References

Unresolved reference

2003 · External reference

Philip Morris toxicological experiments with fresh sidestream smoke: More toxic than mainstream smoke

10.1136/tc.2005.011288 · 2005 · External reference

Environmental tobacco smoke and fetal health: Systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1136/adc.2007.133553 · 2008 · External reference

The association between second hand smoke and low birth weight and preterm delivery

10.1007/s10995-010-0599-2 · 2011 · External reference

Congenital malformations are associated with secondhand smoke among nonsmoking women: A meta-analysis

10.1111/birt.12401 · 2019 · External reference

Parental smoking and the risk of birth defects in offspring in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis

10.1002/bdr2.2422 · 2024 · External reference

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and risk of stillbirth: Results from a nationwide Danish register-based cohort study

10.1111/aogs.13011 · 2016 · External reference

Miscarriage matters: The epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss

10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00682-6 · 2021 · External reference

Global, regional, and national stillbirths at 20 weeks' gestation or longer in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2021

10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01925-1 · 2024 · External reference

Secondhand smoke and adverse Fetal outcomes in nonsmoking pregnant women: A meta-analysis

10.1542/peds.2010-3041 · 2011 · External reference

Systematic review and meta-analysis of miscarriage and maternal exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy

10.1093/aje/kwt334 · 2014 · External reference

Tobacco exposure and risk of spontaneous abortion, a dose-dependent association: A systematic review and meta-analysis

10.18332/tid/207156 · 2025 · External reference

The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

10.1136/bmj.n71 · 2021 · External reference

Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses

10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z · 2010 · External reference

Are healthcare workers' intentions to vaccinate related to their knowledge, beliefs and attitudes? A systematic review

10.1186/1471-2458-13-154 · 2013 · External reference

10.1007/978-3-030-71921-0_3

10.1007/978-3-030-71921-0_3 · 2021 · External reference

Associations of lifetime active and passive smoking with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and tubal ectopic pregnancy: A cross-sectional analysis of historical data from the Women's Health Initiative

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-051458 · 2015 · External reference

Smoking, physical exercise, BMI and late foetal death: A study within the Danish National Birth Cohort

10.1007/s10654-016-0190-2 · 2016 · External reference

Associations between adult and childhood secondhand smoke exposures and fecundity and fetal loss among women who visited a cancer hospital

10.1136/tc.2008.027961 · 2009 · External reference

Exposure to second-hand smoking as a predictor of fetal loss: Egypt demographic and health survey 2014

10.1093/inthealth/ihz021 · 2019 · External reference

Association between stillbirth and illicit drug use and smoking during pregnancy

10.1097/aog.0000000000000052 · 2014 · External reference

Effects of environmental tobacco smoke on perinatal outcomes: A retrospective cohort study

10.1097/ogx.0b013e31823311a7 · 2011 · External reference

Environmental tobacco smoke and pregnancy outcome

10.1097/01.ede.0000142137.39619.60 · 2004 · External reference

Environmental tobacco smoke and risk of spontaneous abortion

10.1097/01.ede.0000229984.53726.33 · 2006 · External reference

Exposure to environmental and mainstream tobacco smoke and risk of spontaneous abortion

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009798 · 1999 · External reference

Exposure to maternal and paternal tobacco consumption and risk of spontaneous abortion

10.1177/003335490912400220 · 2009 · External reference

Exposure to tobacco smoke and stillbirth: A national prospective cohort study in rural China

10.1136/jech-2019-213290 · 2020 · External reference

Higher risk of stillbirth among lower and middle income women who do not use tobacco, but live with smokers

10.3109/00016341003801656 · 2010 · External reference

Maternal and fetal risk factors for stillbirth: Population based study

10.1136/bmj.f108 · 2013 · External reference

Maternal passive smoking, vitamin D deficiency and risk of spontaneous abortion

10.3390/nu14183674 · 2022 · External reference

Parental cigarette smoking and the risk of spontaneous abortion

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116250 · 1992 · External reference

Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: A prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy

10.1093/aje/kwh128 · 2004 · External reference

Paternal smoking and spontaneous abortion: A population-based retrospective cohort study among non-smoking women aged 20-49 years in rural China

10.1136/jech-2017-210311 · 2018 · External reference

Risk factors of stillbirth in rural China: A national cohort study

10.1038/s41598-018-35931-1 · 2019 · External reference

Risk of spontaneous abortion in women with childhood exposure to parental cigarette smoke

10.1093/aje/kwm128 · 2007 · External reference

Tobacco smoke exposure and pregnancy outcome among working women. A prospective study at prenatal care centers in Orebro County, Sweden

10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115886 · 1991 · External reference

Fetal loss in women exposed to cigarette smoke in-utero

10.1016/j.pmedr.2025.103228 · 2025 · External reference

Effects of paternal exposure to cigarette smoke on sperm DNA methylation and long-term metabolic syndrome in offspring

10.1186/s13072-022-00437-8 · 2022 · External reference

Effects of cigarette smoking on semen quality, reproductive hormone levels, metabolic profile, zinc and sperm DNA fragmentation in men: Results from a population-based study

10.3389/fendo.2023.1255304 · 2023 · External reference

Influence of second-hand smoke and prenatal tobacco smoke exposure on biomarkers, genetics and physiological processes in children-an overview in research insights of the last few years

10.3390/ijerph17093212 · 2020 · External reference

Effect of nicotine on human fetal blood flow

1988 · External reference

Childhood secondhand smoke exposure and pregnancy loss in never smokers: The Guangzhou biobank cohort study

10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053239 · 2017 · External reference