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References from Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Antifungal Agents: Toward Harmonization of Therapeutic Ranges. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
The global burden of fungal diseases
10.1016/j.idc.2015.10.004 · 2016 · External reference
Risk stratification for invasive fungal infections in patients with hematological malignancies: SEIFEM recommendations
10.1016/j.blre.2016.09.002 · 2017 · External reference
Epidemiology of invasive aspergillosis and azole resistance in patients with acute leukaemia: the SEPIA study
10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.10.019 · 2017 · External reference
Candidaemia in haematological malignancy patients from a SEIFEM study: epidemiological patterns according to antifungal prophylaxis
10.1111/myc.13130 · 2020 · External reference
Epidemiology of invasive fungal diseases in patients with hematologic malignancies and hematopoietic cell transplantation recipients managed with an antifungal diagnostic driven approach
10.3390/jof7080588 · 2021 · External reference
Primary prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies: 2017 update of the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party (AGIHO) of the German Society for Haematology and Medical Oncology (DGHO)
10.1007/s00277-017-3196-2 · 2018 · External reference
Indications for the harmonization of the therapeutic intervals of antibacterial drugs
2022 · External reference
Pharmacokinetics of antifungal drugs: practical implications for optimized treatment of patients
10.1007/s15010-017-1042-z · 2017 · External reference
Anidulafungina versus fluconazolo: approfondimento clinico sulle linee guida IDSA e ESCMID/Anidulafungin versus fluconazole: clinical focus on IDSA and ESCMID guidelines
2014 · External reference
ECIL-6 guidelines for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis and mucormycosis in leukemia and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients
10.3324/haematol.2016.152900 · 2017 · External reference
Antimicrobial therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill adult patients: a position paper
10.1007/s00134-020-06050-1 · 2020 · External reference
ESCMID guideline for the diagnosis and management of Candida diseases 2012: non-neutropenic adult patients
10.1111/1469-0691.12039 · 2012 · External reference
Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
10.1093/cid/civ933 · 2016 · External reference
Diagnosis and management of Aspergillus diseases: executive summary of the 2017 ESCMID-ECMM-ERS guideline
10.1016/j.cmi.2018.01.002 · 2018 · External reference
Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring practices: results of an Emerging Infections Network survey
10.1093/ofid/ofad468 · 2023 · External reference
Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring: established and emerging indications
10.1128/aac.00705-08 · 2009 · External reference
Antifungal serum concentration monitoring: an update
10.1093/jac/dkm389 · 2008 · External reference
Treatment of aspergillosis: clinical practice guidelines of the Infectious Diseases Society of America
10.1086/525258 · 2008 · External reference
Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
10.1086/596757 · 2009 · External reference
Insufficient fluconazole exposure in pediatric cancer patients and the need for therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill children
10.1093/cid/ciu657 · 2014 · External reference
The expert clinical pharmacological advice program for tailoring on real-time antimicrobial therapies with emerging TDM candidates in special populations: how the ugly duckling turned into a swan
10.1080/17512433.2023.2274984 · 2023 · External reference
Association of fluconazole area under the concentration-time curve/MIC and dose/MIC ratios with mortality in nonneutropenic patients with candidemia
10.1128/aac.00474-06 · 2007 · External reference
Isavuconazole for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis: current evidence, safety, efficacy, and clinical recommendations
10.2147/idr.s102207 · 2016 · External reference
A review of the clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of isavuconazole
10.1007/s13318-017-0445-7 · 2018 · External reference
Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of isavuconazole
10.1007/s40262-018-0673-2 · 2018 · External reference
Isavuconazole as successful salvage therapy for mucormycosis in pediatric patients
10.1097/inf.0000000000002671 · 2020 · External reference
Isavuconazole: mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, and resistance
10.3390/jof6040324 · 2020 · External reference
Therapeutic drug monitoring for invasive mould infections and disease: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations
10.1093/jac/dkx029 · 2017 · External reference
Isavuconazole concentration in real-world practice: consistency with results from clinical trials
10.1128/aac.00585-18 · 2018 · External reference
Variability and exposure-response relationships of isavuconazole plasma concentrations in the phase 3 SECURE trial of patients with invasive mould diseases
10.1093/jac/dky463 · 2019 · External reference
Isavuconazole absorption following oral administration in healthy subjects is comparable to intravenous dosing, and is not affected by food, or drugs that alter stomach pH
10.5414/cp202434 · 2016 · External reference
Exposure-response relationships for isavuconazole in patients with invasive aspergillosis and other filamentous fungi
