub2() · 2025 · External reference
Medroxyprogesterone acetate in the management of cancer cachexia
10.1517/14656560902960162 · 2009 · External reference
The association between medroxyprogesterone acetate exposure and meningioma
10.3390/cancers16193362 · 2024 · External reference
Contraceptive methods women have ever used: United States, 1982-2010
2013 · External reference
Current contraceptive use and variation by selected characteristics among women aged 15–44: United States, 2011–2013
2015 · External reference
Racial and ethnic differences in contraceptive use among women who desire no future children, 2006–2010 national survey of family growth
10.1016/j.contraception.2015.03.017 · 2015 · External reference
Awareness and use of contraceptive methods and perceptions of long-acting reversible contraception among white and non-White women
10.1089/jwh.2020.8642 · 2021 · External reference
Unresolved reference
External reference
Race, ethnicity and differences in contraception among low-income women: methods received by family PACT clients, California, 2001–2007
10.1363/4318111 · 2011 · External reference
Racial/ethnic disparities in contraceptive use: variation by age and women’s reproductive experiences
10.1016/j.ajog.2014.01.037 · 2014 · External reference
Unique features of pregnancy-related meningiomas: lessons learned from 148 reported cases and theoretical implications of a prolactin modulated pathogenesis
10.1007/s10143-016-0762-3 · 2018 · External reference
Meningiomas in pregnancy: a clinicopathologic study of 17 cases
10.1227/neu.0b013e31826adf65 · 2012 · External reference
Rapid growth and regression of intracranial meningiomas in lymphangioleiomyomatosis: case report
10.1016/j.surneu.2006.11.063 · 2007 · External reference
Spontaneous regression of a solitary cerebral metastases in renal carcinoma followed by meningioma development under medroxyprogesterone acetate therapy
10.1080/026886900417388 · 2000 · External reference
Multiple meningiomas arising during long-term therapy with the progesterone agonist megestrol acetate
10.3171/jns.2004.100.2.0328 · 2004 · External reference
Hormone-dependent shrinkage of a sphenoid wing meningioma after pregnancy: case report
10.3171/2014.12.jns142112 · 2016 · External reference
Postpartum regression of a presumed cavernous meningioma
10.1155/2016/2649426 · 2016 · External reference
Abrupt regression of a meningioma after discontinuation of cyproterone treatment: fig 1
10.3174/ajnr.a1978 · 2010 · External reference
Opposed evolution of the osseous and soft parts of progestin-associated osteomeningioma after progestin intake discontinuation
10.3171/2022.12.jns222006 · 2023 · External reference
Dramatic shrinkage with reduced vascularization of large meningiomas after cessation of progestin treatment
10.1016/j.wneu.2017.03.013 · 2017 · External reference
Growth stabilization and regression of meningiomas after discontinuation of cyproterone acetate: a case series of 12 patients
10.1007/s00701-015-2532-3 · 2015 · External reference
Use of high dose cyproterone acetate and risk of intracranial meningioma in women: cohort study
10.1136/bmj.n37 · 2021 · External reference
Cyproterone acetate and risk of meningioma: a nationwide cohort study
10.1136/jnnp-2021-326138 · 2022 · External reference
Risk of intracranial meningioma with three potent progestogens: a population-based case–control study
10.1111/ene.15423 · 2022 · External reference
Prolonged use of nomegestrol acetate and risk of intracranial meningioma: a population-based cohort study
10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.100928 · 2024 · External reference
Progestogen use and the risk of intracranial meningioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.eclinm.2026.103791 · 2026 · External reference
Restrictions in use of cyproterone due to meningioma risk
2020 · External reference
Assessment report referral under article 31 of directive 2001/83/EC resulting from pharmacovigilance data INN: nomegestrol-containing products and chlormadinone-containing products
2022 · External reference
Use of progestogens and the risk of intracranial meningioma: national case-control study
10.1136/bmj-2023-078078 · 2024 · External reference
Oral contraceptives with progestogens desogestrel or levonorgestrel and risk of intracranial meningioma: national case-control study
10.1136/bmj-2024-083981 · 2025 · External reference
Hormonal contraceptives and the risk of meningioma: a Swedish register-based case-control study
10.1093/neuonc/noaf228 · 2026 · External reference
Mounting evidence implicates medroxyprogesterone acetate in meningioma risk, but mechanisms require further investigation
10.1093/neuonc/noaf267 · 2026 · External reference
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and risk of meningioma in the US
10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.3011 · 2025 · External reference
Risk of intracranial meningioma requiring surgical intervention among recent hormonal contraceptives users
10.1007/s11060-025-05402-5 · 2026 · External reference
Progestin-associated shift of meningioma mutational landscape
10.1093/annonc/mdx763 · 2018 · External reference
Therapeutic radiation for childhood cancer drives structural aberrations of NF2 in meningiomas
10.1038/s41467-017-00174-7 · 2017 · External reference
Meningiomas induced by low-dose radiation carry structural variants of NF2 and a distinct mutational signature
10.1007/s00401-017-1715-9 · 2017 · External reference
Genomic analysis of Non- NF2 meningiomas reveals mutations in TRAF7, KLF4, AKT1, and SMO
10.1126/science.1233009 · 2013 · External reference
Correlations between genomic subgroup and clinical features in a cohort of more than 3000 meningiomas
10.3171/2019.8.jns191266 · 2020 · External reference
Radiotherapy and radiosurgery for meningiomas
10.1093/noajnl/vdac088 · 2023 · External reference
Progesterone receptors induce cell cycle progression via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases
10.1210/me.2004-0306 · 2005 · External reference
Molecular mechanisms underlying progesterone receptor action in breast cancer: insights into cell proliferation and stem cell regulation
10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108503 · 2019 · External reference
Normal meninges harbor oncogenic somatic mutations in meningioma-driver genes
10.1007/s00401-023-02635-4 · 2023 · External reference
Hormone therapies in meningioma-where are we?
