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References from Defibrillation in refractory cardiac arrest: knowledge gaps and future priorities. Local targets link to admitted publications; unresolved targets remain external evidence.
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Epidemiology in Resuscitation
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110733 · 2025 · External reference
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 System Saving Lives
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110821 · 2025 · External reference
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 · 2025 · External reference
Optimizing defibrillation during cardiac arrest
2021 · External reference
Automated external defibrillators and the link to first responder systems
2023 · External reference
Impact of number of defibrillation attempts on neurologically favourable survival rate in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109779 · 2023 · External reference
Defibrillation strategies for refractory ventricular fibrillation
10.1056/nejmoa2207304 · 2022 · External reference
A comparison of the epidemiology and outcomes of true refractory and recurrent ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a retrospective study
10.1016/j.resplu.2026.101302 · 2026 · External reference
Refractory ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: shock characteristics, predictors and clinical outcomes
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111166 · 2026 · External reference
Incessant versus recurrent refractory ventricular fibrillation: classification and prognosis in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111039 · 2026 · External reference
See through ECG technology during cardiopulmonary resuscitation to analyze rhythm and predict defibrillation outcome
2016 · External reference
Beyond ventricular fibrillation waveform analysis: a new era of personalised defibrillation
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110929 · 2026 · External reference
Defibrillation and refractory ventricular fibrillation
10.1093/eurheartj/ehae767 · 2025 · External reference
Pad size, orientation, and placement for defibrillation during basic life support: a systematic review
10.1016/j.resplu.2025.101030 · 2025 · External reference
Resuscitation guideline highlights
2022 · External reference
Resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a 3-phase time-sensitive model
10.1001/jama.288.23.3035 · 2002 · External reference
Duration of untreated cardiac arrest and clinical relevance of animal experiments
10.1097/shk.0000000000000914 · 2018 · External reference
Looking into the heart of the problem of refractory cardiac arrest
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.110029 · 2023 · External reference
Recurrence of ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: clinical evidence and underlying ionic mechanisms
10.1113/jp284621 · 2024 · External reference
Retrospective evaluation of current-based impedance compensation defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.09.017 · 2013 · External reference
A combined impedance compensation strategy applied to external automatic defibrillators
10.1515/bmt-2022-0185 · 2023 · External reference
Effect of manual pressure augmentation on transthoracic impedance: a real-time measurement during ventricular fibrillation in pigs and in healthy human volunteers
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110730 · 2025 · External reference
Double sequential external defibrillation for refractory ventricular fibrillation
10.1007/s00134-023-06993-1 · 2023 · External reference
The impact of defibrillation current and pad position on return of spontaneous circulation during refractory ventricular fibrillation
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111061 · 2026 · External reference
Defibrillation of persistent shockable rhythms and survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest
2026 · External reference
Amiodarone, lidocaine, or placebo in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.1056/nejmoa1514204 · 2016 · External reference
Antiarrhythmic drug therapy during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: should we use it?
2018 · External reference
Double sequential defibrillation: is it ready for prime time?