10.1128/aac.01034-17 · 2017 · External reference
Isavuconazole: case report and pharmacokinetic considerations
10.1159/000494329 · 2018 · External reference
Isavuconazole treatment of cerebral and pulmonary aspergillosis in a pediatric patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: case report and review of literature
10.1097/mph.0000000000001508 · 2020 · External reference
Isavuconazole therapeutic drug monitoring in critically ill ICU patients: a monocentric retrospective analysis
10.1111/myc.13469 · 2022 · External reference
Isavuconazole use and TDM in real-world pediatric practice
10.1128/aac.00829-23 · 2023 · External reference
Isavuconazole plasma concentrations in critically ill patients during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
10.1093/jac/dkac196 · 2022 · External reference
Isavuconazole treatment in a mixed patient cohort with invasive fungal infections: outcome, tolerability and clinical implications of isavuconazole plasma concentrations
10.3390/jof6020090 · 2020 · External reference
Achievement of clinical isavuconazole blood concentrations in transplant recipients with isavuconazonium sulphate capsules administered via enteral feeding tube
10.1093/jac/dkaa274 · 2020 · External reference
Pharmacokinetics of intravenous isavuconazole in solid-organ transplant recipients
10.1128/aac.01643-18 · 2018 · External reference
Isavuconazole shortens the QTc interval
10.1111/myc.12731 · 2018 · External reference
QT interval shortening with isavuconazole: in vitro and in vivo effects on cardiac repolarization
10.1002/cpt.620 · 2017 · External reference
Therapeutic drug monitoring of isavuconazole: trends and update
10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2025.107619 · 2025 · External reference
Isavuconazole-induced acute liver failure in a pediatric patient with invasive aspergillosis
10.1097/inf.0000000000002418 · 2019 · External reference
Isavuconazole kinetic exploration for clinical practice
10.1007/s40268-018-0251-y · 2018 · External reference
Isavuconazole in a successful combination treatment of disseminated mucormycosis in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and generalized haemochromatosis: a case report and review of the literature
10.1007/s11046-018-0287-0 · 2019 · External reference
Role of a therapeutic drug monitoring-guided strategy of isavuconazole for optimizing efficacy/safety outcomes in onco-hematological pediatric patients: a systematic review
10.1159/000547799 · 2025 · External reference
Spotlight on isavuconazole in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis: design, development, and place in therapy
10.2147/dddt.s145545 · 2018 · External reference
Isavuconazole: a new broad-spectrum azole. Part 2: pharmacokinetics and clinical activity
10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.02.002 · 2018 · External reference
Isavuconazole: a role for the newest broad-spectrum triazole
10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01218-0 · 2016 · External reference
Successful treatment of invasive mucormycosis with isavuconazole in pediatric patients
10.1002/pbc.27281 · 2018 · External reference
Antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring: focus on drugs without a clear recommendation
10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.037 · 2020 · External reference
Managing uncertainty in antifungal dosing: antibiograms, therapeutic drug monitoring and drug-drug interactions
10.1097/qco.0000000000000740 · 2021 · External reference
Utility of triazole antifungal therapeutic drug monitoring: insights from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists: endorsed by the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium
10.1002/phar.2850 · 2023 · External reference
Serial monitoring of isavuconazole blood levels during prolonged antifungal therapy
10.1093/jac/dkz188 · 2019 · External reference
Population pharmacokinetics of isavuconazole from phase 1 and phase 3 (SECURE) trials in adults and target attainment in patients with invasive infections due to Aspergillus and other filamentous fungi
10.1128/aac.02819-15 · 2016 · External reference
Isavuconazonium sulfate: a new agent for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and invasive mucormycosis
10.1080/17512433.2016.1185361 · 2016 · External reference
A single center, open-label trial of isavuconazole prophylaxis against invasive fungal infection in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT)
10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.02.009 · 2020 · External reference
Isavuconazole as primary antifungal prophylaxis in patients with acute myeloid leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome: an open-label, prospective, phase 2 study
10.1093/cid/ciaa358 · 2021 · External reference
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC®) guideline for CYP2C19 and voriconazole therapy
10.1002/cpt.583 · 2017 · External reference
Molecular mechanisms of posaconazole- and itraconazole-induced pseudohyperaldosteronism and assessment of other systemically used azole antifungals
10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105605 · 2020 · External reference
Therapeutic drug monitoring of the echinocandin antifungal agents: is there a role in clinical practice? A position statement of the Anti-Infective Drugs Committee of the International Association of therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology
10.1097/ftd.0000000000000931 · 2022 · External reference
Antifungal drugs TDM: trends and update
10.1097/ftd.0000000000000952 · 2022 · External reference
Impact of loading dose of caspofungin in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic target attainment for severe candidiasis infections in patients in intensive care units: the CASPOLOAD Study
10.1128/aac.01545-20 · 2020 · External reference
Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia
10.1056/nejmoa061094 · 2007 · External reference
Therapeutic drug monitoring in the treatment of invasive aspergillosis with voriconazole in cancer patients--an evidence-based approach
10.1007/s00277-015-2333-z · 2015 · External reference
Multicenter study of posaconazole therapeutic drug monitoring: exposure-response relationship and factors affecting concentration
10.1128/aac.00802-12 · 2012 · External reference
A reference laboratory experience of clinically achievable voriconazole, posaconazole, and itraconazole concentrations within the bloodstream and cerebral spinal fluid
10.1128/aac.01558-13 · 2014 · External reference
Phase 3 pharmacokinetics and safety study of a posaconazole tablet formulation in patients at risk for invasive fungal disease
10.1093/jac/dkv380 · 2016 · External reference
Pharmacokinetics and safety results from the phase 3 randomized, open-label, study of intravenous posaconazole in patients at risk of invasive fungal disease
10.1093/jac/dkx263 · 2017 · External reference
Review of the basic and clinical pharmacology of sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBECD)
10.1002/jps.22109 · 2010 · External reference
Evaluation of sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin exposure in a critically ill patient receiving intravenous posaconazole while undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration
10.1128/aac.01493-15 · 2015 · External reference
Posaconazole serum drug levels associated with pseudohyperaldosteronism
10.1093/cid/ciz741 · 2020 · External reference
Subtherapeutic posaconazole exposure and treatment outcome in patients with invasive fungal disease
10.1097/ftd.0000000000000235 · 2015 · External reference
Associated factors with voriconazole plasma concentration: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.3389/fphar.2024.1368274 · 2024 · External reference
Effects of inflammation on voriconazole levels: a systematic review
10.1111/bcp.15495 · 2022 · External reference
The effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on safety and efficacy of voriconazole in invasive fungal infections: a randomized controlled trial
10.1093/cid/cis599 · 2012 · External reference
Voriconazole in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and cellular therapies: real-world usage and therapeutic level attainment at a major transplantation center
2022 · External reference
Observational study of the clinical efficacy of voriconazole and its relationship to plasma concentrations in patients
10.1128/aac.01083-10 · 2011 · External reference
Therapeutic drug monitoring and safety evaluation of voriconazole in the treatment of pulmonary fungal diseases
10.1177/20420986221127503 · 2022 · External reference
Clinical practice guideline for the therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole in Non-asian and Asian adult patients: consensus review by the Japanese Society of Chemotherapy and the Japanese Society of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.10.005 · 2022 · External reference
Pharmacokinetic, efficacy, and safety considerations for the use of antifungal drugs in the neonatal population
10.1080/17425255.2020.1773793 · 2020 · External reference
Optimal trough concentration of voriconazole with therapeutic drug monitoring in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
10.1016/j.jiac.2020.11.014 · 2021 · External reference
Rezafungin-mechanisms of action, susceptibility and resistance: similarities and differences with the other echinocandins
10.3390/jof6040262 · 2020 · External reference
Caspofungin: a review of its use in oesophageal candidiasis, invasive candidiasis and invasive aspergillosis
10.2165/00003495-200363200-00008 · 2003 · External reference
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antifungals
10.1016/j.idc.2006.06.007 · 2006 · External reference
The recommended dosage regimen for caspofungin in patients with higher body weight or hypoalbuminaemia will result in low exposure: five years of data based on a population pharmacokinetic model and Monte-Carlo simulations
10.3389/fphar.2022.993330 · 2022 · External reference
Pharmacokinetics of caspofungin in critically ill patients in relation to liver dysfunction: differential impact of plasma albumin and bilirubin levels
10.1128/aac.02466-18 · 2019 · External reference
Caspofungin dosage adjustments are not required for patients with Child-Pugh B or C cirrhosis
10.1093/jac/dky189 · 2018 · External reference
Dose reduction of caspofungin in intensive care unit patients with Child Pugh B will result in suboptimal exposure
10.1007/s40262-015-0347-2 · 2016 · External reference
A loading micafungin dose in critically ill patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration or continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration: a population pharmacokinetic analysis
10.1097/ftd.0000000000000874 · 2021 · External reference
Population pharmacokinetics of micafungin over repeated doses in critically ill patients: a need for a loading dose?