10.1007/s11060-022-04187-1 · 2023 · External reference
Double-blind phase III randomized trial of the antiprogestin agent mifepristone in the treatment of unresectable meningioma: SWOG S9005
10.1200/jco.2015.61.6490 · 2015 · External reference
Progesterone receptor isoform expression in human meningiomas
10.1016/s0959-8049(01)00146-0 · 2001 · External reference
Endocrine manipulation of meningiomas with medroxyprogesterone acetate effect of MPA on growth of primary meningioma cells in monolayer tissue culture
10.1016/0090-3019(89)90318-2 · 1989 · External reference
Preclinical models of meningioma: cell culture and animal systems
10.1016/b978-0-12-804280-9.00008-1 · 2020 · External reference
Meningioma in patients exposed to progestin drugs: results from a real-life screening program
10.1007/s11060-022-04124-2 · 2022 · External reference
Indications for surgery in patients with asymptomatic meningiomas based on an extensive experience
10.3171/jns.2006.105.4.538 · 2006 · External reference
An international multicenter matched cohort analysis of incidental meningioma progression during active surveillance or after stereotactic radiosurgery: the IMPASSE study
10.1093/neuonc/noab132 · 2022 · External reference
Characteristics associated with physician bias in contraceptive recommendations
10.1016/j.whi.2023.08.003 · 2024 · External reference
Exploring financial stress and resource deprivation as barriers to preferred contraceptive use in Wisconsin in 2021
10.1016/j.contraception.2022.07.014 · 2022 · External reference
Contraceptive selection and practice: associations with self-identified race and socioeconomic disadvantage
10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113366 · 2020 · External reference
Neighborhood-level racialized socioeconomic deprivation and contraceptive use in the United States, 2011–2019
10.1111/psrh.12269 · 2024 · External reference
Contraceptive desert? Black-White differences in characteristics of nearby pharmacies
10.1007/s40615-019-00570-3 · 2019 · External reference
Hormone replacement therapy and endometrial cancer risk: a meta-analysis
10.1016/0029-7844(94)00383-o · 1995 · External reference
Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy
10.1001/jama.288.7.872 · 2002 · External reference
Postmenopausal hormone-replacement therapy
10.1056/nejm200107053450106 · 2001 · External reference
Writing group for the women’s health initiative investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the women’s health initiative randomized controlled trial
10.1001/jama.288.3.321 · 2002 · External reference
The 2022 hormone therapy position statement of the North American menopause society
10.1097/gme.0000000000002028 · 2022 · External reference
Management of menopausal symptoms: a review
10.1001/jama.2022.24140 · 2023 · External reference
Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study
10.1136/bmj.b2890 · 2009 · External reference
The venous thrombotic risk of oral contraceptives, effects of oestrogen dose and progestogen type: results of the MEGA case-control study
10.1136/bmj.b2921 · 2009 · External reference
Use of combined oral contraceptives and risk of venous thromboembolism: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases
10.1136/bmj.h2135 · 2015 · External reference
Venous thromboembolism in women: a specific reproductive health risk
10.1093/humupd/dmt028 · 2013 · External reference
Association of aspirin use for primary prevention with cardiovascular events and bleeding events: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1001/jama.2018.20578 · 2019 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2024 · External reference
Unresolved reference
2025 · External reference
Contraception selection, effectiveness, and adverse effects: a review
10.1001/jama.2021.21392 · 2021 · External reference
Beyond same-day long-acting reversible contraceptive access: a person-centered framework for advancing high-quality, equitable contraceptive care
10.1016/j.ajog.2019.11.1279 · 2020 · External reference
ACOG practice bulletin No. 206: use of hormonal contraception in women with coexisting medical conditions
10.1097/aog.0000000000003072 · 2019 · External reference
Combined hormonal contraception and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a guideline
10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.09.027 · 2017 · External reference
Reproductive oppression enters the twenty-first century: pressure to use long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) in the context of LARC first
10.1177/23780231231180378 · 2023 · External reference
Advancing equitable, person-centered contraceptive care using data-driven quality improvement
10.3122/jabfm.2025.250073r1 · 2026 · External reference
Provider bias in long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) promotion and removal: perceptions of young adult women
10.2105/ajph.2016.303393 · 2016 · External reference
Under (implicit) pressure: young Black and Latina women’s perceptions of contraceptive care
10.1016/j.contraception.2017.07.007 · 2017 · External reference
Evidence based contraceptive choices
10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.03.002 · 2006 · External reference
Association of county-level socioeconomic status with meningioma incidence and outcomes
10.1093/neuonc/noad223 · 2024 · External reference
Treatment and survival of patients with nonmalignant intracranial meningioma: results from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program of the national cancer institute: clinical article
10.3171/2011.3.jns101748 · 2011 · External reference
Associations of race and socioeconomic status with outcomes after intracranial meningioma resection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1007/s11060-023-04393-5 · 2023 · External reference