2025 · External reference
The impact of double sequential shock timing on outcomes during refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.110082 · 2024 · External reference
The impact of alternate defibrillation strategies on shock-refractory and recurrent ventricular fibrillation: a secondary analysis of the DOSE VF cluster randomized controlled trial
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110186 · 2024 · External reference
Implementation of double sequential defibrillation (DSD): an Aotearoa New Zealand observational study
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111138 · 2026 · External reference
Feasibility of early double sequential defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the double-D randomised pilot trial
10.1136/heartjnl-2026-327905 · 2026 · External reference
The physiology and potential of spectral amplitude area (AMSA) as a guide for resuscitation
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110557 · 2025 · External reference
Amplitude spectrum area to guide defibrillation: a validation on 1617 patients with ventricular fibrillation
10.1161/circulationaha.114.010989 · 2015 · External reference
Amplitude spectrum area of ventricular fibrillation to guide defibrillation: a small open-label, pseudo-randomized controlled multicenter trial
10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104544 · 2023 · External reference
Amplitude spectral area of ventricular fibrillation can discriminate survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.3389/fcvm.2024.1336291 · 2024 · External reference
Amplitude spectrum area to predict true shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation during basic life support-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110695 · 2025 · External reference
Wolf Creek XVIII. Part 3: innovations in defibrillation science
10.1016/j.resplu.2026.101229 · 2026 · External reference
ECG-based prediction of shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation during resuscitation without interrupting CPR
10.1161/circep.125.014558 · 2026 · External reference
Prediction of shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: external validation of an ECG-based approach
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111114 · 2026 · External reference
Predicting defibrillation outcomes by combining ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation waveforms: a retrospective clinical study
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110906 · 2026 · External reference
Resuscitation after cardiac arrest: a 3-phase time-sensitive model
10.1001/jama.288.23.3035 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Double sequential external defibrillation for refractory ventricular fibrillation
10.1007/s00134-023-06993-1 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Amplitude spectrum area of ventricular fibrillation to guide defibrillation: a small open-label, pseudo-randomized controlled multicenter trial
10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104544 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Pad size, orientation, and placement for defibrillation during basic life support: a systematic review
10.1016/j.resplu.2025.101030 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Wolf Creek XVIII. Part 3: innovations in defibrillation science
10.1016/j.resplu.2026.101229 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A comparison of the epidemiology and outcomes of true refractory and recurrent ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a retrospective study
10.1016/j.resplu.2026.101302 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Retrospective evaluation of current-based impedance compensation defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.09.017 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Impact of number of defibrillation attempts on neurologically favourable survival rate in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.109779 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Looking into the heart of the problem of refractory cardiac arrest
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.110029 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The impact of double sequential shock timing on outcomes during refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2023.110082 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The impact of alternate defibrillation strategies on shock-refractory and recurrent ventricular fibrillation: a secondary analysis of the DOSE VF cluster randomized controlled trial
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110186 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The physiology and potential of spectral amplitude area (AMSA) as a guide for resuscitation
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110557 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Amplitude spectrum area to predict true shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation during basic life support-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110695 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Effect of manual pressure augmentation on transthoracic impedance: a real-time measurement during ventricular fibrillation in pigs and in healthy human volunteers
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110730 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Epidemiology in Resuscitation
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110733 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 Adult Advanced Life Support
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110769 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025 System Saving Lives
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110821 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Predicting defibrillation outcomes by combining ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation waveforms: a retrospective clinical study
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110906 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Beyond ventricular fibrillation waveform analysis: a new era of personalised defibrillation
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110929 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Incessant versus recurrent refractory ventricular fibrillation: classification and prognosis in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111039 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
The impact of defibrillation current and pad position on return of spontaneous circulation during refractory ventricular fibrillation
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111061 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Prediction of shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: external validation of an ECG-based approach
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111114 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Implementation of double sequential defibrillation (DSD): an Aotearoa New Zealand observational study
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111138 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Refractory ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: shock characteristics, predictors and clinical outcomes
10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111166 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Amiodarone, lidocaine, or placebo in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.1056/nejmoa1514204 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Defibrillation strategies for refractory ventricular fibrillation
10.1056/nejmoa2207304 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Defibrillation and refractory ventricular fibrillation
10.1093/eurheartj/ehae767 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Duration of untreated cardiac arrest and clinical relevance of animal experiments
10.1097/shk.0000000000000914 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Recurrence of ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: clinical evidence and underlying ionic mechanisms
10.1113/jp284621 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Feasibility of early double sequential defibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the double-D randomised pilot trial
10.1136/heartjnl-2026-327905 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
ECG-based prediction of shock-refractory ventricular fibrillation during resuscitation without interrupting CPR
10.1161/circep.125.014558 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Amplitude spectrum area to guide defibrillation: a validation on 1617 patients with ventricular fibrillation
10.1161/circulationaha.114.010989 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
A combined impedance compensation strategy applied to external automatic defibrillators
10.1515/bmt-2022-0185 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
Amplitude spectral area of ventricular fibrillation can discriminate survival of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
10.3389/fcvm.2024.1336291 · ExternalCitation · doi-reference