10.1111/jphp.13353 · 2020 · External reference
Does weight impact anidulafungin pharmacokinetics?
10.1007/s40262-016-0401-8 · 2016 · External reference
Pharmacokinetics of anidulafungin in obese and normal-weight adults
10.1128/aac.00063-18 · 2018 · External reference
An evaluation of rezafungin: the latest treatment option for adults with candidemia and invasive candidiasis
10.1080/14656566.2024.2331775 · 2024 · External reference
The impact of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on antifungal pharmacokinetics: a systematic review
10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.107078 · 2024 · External reference
Insufficient serum caspofungin levels in a paediatric patient on ECMO
10.1016/j.mmcr.2012.12.006 · 2012 · External reference
Caspofungin population pharmacokinetic analysis in plasma and peritoneal fluid in septic patients with intra-abdominal infections: a prospective cohort study
10.1007/s40262-021-01062-6 · 2022 · External reference
Population pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of micafungin against Candida species in obese, critically ill, and morbidly obese critically ill patients
10.1186/s13054-018-2019-8 · 2018 · External reference
Caspofungin population pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients undergoing continuous veno-venous haemofiltration or haemodiafiltration
10.1007/s40262-016-0495-z · 2017 · External reference
Caspofungin PK in critically ill patients after the first and fourth doses: suggestions for therapeutic drug monitoring?
10.1080/1120009x.2020.1737783 · 2020 · External reference
Low caspofungin exposure in patients in intensive care units
10.1128/aac.01582-16 · 2017 · External reference
Current concepts in antifungal pharmacology
10.4065/mcp.2011.0247 · 2011 · External reference
Antifungal agents: spectrum of activity, pharmacology, and clinical indications
10.1016/j.idc.2015.10.012 · 2016 · External reference
Amphotericin B formulations: a comparative review of efficacy and toxicity
10.1007/s40265-013-0069-4 · 2013 · External reference
Amphotericin B lipid preparations: what are the differences?
10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.01979.x · 2008 · External reference
Liposomal amphotericin B: a review of its use as empirical therapy in febrile neutropenia and in the treatment of invasive fungal infections
10.2165/00003495-200969030-00010 · 2009 · External reference
Pharmacodynamic implications for use of antifungal agents
10.1016/j.coph.2007.05.004 · 2007 · External reference
Postantifungal effects of echinocandin, azole, and polyene antifungal agents against Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans
10.1128/aac.44.4.1108-1111.2000 · 2000 · External reference
Mechanism-based pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models of in vitro fungistatic and fungicidal effects against Candida albicans
10.1128/aac.01030-07 · 2008 · External reference
Pharmacodynamic activity of amphotericin B deoxycholate is associated with peak plasma concentrations in a neutropenic murine model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
10.1128/aac.50.2.469-473.2006 · 2006 · External reference
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic comparison of amphotericin B (AMB) and two lipid-associated AMB preparations, liposomal AMB and AMB lipid complex, in murine candidiasis models
10.1128/aac.50.2.674-684.2006 · 2006 · External reference
Approach to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients
10.1097/qco.0000000000000043 · 2014 · External reference
Biological fluid microsampling for therapeutic drug monitoring: a narrative review
10.3390/biomedicines11071962 · 2023 · External reference
Stability and analytical characterization of voriconazole as measured by immunoassay
10.1093/jalm/jfad139 · 2024 · External reference
Comparison of ultra-performance liquid chromatography and ARK immunoassay for therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole
10.1177/00045632211041887 · 2021 · External reference
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antifungal agents: guidelines from the British Society for Medical Mycology
10.1093/jac/dkt508 · 2014 · External reference
Towards model-informed precision dosing of voriconazole: challenging published voriconazole nonlinear mixed-effects models with real-world clinical data
10.1007/s40262-023-01274-y · 2023 · External reference
Personalized antifungal therapy through model-informed precision dosing of posaconazole
10.1007/s40262-024-01361-8 · 2024 · External reference
Experience of a strategy including CYP2C19 preemptive genotyping followed by therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole in patients undergoing allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
10.3389/fphar.2021.717932 · 2021 · External reference
P-1750. Assessment of antimicrobial stewardship guided CYP2C19 pharmacogenomic voriconazole dosing: practicalities and impact on clinical management
10.1093/ofid/ofae631.1913 · 2025 · External reference
CYP2C19 polymorphisms and therapeutic drug monitoring of voriconazole: are we ready for clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics?
10.1002/phar.1400 · 2014 · External reference